No / The current work was undertaken to assess suitability of liquid crystalline phase for engineering of lactose crystals and their utility as a carrier in dry powder inhalation formulations. Saturated lactose solution was poured in molten glyceryl monooleate which subsequently transformed into gel. The gel microstructure was analyzed by PPL microscopy and SAXS. Lactose particles recovered from gels after 48 h were analyzed for polymorphism using techniques such as FTIR, XRD, DSC and TGA. Particle size, morphology and aerosolisation properties of prepared lactose were analyzed using Anderson cascade impactor. In situ seeding followed by growth of lactose crystals took place in gels with cubic microstructure as revealed by PPL microscopy and SAXS. Elongated (size approximately 71 mum) lactose particles with smooth surface containing mixture of alpha and beta-lactose was recovered from gel, however percentage of alpha-lactose was more as compared to beta-lactose. The aerosolisation parameters such as RD, ED, %FPF and % recovery of lactose recovered from gel (LPL) were found to be comparable to Respitose(R) ML001. Thus LC phase (cubic) can be used for engineering of lactose crystals so as to obtain particles with smooth surface, high elongation ratio and further they can be used as carrier in DPI formulations.

Un modèle pharmacocinétique à base physiologique (PBPK) d’exposition par inhalation à l’éthanol a antérieurement été développé en se basant sur des données provenant d’une étude chez des volontaires exposés par inhalation à plus de 5000 ppm. Cependant, une incertitude persiste sur la capacité du modèle PBPK à prédire les niveaux d’éthanolémie pour des expositions à de faibles concentrations. Ces niveaux sont fréquemment rencontrés par une large partie de la population et des travailleurs suite à l’utilisation de produits tels que les vernis et les solutions hydroalcooliques (SHA). Il est ainsi nécessaire de vérifier la validité du modèle existant et de déterminer l’exposition interne à l’éthanol dans de telles conditions. Les objectifs du mémoire sont donc 1) de documenter les niveaux d’éthanolémie résultant de l’exposition par inhalation à de faibles concentrations d’éthanol (i.e., ≤ 1000 ppm) et de valider/raffiner le modèle PBPK existant pour ces concentrations ; et 2) de déterminer les concentrations d’éthanol atmosphérique provenant d’utilisation de SHA et de vernis et de prédire les niveaux d’éthanolémie découlant de leur utilisation. Les données toxicocinétiques récoltées chez des volontaires nous suggèrent qu’il est insuffisant de limiter au foie la clairance métabolique de l’éthanol lors d’exposition à de faibles niveaux d’éthanol, contrairement aux expositions à de plus forts niveaux. De plus, il a clairement été démontré qu’un effort physique léger (50 W) influençait à la hausse (2-3 fois) l’éthanolémie des volontaires exposés à 750 ppm. L’ajout au modèle PBPK d’une clairance métabolique de haute affinité et de faible capacité associée aux tissus richement perfusés a permis de simuler plus adéquatement la cinétique de l’éthanolémie pour des expositions à des concentrations inférieures à 1000 ppm. Des mesures de concentrations d’éthanol dans l’air inhalé générées lors d’utilisation de SHA et de vernis ont permis de simuler des expositions lors de l’utilisation de ces produits. Pour l’utilisation de 1,5 g et 3 g de SHA dans un local peu ventilé, des concentrations sanguines maximales (Cmax) de 0.383 et 0.366 mg.L-1 ont été respectivement simulées. Dans un local bien ventilé, les Cmax simulées étaient de 0.264 et 0.414 mg.L-1. Selon les simulations, une application de vernis résulterait en une Cmax respectivement de 0.719 mg.L-1 et de 0.729 mg.L-1, chez les hommes et femmes. Les Cmax sanguines d’éthanol estimées suites aux différentes simulations sont inférieures à la concentration toxique pour les humains (100 mg.L-1). Ainsi, de telles expositions ne semblent pas être un danger pour la santé. Les résultats de cette étude ont permis de mieux décrire et comprendre les processus d’élimination de l’éthanol à faibles doses et permettront de raffiner l’évaluation du risque associé à l’inhalation chronique de faibles niveaux d’éthanol pour la population, particulièrement chez les travailleurs. / A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model (PBPK) on inhalation exposure to ethanol has previously been developed based on data from an inhalation study in volunteers exposed to more than 5000 ppm. However, there remains uncertainty about the ability of the PBPK model to predict the blood levels of ethanol (BLE) for exposure to low concentrations. These levels are frequently encountered by a large part of the population and workers by using products such as varnishes and alcoholic solutions (HAS). It is therefore necessary to verify the validity of the existing model and determine the internal exposure to ethanol in such conditions. The objectives of this master’s thesis are 1) to document the BLE resulting from inhalation exposure to low concentrations of ethanol (i.e., ≤ 1000 ppm) and validate/refine the existing PBPK model for these concentrations, and 2) to determine the atmospheric concentrations of ethanol following the use of alcoholic solutions (HAS) and varnish as well as to predict the BLE resulting from their use. Toxicokinetic data collected from volunteers suggest that it is insufficient to limit metabolic clearance of ethanol to the liver during exposures to low levels of ethanol, unlike exposures to stronger levels. In addition, it was clearly demonstrated that light exercise (50W) increased (2-3 fold) the BLE in volunteers exposed to 750 ppm. An addition to the PBPK model of a metabolic clearance of high affinity and low capacity associated with richly perfused tissue was performed to simulate more accurately the toxicokinetic data from low and high ethanol exposure levels. Measurements of ethanol concentrations in inhaled air generated during the use of HAS and varnishes were used to simulate the exposure during the use of these products. The simulation for HAS, for 1.5 g and 3 g, gave a maximum blood concentration (Cmax) of 0.383 and 0.366 mg.L-1 respectively in a poorly ventilated room. In a well-ventilated room, the simulated Cmax for 1.5 g and 3 g of HAS were 0.264 and 0.414 mg.L-1, respectively. The simulation results from the use of ethanol-based varnish yielded a Cmax for men and women of 0.719 and 0.729 mg.L-1 respectively. The blood Cmax of ethanol previously listed for the various simulations are well below the toxic dose for humans (50 mg.L-1). Thus, such exposures do not seem to be a health hazard. The results of this study helped to better describe and understand the elimination of ethanol at low doses and refine the evaluation process associated with chronic inhalation of low levels of ethanol to the population risk, particularly in workers.

Un modèle pharmacocinétique à base physiologique (PBPK) d’exposition par inhalation à l’éthanol a antérieurement été développé en se basant sur des données provenant d’une étude chez des volontaires exposés par inhalation à plus de 5000 ppm. Cependant, une incertitude persiste sur la capacité du modèle PBPK à prédire les niveaux d’éthanolémie pour des expositions à de faibles concentrations. Ces niveaux sont fréquemment rencontrés par une large partie de la population et des travailleurs suite à l’utilisation de produits tels que les vernis et les solutions hydroalcooliques (SHA). Il est ainsi nécessaire de vérifier la validité du modèle existant et de déterminer l’exposition interne à l’éthanol dans de telles conditions. Les objectifs du mémoire sont donc 1) de documenter les niveaux d’éthanolémie résultant de l’exposition par inhalation à de faibles concentrations d’éthanol (i.e., ≤ 1000 ppm) et de valider/raffiner le modèle PBPK existant pour ces concentrations ; et 2) de déterminer les concentrations d’éthanol atmosphérique provenant d’utilisation de SHA et de vernis et de prédire les niveaux d’éthanolémie découlant de leur utilisation. Les données toxicocinétiques récoltées chez des volontaires nous suggèrent qu’il est insuffisant de limiter au foie la clairance métabolique de l’éthanol lors d’exposition à de faibles niveaux d’éthanol, contrairement aux expositions à de plus forts niveaux. De plus, il a clairement été démontré qu’un effort physique léger (50 W) influençait à la hausse (2-3 fois) l’éthanolémie des volontaires exposés à 750 ppm. L’ajout au modèle PBPK d’une clairance métabolique de haute affinité et de faible capacité associée aux tissus richement perfusés a permis de simuler plus adéquatement la cinétique de l’éthanolémie pour des expositions à des concentrations inférieures à 1000 ppm. Des mesures de concentrations d’éthanol dans l’air inhalé générées lors d’utilisation de SHA et de vernis ont permis de simuler des expositions lors de l’utilisation de ces produits. Pour l’utilisation de 1,5 g et 3 g de SHA dans un local peu ventilé, des concentrations sanguines maximales (Cmax) de 0.383 et 0.366 mg.L-1 ont été respectivement simulées. Dans un local bien ventilé, les Cmax simulées étaient de 0.264 et 0.414 mg.L-1. Selon les simulations, une application de vernis résulterait en une Cmax respectivement de 0.719 mg.L-1 et de 0.729 mg.L-1, chez les hommes et femmes. Les Cmax sanguines d’éthanol estimées suites aux différentes simulations sont inférieures à la concentration toxique pour les humains (100 mg.L-1). Ainsi, de telles expositions ne semblent pas être un danger pour la santé. Les résultats de cette étude ont permis de mieux décrire et comprendre les processus d’élimination de l’éthanol à faibles doses et permettront de raffiner l’évaluation du risque associé à l’inhalation chronique de faibles niveaux d’éthanol pour la population, particulièrement chez les travailleurs. / A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model (PBPK) on inhalation exposure to ethanol has previously been developed based on data from an inhalation study in volunteers exposed to more than 5000 ppm. However, there remains uncertainty about the ability of the PBPK model to predict the blood levels of ethanol (BLE) for exposure to low concentrations. These levels are frequently encountered by a large part of the population and workers by using products such as varnishes and alcoholic solutions (HAS). It is therefore necessary to verify the validity of the existing model and determine the internal exposure to ethanol in such conditions. The objectives of this master’s thesis are 1) to document the BLE resulting from inhalation exposure to low concentrations of ethanol (i.e., ≤ 1000 ppm) and validate/refine the existing PBPK model for these concentrations, and 2) to determine the atmospheric concentrations of ethanol following the use of alcoholic solutions (HAS) and varnish as well as to predict the BLE resulting from their use. Toxicokinetic data collected from volunteers suggest that it is insufficient to limit metabolic clearance of ethanol to the liver during exposures to low levels of ethanol, unlike exposures to stronger levels. In addition, it was clearly demonstrated that light exercise (50W) increased (2-3 fold) the BLE in volunteers exposed to 750 ppm. An addition to the PBPK model of a metabolic clearance of high affinity and low capacity associated with richly perfused tissue was performed to simulate more accurately the toxicokinetic data from low and high ethanol exposure levels. Measurements of ethanol concentrations in inhaled air generated during the use of HAS and varnishes were used to simulate the exposure during the use of these products. The simulation for HAS, for 1.5 g and 3 g, gave a maximum blood concentration (Cmax) of 0.383 and 0.366 mg.L-1 respectively in a poorly ventilated room. In a well-ventilated room, the simulated Cmax for 1.5 g and 3 g of HAS were 0.264 and 0.414 mg.L-1, respectively. The simulation results from the use of ethanol-based varnish yielded a Cmax for men and women of 0.719 and 0.729 mg.L-1 respectively. The blood Cmax of ethanol previously listed for the various simulations are well below the toxic dose for humans (50 mg.L-1). Thus, such exposures do not seem to be a health hazard. The results of this study helped to better describe and understand the elimination of ethanol at low doses and refine the evaluation process associated with chronic inhalation of low levels of ethanol to the population risk, particularly in workers.

Introduction : L’asthme professionnel (AP) est diagnostiqué au Québec avec le test de provocation bronchique spécifique (TPS). Le TPS consiste à exposer le patient à un agent causal suspecté en vue de provoquer une réaction asthmatique. Un TPS négatif est possible quand un agent causal a été omis de l’histoire professionnelle du patient. L’évaluation des expositions professionnelles par une expertise en hygiène en santé du travail est considérée comme une méthode précise, lorsque des données de mesure ne sont pas disponibles. Cependant, l'apport de cette méthode dans le diagnostic de l’AP n'a jamais été examiné dans un contexte clinique. Objectifs : Déterminer l'apport de l'évaluation des expositions professionnelles par une expertise en hygiène du travail dans l'investigation de l'AP. Comparer les expositions professionnelles détectées par un clinicien et par un hygiéniste chez 1) des sujets avec de l’AP prouvé par des TPS positifs, 2) chez des sujets avec des TPS négatifs. Méthodes : Une analyse des expositions potentielles par le clinicien a précédé la réalisation du TPS. Une évaluation des expositions professionnelles a été réalisée par un hygiéniste. L’hygiéniste n’avait pas connaissance du diagnostic du patient. Résultats : 120 sujets (TPS positifs : 67 négatifs :53) ont été enrôlés dans l’étude. L’hygiéniste a identifié l’agent causal dans la très grande majorité des TPS positifs. Dans 33 TPS négatifs, l’hygiéniste a détecté des agents sensibilisants non identifiés par le médecin. Conclusion : L’évaluation des expositions professionnelles par une expertise en hygiène du travail est une méthode pouvant compléter l'évaluation clinique pour la détection d’agents sensibilisants associés à l’AP. L’inclusion de cette approche dans l’évaluation clinique de l’AP aurait comme effet de réduire la survenance d’un diagnostic erroné. / Introduction: Occupational asthma (OA) is diagnosed in the province of Quebec with the specific inhalation challenge (SIC) test. The SIC test consists of exposing the patient to a suspected causal agent in order to induce an asthmatic reaction. When a causal agent has been omitted from the occupational history, the SIC test can be negative. An expert assessment of occupational exposures by an occupational hygienist is considered an accurate method when quantitative measurements are not available. However, its contribution has never been evaluated in the diagnosis of OA. Objective: Evaluate the contribution of an occupational exposure assessment by an expert industrial hygienist to the diagnosis of OA. Compare the occupational exposures detected by an occupational hygienist and a clinician in: 1) OA subjects with a positive SIC, 2) Subjects with a negative SIC. Methods: The clinician assessed the workplace exposures during a routine clinical evaluation preceding the performance of the SIC. An expert assessment of work histories was performed by an occupational hygienist blind to the diagnostic status of the patient. Results: 120 subjects (Positive SIC: 67 Negative SIC: 53) were enrolled in this study. The occupational hygienist detected the causal agent in almost all cases of OA. In 33 negative SIC, the occupational hygienist identified sensitizing agents which were not detected by the clinician. Conclusions: An expert assessment of occupational exposures by an occupational hygienist is a method which could complement the clinical assessment for the detection of sensitizing agents associated with OA. This method could be included in the clinical evaluation of OA in order to decrease the probability of misdiagnosis.

INTRODUÇÃO: Vários estudos tem mostrado associação entre a poluição atmosférica e efeitos adversos na gravidez, como baixo peso ao nascer, prematuridade e crescimento intra-uterino retardado. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação existente entre prematuridade e baixo peso ao nascer e exposição materna aos contaminantes atmosféricos (partículas inaláveis, dióxido de enxofre e ozônio), no município de Volta Redonda, no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Esta coorte histórica, de base populacional, foi composta por todos os nascidos vivos, de mães residentes em Volta Redonda, no período de 2003 a 2006. Os dados sobre nascimento foram obtidos do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC), do Ministério da Saúde. Os dados referentes à exposição foram fornecidos pelas estações automáticas de monitoramento da qualidade do ar, instaladas no município e controladas pela Fundação Estadual de Engenharia do Meio Ambiente (FEEMA). Modelos de regressão logística e linear, ajustados para potenciais fatores de confusão, foram empregados para avaliar a contribuição da poluição do ar sobre o peso ao nascer e a idade gestacional. RESULTADOS: O total de nascidos vivos no período estudo foi igual a 13.660 nascimentos. O peso médio (desvio padrão) dos recém-nascidos no período foi de 3162,2 g (561,8). O baixo peso ao nascer representou 9,1% dos nascimentos no período e os casos de prematuros foi equivalente a 7,4%. Após análises de regressão logística, seguindo modelos propostos e ajustes para os fatores de confusão identificados, foi observado aumento do risco de baixo ao nascer relacionado à exposição materna às partículas inaláveis durante os segundo e terceiro trimestres de gestação. Também foi verificado aumento do risco de baixo peso ao nascer associado à exposição materna ao ozônio nos segundo e terceiro trimestres de gestação. Com relação à prematuridade foi encontrado aumento no risco associado à exposição materna ao dióxido de enxofre durante os três trimestres de gestação. CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo sugere que exposições a O3, SO2 e PM10, mesmo em concentrações ambientais abaixo dos padrões de qualidade do ar, contribuem para a ocorrência de prematuridade e baixo peso ao nascer no município de Volta Redonda. A pesquisa reforçou a necessidade de revisão dos padrões de qualidade do ar em vigência no Brasil, para a garantia da qualidade da saúde da população. / BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown the association between outdoor air pollution and adverse pregnancy outcomes, related to low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth and intrauterine grow restriction (IUGR). OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between low birth weight and preterm delivery and maternal exposure to specific outdoor air contaminants, particulate matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ozone (O3) in Volta Redonda, an industrialized city in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS: This population-based cohort study comprised all infants born to women resident in Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in the period of 2003-2006. Birth data used in this retrospective study were obtained from the Information System on Live Births (SINASC) of Brazilian Ministry of Health. Exposure information was provided by air quality monitoring system operated by Environmental Agency for the State of Rio de Janeiro (FEEMA). Logistic and linear models were employed to assess the contribution of air pollution to low birth weight (LBW) and prematurity. RESULTS: The study covered 13660 births occurred from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2006. The mean (SD) birth weight was 3162.2 g (561.8), and low birth weight represented 9.1% of all newborns. Prematurity was observed in 7.4% of all newborns. Adjusted relative risk for LBW showed that second and third trimesters maternal exposure to PM10 increased the risk for low birth weight, as well as exposure to O3 increased the risk for LBW in second and third trimesters. We observed a reduction in birth weight due to interquartile increase of O3 in third trimester of pregnancy. We also found dose response relationship between low birth weight and PM10 and O3 during the second and third trimester. In relation to preterm delivery we found an increased risk associated to maternal exposure to SO2 during all three trimesters, as well as we found dose relationships between prematurity and exposure to SO2 in each trimester. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that exposures to O3, SO2 and PM10, even below brazilian air quality standards, contribute to risks of low birth weight and preterm delivery, in the city of Volta Redonda/Brazil. The results highlight the need of revising air quality parameters to guarantee people health.

INTRODUÇÃO: Vários estudos tem mostrado associação entre a poluição atmosférica e efeitos adversos na gravidez, como baixo peso ao nascer, prematuridade e crescimento intra-uterino retardado. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação existente entre prematuridade e baixo peso ao nascer e exposição materna aos contaminantes atmosféricos (partículas inaláveis, dióxido de enxofre e ozônio), no município de Volta Redonda, no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Esta coorte histórica, de base populacional, foi composta por todos os nascidos vivos, de mães residentes em Volta Redonda, no período de 2003 a 2006. Os dados sobre nascimento foram obtidos do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC), do Ministério da Saúde. Os dados referentes à exposição foram fornecidos pelas estações automáticas de monitoramento da qualidade do ar, instaladas no município e controladas pela Fundação Estadual de Engenharia do Meio Ambiente (FEEMA). Modelos de regressão logística e linear, ajustados para potenciais fatores de confusão, foram empregados para avaliar a contribuição da poluição do ar sobre o peso ao nascer e a idade gestacional. RESULTADOS: O total de nascidos vivos no período estudo foi igual a 13.660 nascimentos. O peso médio (desvio padrão) dos recém-nascidos no período foi de 3162,2 g (561,8). O baixo peso ao nascer representou 9,1% dos nascimentos no período e os casos de prematuros foi equivalente a 7,4%. Após análises de regressão logística, seguindo modelos propostos e ajustes para os fatores de confusão identificados, foi observado aumento do risco de baixo ao nascer relacionado à exposição materna às partículas inaláveis durante os segundo e terceiro trimestres de gestação. Também foi verificado aumento do risco de baixo peso ao nascer associado à exposição materna ao ozônio nos segundo e terceiro trimestres de gestação. Com relação à prematuridade foi encontrado aumento no risco associado à exposição materna ao dióxido de enxofre durante os três trimestres de gestação. CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo sugere que exposições a O3, SO2 e PM10, mesmo em concentrações ambientais abaixo dos padrões de qualidade do ar, contribuem para a ocorrência de prematuridade e baixo peso ao nascer no município de Volta Redonda. A pesquisa reforçou a necessidade de revisão dos padrões de qualidade do ar em vigência no Brasil, para a garantia da qualidade da saúde da população. / BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown the association between outdoor air pollution and adverse pregnancy outcomes, related to low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth and intrauterine grow restriction (IUGR). OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between low birth weight and preterm delivery and maternal exposure to specific outdoor air contaminants, particulate matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ozone (O3) in Volta Redonda, an industrialized city in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS: This population-based cohort study comprised all infants born to women resident in Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in the period of 2003-2006. Birth data used in this retrospective study were obtained from the Information System on Live Births (SINASC) of Brazilian Ministry of Health. Exposure information was provided by air quality monitoring system operated by Environmental Agency for the State of Rio de Janeiro (FEEMA). Logistic and linear models were employed to assess the contribution of air pollution to low birth weight (LBW) and prematurity. RESULTS: The study covered 13660 births occurred from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2006. The mean (SD) birth weight was 3162.2 g (561.8), and low birth weight represented 9.1% of all newborns. Prematurity was observed in 7.4% of all newborns. Adjusted relative risk for LBW showed that second and third trimesters maternal exposure to PM10 increased the risk for low birth weight, as well as exposure to O3 increased the risk for LBW in second and third trimesters. We observed a reduction in birth weight due to interquartile increase of O3 in third trimester of pregnancy. We also found dose response relationship between low birth weight and PM10 and O3 during the second and third trimester. In relation to preterm delivery we found an increased risk associated to maternal exposure to SO2 during all three trimesters, as well as we found dose relationships between prematurity and exposure to SO2 in each trimester. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that exposures to O3, SO2 and PM10, even below brazilian air quality standards, contribute to risks of low birth weight and preterm delivery, in the city of Volta Redonda/Brazil. The results highlight the need of revising air quality parameters to guarantee people health.

Local delivery of medication to the lung is highly desirable as the principal advantages include reduced systemic side effects and higher dose levels of the applicable medication at the site of drug action. This administration could be particularly useful for patients with specifically chronic pulmonary infections or pulmonary diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, asthma or lung cancer.<p>In order to deliver a high dose range of medication for highly-dosed drugs such as antibiotics, “carrier-free” DPI formulations of tobramycin were developed with the aim of minimizing the use of excipients. Briefly, dry powders were prepared by spray drying various suspensions of tobramycin in isopropanol.<p><p>First, as particle size is a key parameter in defining drug deposition in the lungs, the new Spraytec® laser diffraction method specifically modified for measuring the PSD of aerosolized drug was evaluated. The dispersion properties of various dry powder formulations were investigated using different laser diffraction and impaction apparatuses at different flow rates and using different inhalator devices. Different correlations between geometric and aerodynamic size data were demonstrated in this study. As a potential application, for the flow rate, the different inhalation devices and the drug formulations examined, the tobramycin fine particle fraction could be predicted from measurements obtained from the Spraytec® using linear relationships. Correlations (R² > 0.9) between the MMAD and the percentage of particles with a diameter below 5 µm could be demonstrated between the results obtained from the laser diffraction technique and the impaction method. Consequently, the Spraytec® laser diffraction technique was proved to be an important tool for initial formulation and process screening during formulation development of DPIs.<p><p>In order to modify the surface properties of the raw tobramycin powder, different powder compositions were formulated with the aim of studying the influence of the concentration of tobramycin in drug suspensions used for spray-drying, the lipid film composition (cholesterol:Phospholipon ratio) and the coating level (in percentage) on the physicochemical and aerodynamic characteristics of the antibiotic.<p>The results indicated that the application of a lipid coating around the active particles allowed an improvement in particle dispersion from the inhalator, decreasing raw powder agglomeration and thus enhancing drug deposition deep in the lungs. Moreover, these results seemed to be influenced by the amount and composition of the lipids in the formulations. The evaluation of the influence of the coating level showed that the deposition of only 5% w/w lipids (on a dry basis) was sufficient to improve particle dispersion properties during inhalation. The FPF, which is around 36% for the uncoated micronized tobramycin, was increased to up to about 68% for the most effective lipid-coated formulation. Of particular importance, these results revealed the need to add sufficient amounts of covering material in order to significantly modify the particle surface properties and reduce their tendency to agglomeration, while limiting the lipid level in the formulations in order to avoid any undesirable sticking and to allow the delivery of more of the active drug to the deep lung. <p><p>Another approach used to modify the surface properties of raw tobramycin was to coat the micronized particles with nanoparticles of the drug, produced by high pressure homogenization. The evaluation of the influence of the level of nanoparticle coating of the micronized particles showed that the presence of nanoparticles in the formulations improved the particle dispersion properties during inhalation. One microparticle was completely covered with a single layer or several layers of nanoparticles, in function of the percentage of nanoparticles in the mixture. Coating the fine drug particles with particles in the nanometer range was believed to reduce Van Der Waals forces and powder agglomeration. These various layers of nanoparticles also allowed a decrease in the cohesion of the powder by improving the slip between the particles.<p>On the other hand, suspensions containing solely nanoparticles were spray dried with various concentrations of surfactant in order to produce easily dispersible and reproducible micron-size agglomerates of nanoparticles during inhalation. The evaluation of the influence of the concentration of surfactant showed that deposition of only 2% w/w (on a dry basis) of Na glycocholate is sufficient to improve particle dispersion properties during inhalation. Consequently, the use of nanoparticles in dry powder formulations increased the FPF from 36% for the uncoated micronized tobramycin to about 61% for this latter formulation.<p>To modify the balance between the different forces of interactions without the need for any excipient, the influence of formulation components on the aerosolization characteristics of spray-dried tobramycin through the use of various proportions of water in the solvent used to prepare initial suspensions was investigated. These results showed that it is possible to modify the surface properties of the particles by coating the particles of drug with a homogeneously distributed film of the active compound dissolved in a solvent system containing a mixture of different solvents such as isopropanol and water. During nebulization of the suspension, droplets are composed of one or more particles in solid state surrounded with solvent containing the dissolved drug. It is hypothesized that during the drying step, dissolved tobramycin forms a coating of the amorphous drug around particles in suspension. The coating of drug particles can thus be used as an alternative approach that permits the modification of the surface properties of the particles, increasing the flowability, the desagglomeration tendency and the fine particle fraction deposited in the deep lung. So, the evaluation of the influence of the water content of the suspensions and the effect of the inlet temperature during spray-drying showed that the addition of 2% water v/v is sufficient to improve particle dispersion during inhalation. Of particular interest, as tobramycin is a very hygroscopic drug, the addition of water turned out to be a critical step. It was thus important to add a small amount of water to the solvent system and to process the drying step at a high temperature to produce formulations containing solely the active drug and showing a FPF of up to 50%.<p><p>Moreover, stability studies demonstrated that these optimized formulations (lipid-coated formulation, nanoparticle formulation and amorphous drug-coated formulation) were stable over a long time period at various ICH temperature and relative humidity storage conditions (25°C/60% RH, 30°C/65% RH and 40°C/75% RH). The formulations were shown to keep their crystalline state, initial PSD, redispersion characteristics and deposition results for more than twelve months.<p><p>In order to confirm these encouraging results, two optimized formulations (one with a lipid coating and another with amorphous drug coating) were selected and compared to the only commercially available tobramycin formulation for inhalation, Tobi® (nebulizer solution), by performing a combined in vivo scintigraphic and pharmacokinetic evaluation of tobramycin DPIs in nine CF patients.<p>In comparison with Tobi®, it was estimated that lung deposition, expressed as a percentage of the nominal dose, was 7.0 and 4.5 times higher for the lipid-coated and amorphous tobramycin-coated formulations, respectively. Moreover, the pharmacokinetic data, adjusted to the same drug dose as that of the Tobi® deposited in the lungs, showed that the AUC values were found to be 1.6 times higher for Tobi® than for DPI formulations. So this evaluation confirmed the superiority of dry powder formulations in terms of drug deposition and reduced systemic exposure in comparison with the conventional comparator product, Tobi®.<p><p>Thus, these new and orginal tobramycin DPI formulations based on the use of very low excipient levels and presenting very high lung deposition properties, were shown to offer very good prospects for improving the delivery of drugs to the pulmonary tract and to the widest possible patient population. <p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Lung cancer is the deadliest cancer in the world, with a global 5-year survival rate of about 15%. Despite a notable impact of the latest improvements in prevention, screening, detection and staging, the efficacy of conventional treatments is not sufficient and has reached a therapeutic plateau. These conventional treatments involve a combination of surgery, radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy (CT). CT is used in almost all stages: in operable and inoperable stages to limit tumour cell invasion and in latest stages as a palliative treatment. Cisplatin is one of the most frequently used and most potent drugs available. It is administered by parenteral route at doses limited by its high and cumulative nephrotoxicity but also by other systemic toxicities (e.g. ototoxicity). Its administration therefore requires many precautions (long hydration procedure, surveillance of the renal function), which mobilize medical personnel. A major limitation of parental CT is the low concentration of drug that successfully reaches the tumour or the metastases. A potential additional modality could be aerosolized CT to localize lung cancer treatment. It has shown a relative local tolerance for cisplatin through preclinical and clinical studies in humans by means of nebulized solutions or liposomal formulations. As a local treatment, aerosolized CT has a clear pharmacokinetic (PK) advantage, as it can increase local exposure while decreasing systemic exposure. However, because CT drugs, such as cisplatin, are active at rather high doses (in the mg range), the duration of administration from nebulizers is very long as it depends on the drug solubility or on drug encapsulation into liposomes. They also pose a high risk of environmental contamination and require HEPA-filtrated hoods during the nebulization procedure. Of all the inhalation devices available to deliver high drug doses, dry powder inhalers (DPIs) were chosen in this work. These were chosen to circumvent the above issues by providing higher deposited doses, in very short timeframes, using a patient-driven device that could help limit environmental exposure to only very low levels of drug. DPI in general also have the advantage of being applicable to both poorly-water-soluble and to water-soluble anticancer drugs. However, because direct deposition of high quantities of anticancer drugs to the lung parenchyma could pose a high risk of local irritation and pulmonary adverse effects, controlled release (CR) of cisplatin from deposited particles in the lung parenchyma was needed. However, in the lungs, foreign undissolved particles are rapidly eliminated by means of naturally occurring clearance mechanisms, in particular macrophage uptake in the alveoli. Therefore, formulation strategies able to limit the particles clearance are needed to assure high lung residence of these CR particles. The formulation strategy of this work was to develop DPI formulation based on solid-lipid microparticles (SLM) able to (i) be deposited into the lung, (ii) control the release of cisplatin and (iii) escape macrophage uptake in order to remain in the lung long enough and at a concentration able to optimize the therapeutic index (i.e. increase the potential therapeutic effect and decrease the potential side effects).The primary objectives of the SLM-based DPI formulations were to (i) exhibit aerodynamic properties compatible with lung cancer patients abilities and cisplatin requirements (e.g. a high deposited fraction, high deagglomeration abilities under low airflow within a low-resistance DPI, deposition in the mg range), (ii) provide a CR matrix for cisplatin in vitro, (iii) be able to be retained into the lung long enough in vivo, (iv) using scalable production techniques and (v) using only potentially well-tolerated excipients.Cisplatin was initially reduced to microcrystals under high-pressure homogenization (HPH) cycles up to 20 000 psi. This procedure permitted uncoated particles with mean diameters below 1.0 μm to be obtained. To assess the cisplatin release abilities of the DPI formulations on the deposited fraction only, a new dissolution test was adapted. This test used a classical paddle apparatus from the pharmacopoeia and a Fast Screening Impactor (FSI). An excipient-free formulation, obtained from the spray dried suspension of cisplatin microcrystals (100% cisplatin) was initially produced. It was compared to a 95:5 cisplatin/tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) formulation, which exhibited a higher deposition ability (fine particle fraction (FPF) of 24.2 vs. 51.5% of the nominal dose, respectively). Both exhibited immediate release (IR), with 90% dissolved under 10 minutes.Solid lipid microparticle (SLM)-based formulations were then produced using the cisplatin microcrystalline suspension and various lipid excipients. Those had previously been screened for their ability to be spray dried following their solubilisation in heated isopropanol. The addition of a triglyceride, tristearin (TS), as the main lipid component and if necessary a polyethylene glycol (PEG) excipient-comprising fraction with TPGS or distearoyl phosphoethanolamine polyethylene glycol 2000 (DSPE-mPEG-2000) as a surface modifier, provided spray dried particles with interesting characteristics. These formulations, comprised of at least 50% cisplatin, exhibited high CR abilities in simulated lung fluid at 37°C for more than 24 h (as low as 56% released after 24 h) and a low burst-effect (as low as 24% and 16% after 10 minutes with and without PEGylated excipients, respectively). They also showed high aerodynamic properties, with a high FPF ranging from 37.3 to 50.3% w/w of the nominal dose and a low median mass aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) between 2.0 and 2.4 μm. The process also offered high production yields (> 60%).The best IR DPI formulation (evaluated on the FPF, i.e. cisplatin/TPGS 95:5) and the most promising CR formulations without (i.e. cisplatin/TS 50:50) and with PEGylated excipients (evaluated on CR abilities, i.e. cisplatin/TS/TPGS 50:49.5:0.5) were then administered to CD 1 mice, concurrently to endotracheal nebulization (EN) of a cisplatin solution. This was done using specific endotracheal devices, the Penn-Century Inc. DP-4M© Dry Powder Insufflatorn and for the cisplatin solution, the Microsprayer™ IA-1C©. They were compared to intravenous (IV) injection during a PK study over 48 hours. The administration of DPI formulations required the development of a spray dried diluent (Mannitol:Leucine 10:1) and specific dilution method (3D mixing for 4 hours and double-sieving) to be able to deliver precise and repeatable quantities of powder into the lungs of mice at 1.25 mg/kg dose. A PK study was carried out of the lungs, blood, kidneys, liver, mediastinum and spleen of the mice. The study used a developed and validated electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) method. Results showed that endotracheal administration of DPI formulations permitted the exposure of the lungs to cisplatin, expressed as the area under the curve (AUC) to be greatly increased while decreasing the systemic exposure. More precisely, the only formulation that exhibited prolonged lung retention was the one comprising PEGylated excipient (cisplatin/TS/TPGS 50:49.5:0.5), which was observed for ~7 hours. This lung retention was associated with smoother concentration vs. time profiles in blood (higher tmax and lower Cmax), which also confirmed its CR abilities in vivo as dissolved cisplatin is a highly permeable drug. The overall exposure, established by the AUC, helped calculate the target efficiency (Te: the ratio of AUC in the lungs to the sum of AUC in non-target organs) and the target advantage (Ta: ratio of AUC in the lungs by the tested route to the AUC in the lungs by the IV route). For instance, the Ta of the aforementioned formulation (cisplatin/TS/TPGS 50:49.5:0.5) was of 10.9, as compared to 1 for IV, 3.3 for EN, 2.6 for the IR DPI formulation (cisplatin/TPGS 95:5) and 3.7 for the non-PEGylated CR DPI formulation (cisplatin/TS 50:50). In the meantime, the Te for the same formulations were 1.6, 0.09, 1.1, 0.4 and 0.9, respectively, showing again the great efficiency of the inhaled route vs. the IV route in targeting the lungs. More importantly, it showed the added efficiency of the CR DPI formulation with lung retention abilities, provided by the addition of PEGylated excipients. In the last part of the work, maximum tolerated doses (MTD) of formulations were established. These showed that the best candidate, selected based on the PK results (CR DPI with lung retention abilities composed of cisplatin/TS/TPGS 50:49.5:0.5) had better overall tolerance than IR approaches (DPI formulation at cisplatin/TPGS 95:5 and EN of a cisplatin solution). More precisely, it was possible to double the administered dosage for the CR formulation (1.0 mg/kg) vs. the IR DPI and EN (both at 0.5 mg/kg) under a repeated administration scheme (3 times a week for 2 weeks).Moreover, an assessment of the lung tolerance of this best candidate was realized and compared to the IR DPI, EN and the IV route. It was done through analysis of the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) 24 hours following a single administration at the pre-determined MTD. IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α cytokines were not increased following the administrations. No evidence of tissue damage or cytotoxicity could be observed through quantification of the protein content and of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. The only observations were a decrease in total cells and an increase in polynuclear neutrophils (PN) cells in the BALF, which was not observed by IV or following the administration of the vehicle of the CR formulation alone (i.e. PEGylated SLM and dry diluent). This increase was not directly linked to the formulation but rather to cisplatin, as it was observed in each cisplatin inhalation experiments, and not with the vehicle of the CR formulation, which was comparable to the non-treated mice.In parallel, we realized a survival study following the administration of the best DPI formulation candidate (cisplatin/TS/TPGS 50:49.5:0.5) vs. the IR DPI candidate (cisplatin/TPGS 95:5), both at their respective MTD under the aforementioned repeated dosing scheme. Cisplatin was administered to mice bearing a grafted orthotopic M109-HiFR lung tumour model, previously developed in the laboratory. The DPI formulations were evaluated against IV administration at each dose (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg, respectively). This study first confirmed the lower toxicity of the CR approach, as the IR DPI formulation caused a much higher number of deaths during treatment of the grafted mice. The CR formulation administered at 1.0 mg/kg showed a higher survival than the negative control but a tumour response comparable to IV administered at half this dose (0.5 mg/kg). This unexpected outcome with regard to the PK results is explained by the fact that the tumour model is highly metastatic. Mice treated with inhaled formulations died due to distant tumour involvement, while those treated systemically died due to pulmonary tumour involvement. This led us to believe that this kind of treatment may have greater potential in combination, adjuvant to the parenteral route.This work helped establish the proof-of-concept of a cisplatin CR DPI formulation with an up-scalable process. The SLM approach confirmed that encapsulation of drugs exhibiting low solubility, such as cisplatin, was possible using highly hydrophobic excipients and that surface modification was mandatory to provide notable lung retention in vivo. The SLM approach showed good signs of tolerance during the exploratory study but still needs to be confirmed under a chronic scheme using other determinants such as histopathological analyses of the lung tissue. Moreover, comparison of the nephrotoxicity of formulations against that of the IV route should be conducted with appropriate and sensitive methods. Finally, the survival study of the CR DPI formulation showed mitigated results, partly because of the orthotopic model characteristics. This could be proof that inhaled CT has a role to play combined with classical systemic CT. This needs to be assessed in a further study.Le cancer du poumon est le cancer ayant le taux de mortalité le plus élevé au monde, avec un taux de survie global à 5 ans d'environ 15%. Malgré un impact notable des dernières améliorations en matière de prévention, de dépistage, et de classification du cancer du poumon, l'efficacité des traitements classiques n'est toujours pas suffisante et semble avoir atteint un plateau thérapeutique. Ces traitements classiques comprennent de la chirurgie, de la radiothérapie et de la chimiothérapie, le plus souvent en combinaison. La chimiothérapie est utilisée à presque tous les stades: dans les stades opérables et inopérables afin de limiter l'invasion par les cellules tumorales jusqu’aux derniers stades en tant que traitement palliatif. Le cisplatine est l'un des médicaments anticancéreux les plus fréquemment utilisés et les plus puissants actuellement disponibles. Il est administré par voie parentérale à des doses qui sont limitées par sa néphrotoxicité élevée et cumulative mais également par d'autres toxicités systémiques (par exemple, de l'ototoxicité). Son administration nécessite donc de nombreuses précautions (longue procédure d'hydratation, surveillance de la fonction rénale), ce qui mobilise fortement le personnel médical. Une limitation importante de la chimiothérapie parentérale est la faible concentration d’actif qui atteint avec succès la tumeur ou les métastases. Une autre voie d’accès potentielle pourrait être la chimiothérapie inhalée pour traiter le cancer du poumon. Cette approche a montré une relativement bonne tolérance locale pour le cisplatine à travers différentes études précliniques et cliniques chez l'homme au moyen de solutions ou de formulations liposomales nébulisées. En tant que traitement via la voie pulmonaire, la chimiothérapie inhalée présente un avantage pharmacocinétique évident, car elle permet d’augmenter l'exposition locale tout en diminuant l'exposition systémique. Cependant, du fait que les médicaments chimiothérapeutiques, tels que le cisplatine, soient actifs à des doses relativement élevées (dans la gamme du mg), la durée d'administration à partir des nébuliseurs s’avère en pratique très longue car elle dépend principalement de la solubilité de l’actif ou de son encapsulation dans les liposomes. Les nébuliseurs présentent également un risque élevé de contamination de l'environnement et nécessitent de lourds appareillages (hottes filtrantes en particulier) pendant la procédure d’administration.Parmi tous les dispositifs d'inhalation existants, capables de délivrer des doses élevées de médicaments, les inhalateurs de poudre sèche (DPI) semblent être de bons candidats. Ceux-ci ont été choisis dans ce travail afin de contourner les problèmes énumérés ci-dessus, en fournissant des doses pulmonaires plus élevées, dans des délais très courts. De plus, ces dispositifs sont activés par le flux inspiratoire du patient, ce qui pourrait aider à limiter l'exposition environnementale à des niveaux très faibles. Les inhalateurs à poudre sèche présentent également l'avantage d'être utilisables à la fois avec des médicaments solubles et des médicaments peu solubles dans l’eau. Malgré tout, étant donné que la déposition directe de quantités élevées de médicaments chimiothérapeutiques dans le parenchyme pulmonaire pourrait présenter un risque élevé d'irritation et d'effets indésirables locaux, une libération contrôlée du cisplatine à partir de particules déposées dans le parenchyme pulmonaire s’avère nécessaire. Cependant, dans les poumons, ces particules non dissoutes d’origine étrangère sont rapidement éliminées par les mécanismes d’élimination, en particulier par la clairance par les macrophages au niveau des alvéoles. Par conséquent, des stratégies de formulation capables de limiter la clairance des particules sont nécessaires pour assurer une résidence pulmonaire élevée de ces particules à libération contrôlée.La stratégie de formulation de ce travail a donc consisté à développer une formulation pour inhalateur à poudre sèche à base de microparticules lipidiques solides capable de (i) être déposées dans le poumon, (ii) de contrôler la libération du cisplatine et (iii) de rester dans le poumon suffisamment longtemps dans le but d’optimiser l'indice thérapeutique (c'est-à-dire augmenter le potentiel thérapeutique du cisplatine et diminuer ses potentiels effets secondaires).Les objectifs principaux des formulations basées sur les microparticules lipidiques solides étaient (i) de présenter des hautes charges en cisplatine au sein des microparticules lipidiques tout en présentant des propriétés aérodynamiques compatibles avec la capacité pulmonaire des patients atteints de cancer du poumon (par exemple, une fraction déposée élevée et une capacité élevée à la désagglomération sous faible débit d'air dans un inhalateur de faible résistance), (ii) de fournir une matrice capable de libérer le cisplatine de manière contrôlée in vitro, (iii) d’être capable de rester dans le poumon suffisamment longtemps in vivo, tout cela (iv) en utilisant des techniques de production ayant une bonne capacité d’augmentation d’échelle et (v) de n’utiliser que des excipients potentiellement bien tolérés au niveau du poumon.Le cisplatine a été initialement réduit sous forme microcristalline à l’aide de cycles d'homogénéisation à haute pression jusqu'à 20 000 psi. Cette procédure a permis d'obtenir des particules non enrobées ayant un diamètre moyen inférieur à 1.0 μm. Afin d’évaluer les capacités de libération du cisplatine des formulations à partir de la fraction capable théoriquement de se déposer dans les poumons, un nouveau test de dissolution a été adapté à partir d’un appareil à palettes classique de la pharmacopée et d’un impacteur à cascade « Fast Screening Impactor ». Une formulation sans excipient, obtenue à partir de la suspension de cisplatine, soumise à la technique de séchage par l’atomisation (100% de cisplatine) a été produite comme point de départ. Celle-ci a ensuite été comparée à une formulation de cisplatine/tocophéryl polyéthylène glycol succinate (TPGS) (95:5), qui présentait une capacité de déposition pulmonaire in vitro (fraction de particules fines (FPF) de 24.2% pour la première et de 51.5% pour la deuxième, exprimée par rapport à la dose nominale). Toutes deux ont démontré des capacités de libération immédiate, avec 90% du cisplatin dissous en moins de 10 minutes.D’autres formulations, cette fois élaborées sous la forme de microparticules lipidiques solides ont ensuite été produites à partir de la suspension microcristalline de cisplatine et de divers excipients lipidiques. Ces microparticules avaient préalablement été testées pour leur aptitude à être séchées par atomisation après solubilisation des excipients dans de l'isopropanol chaud. L’ajout d’un triglycéride, la tristéarine (TS), comme excipient lipidique principal et également d’une fraction comprenant un excipient contenant du polyéthylène glycol (PEG), à l’aide de TPGS ou de distéaroyl phosphoéthanolamine polyéthylène glycol 2000 (DSPE-mPEG-2000) a montré des résultats intéressants. Ces formulations, ayant une teneur en cisplatine d’au moins 50%, ont présenté des aptitudes élevées pour la libération contrôlée dans le fluide pulmonaire simulé in vitro à 37 °C, et ce, pendant plus de 24 h (jusqu'à 56% libérées après 24 h) ainsi qu’un faible « burst-effect » (de seulement 24% et 16% après 10 minutes avec et sans excipients PEGylés, respectivement). Elles ont également montré des propriétés aérodynamiques élevées, avec une FPF élevée allant de 37.3 à 50.3% m/m par rapport à la dose nominale et un diamètre aérodynamique compris entre 2.0 et 2.4 μm. Le meilleur candidat à libération immédiate (évaluée sur base de la FPF, soit la formulation cisplatine/TPGS 95:5 m/m) et les formulations à libération contrôlée les plus prometteuses n’incluant pas d’excipients PEGylés (cisplatine/TS 50:50 m/m) et incluant des excipients PEGylés (évalués sur les capacités de libération contrôlée, c'est-à-dire la formulation cisplatin/TS/TPGS 50:49.5:0.5 m/m/m) ont ensuite été administrées à des souris CD-1, en comparaison d’une nébulisation endotrachéale d'une solution de cisplatine. Ceci a été fait à l’aide de dispositifs endotrachéaux dédiés aux poudres pour le DP-4M© « Dry Powder Insufflator » et aux solutions pour le Microsprayer™ IA-1C© de Penn-Century. Ces formulations ont été comparées à l'injection intraveineuse (IV) au cours d’une étude pharmacocinétique étendue sur 48 heures.L'administration de formulations de poudres sèches pour inhalation a nécessité le développement préalable d'un diluant par atomisation (Mannitol:Leucine 10:1 m/m) ainsi que d’une méthode de dilution des poudres (mélange tridimensionnel pendant 4 heures et suivi d’un double-tamisage) afin de pouvoir délivrer des quantités précises et répétables de poudre dans les poumons de souris à la dose d’1.25 mg/kg. Le suivi des paramètres pharmacocinétiques a ainsi pu être réalisé au niveau des poumons, du sang, des reins, du foie, du médiastin et de la rate des souris. Ceci a été fait à l’aide d’une méthode de spectrométrie d'absorption atomique électrothermique, qui a été préalablement développée et validée. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que l'administration endotrachéale de formulations de poudres sèches permettait d’augmenter fortement l'exposition des poumons par le cisplatine, exprimée en aire sous la courbe (AUC) tout en diminuant l'exposition systémique. Plus précisément, la seule formulation présentant une rétention pulmonaire prolongée était celle qui comprenait un excipient PEGylé (cisplatine/TS/TPGS 50:49.5:0.5 m/m/m), ce qui a été observé pendant environ 7 heures. Cette rétention pulmonaire a été associée à des profils de concentration en fonction du temps plus réguliers dans le sang (tmax supérieur et Cmax inférieur), ce qui a également confirmé ses capacités de libération contrôlée in vivo car la perméabilité de l’épithélium pulmonaire pour le cisplatine dissous s’est avérée très élevée. L'exposition globale établie à partir de l’AUC a permis de calculer l’efficacité de ciblage (Te: rapport de l'AUC mesurée dans les poumons et de la somme des AUC mesurées dans les organes non cibles) et l’avantage du ciblage (Ta: rapport de l’AUC mesuré dans les poumons suite à l’administration pulmonaire et de l'AUC mesurée dans les poumons suite à l’administration par la voie IV). Par exemple, le Ta de la formulation décrite ci-dessus (cisplatine/TS/TPGS 50:49.5:0.5 m/m/m) était de 10.9, comparativement à 1 pour l’IV, 3.3 pour la nébulisation endotrachéale, 2.6 pour la formulation de poudre sèche à libération immédiate (cisplatine/TPGS 95:5 w/w) et 3.7 pour la formulation de poudre sèche à libération contrôlée ne comprenant pas d’excipient PEGylé (cisplatine/TS 50:50). Dans le même temps, le Te mesuré pour les mêmes formulations était de 1.6, 0.09, 1.1, 0.4 et 0.9, respectivement, démontrant également le rendement élevé de la voie inhalée par rapport à la voie IV dans sa capacité à cibler les poumons. Plus important encore, ceci a démontré le grand avantage des capacités de rétention pulmonaire de la formulation à libération contrôlée comprenant un excipient PEGylé.Dans la dernière partie de ce travail, les doses maximales tolérées (DMT) des formulations ont été déterminées. Le meilleur candidat, choisi en fonction des résultats de pharmacocinétique (formulation à libération contrôlée ayant des capacités de rétention pulmonaire composé de cisplatine/TS/TPGS 50:49.5:0.5 m/m/m), avait une meilleure tolérance globale que les deux approches à libération immédiate testées (formulation de poudre sèche cisplatine/TPGS 95:5 et la nébulisation endotrachéale d'une solution de cisplatine). Plus précisément, il s’est avéré possible de doubler le dosage administré pour la formulation à libération contrôlée (1.0 mg/kg) par rapport à la poudre sèche à libération immédiate et à la nébulisation endotrachéale (toutes les deux à 0.5 mg/kg) suivant un schéma d'administration chronique (3 fois par semaine pendant 2 semaines). De plus, une évaluation de la tolérance pulmonaire de cette formulation à libération prolongée a été réalisée et comparée à la poudre sèche à libération immédiate, à la nébulisation endotrachéale et à la voie IV. Elle a été réalisée par analyse du liquide provenant du lavage broncho-alvéolaire, 24 heures après une administration unique à la dose maximale tolérée préalablement déterminée pour chaque formulation. Aucune augmentation des cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 et TNF-α n’a pu être détectée à la suite des administrations. Aucunes preuves de lésion tissulaire ou de cytotoxicité n'ont pu être observées au travers du dosage de la teneur en protéines totale et de l'activité de la lactate déshydrogénase. Les seules observations qui ont pu être faites ont été une diminution des cellules totales et une augmentation des polynucléaires neutrophiles dans le lavage broncho-alvéolaire, ce qui n'a pas été observé suite à l’administration IV ou après l'administration du véhicule de la formulation à libération contrôlée seul (c'est-à-dire les microparticules lipidiques solides PEGylées et le diluant). Cette augmentation ne semble pas liée aux microparticules lipidiques solides ou au diluent mais probablement à l’exposition pulmonaire au cisplatine, car cette augmentation a été observée pour chaque groupe inhalé contenant du cisplatine. Le cisplatine a ensuite été administré à des souris qui ont été greffées de manière orthotopique par une lignée murine de carcinome pulmonaire M109-HiFR, modèle préclinique préalablement développé au sein de notre laboratoire. Les formulations de poudres sèches ont été évaluées par rapport à l'administration IV à chaque dose testée (0.5 et 1.0 mg/kg, respectivement). Cette étude a d'abord confirmé la toxicité plus faible de l'approche à libération contrôlée, car la formulation à libération immédiate a causé un nombre beaucoup plus élevé de décès pendant le traitement des souris greffées. La formulation à libération contrôlée administrée à 1.0 mg/kg, a montré une survie plus élevée que le contrôle négatif, mais une réponse comparable à la dose IV administrée à la moitié de la dose (0.5 mg/kg). Ce résultat inattendu par rapport aux résultats de l’étude pharmacocinétique s'explique probablement par le fait que le modèle de tumeur utilisé est hautement métastatique. Les souris traitées avec des formulations inhalées sont mortes en raison de tumeurs secondaires distantes par rapport à la tumeur primaire implantée au niveau du poumon, alors que celles traitées par la voie systémique sont mortes en raison d’un envahissement tumoral pulmonaire. Cela nous amène à penser que ce type de traitement inhalé pourrait avoir un plus grand potentiel en combinaison à la voie parentérale. Ce travail a ainsi permis d’établir la preuve du concept de formulation à base de poudre sèche de cisplatine à libération contrôlée, en utilisant un processus de fabrication capable de subir une mise à l’échelle industrielle. L’utilisation de microparticules lipidiques solides a confirmé que l'encapsulation d’actifs présentant une certaine hydrophilie, comme le cisplatine, était possible en utilisant des excipients hautement hydrophobes et qu'une modification de leur surface était cependant obligatoire pour obtenir une rétention pulmonaire intéressante in vivo. Les microparticules lipidiques solides ont montré de bons signes de tolérance au cours de l'étude exploratoire, mais celle-ci doit encore être confirmée avec une administration chronique des poudres. Ceci doit être fait en suivant des paramètres supplémentaires, tels que des analyses histologiques du tissu pulmonaire. De plus, la comparaison de la néphrotoxicité des formulations avec celle mesurée par la voie IV doit être effectuée avec des méthodes appropriées et sensibles. Enfin, l'étude de survie de la formulation à libération prolongée a montré des résultats mitigés, en partie à cause des caractéristiques du modèle orthotopique de tumeur pulmonaire. Cependant, il semblerait que la chimiothérapie inhalée à un rôle important à jouer en combinaison avec la chimiothérapie systémique classique. Ceci doit être évalué dans une étude future. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Pharmacie) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The main idea was to choose a child as a measure of design. Immerse yourself in his world and his perception of space - keep in mind his needs. What did the place where he would be able to recover from respiratory problems look like? Was she in the hospital? What kind of room was that? What was that for? place? Did nature play any meaning in that? Would you like to go back there? How does she remember him? The aim was to create a place that resembles the hospital environment as little as possible, is in direct contact with nature and attracts to get to know it more. The stay in the hospital should be more reminiscent of spending holidays at school in nature. How to avoid austere hospital premises? Is there such a guide at all? Should I draw inspiration elsewhere? Where do we go to gain strength from everyday worries? In nature, of course. And how does this need translate into architecture? And we have at all such architecture? The answer to the questions I asked was the cottage. House created for a stay in nature. But how to lift it to something richer and more interesting? There was something else that fascinated me as a child spending time in Luhačovice - the spa environment. How these two forms to connect?

<p>  </p> <p>Inhalation is a primary route of environmental and occupational exposures. Inhalation toxicology studies have thoroughly demonstrated the efficacy and adverse effects of a large number of chemicals, metals, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals. With the rapid development of new technologies and emergence of prominent subpopulations, some emerging exposure issues have arisen. To better protect public health, it is necessary to address these numerous emerging issues related to inhalation toxicology including 1) exposures to complex and unknown chemical emissions generated as we resolve infrastructure needs, 2) real-world exposure scenarios such as nanoparticle (NP) mixtures that may induce unique toxicity, and 3) variations in toxicity responses that occur in vulnerable and prevalent subpopulations following exposures. We designed three aims 1) to characterize differential representative composite manufacturing emissions (CMEs) and toxicity assessment of inhalation exposure to CMEs, 2) to examine the contribution of variable iron and manganese NP components in welding fumes to pulmonary toxicity, and 3) to evaluate metabolic syndrome (MetS)-induced variations in NP-Biocorona (NP-BC) composition following inhalation and modulation of pulmonary toxicity. Overall, this proposal aimed to characterize the emerging and complex exposures occurring in the real world and elucidate the mechanisms of differential pulmonary toxicity and susceptibility associated with CMEs, different metal NP components in welding fumes, and underlying diseases such as MetS. The conclusions from this project can help to improve the application of water infrastructure repairing technology and the utilization of welding and understand the mechanism of susceptibility to NP exposure among individuals with underlying diseases. Furthermore, the findings from these evaluations have supported and improved worldwide regulation, which promotes a safer utilization of novel materials, newly developed medicines, and complex chemicals.</p>