As bactérias são reconhecidas pelos macrófagos através dos receptores do tipo Toll (TLR), que ativam as vias do NF-κB e das MAPKs, resultando em respostas como a fagocitose e a produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio e nitrogênio (ROS/RNS), que causam a morte do microrganismo. P. aeruginosa, uma causa comum de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica, é uma bactéria que utiliza diversas estratégias de virulência e defesa, incluindo mecanismos antioxidantes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a relação entre o papel da 1-Cys peroxirredoxina LsfA está envolvida na virulência de P. aeruginosa. Linhagens mutantes com deleção em lsfA ou com uma mutação pontual neste gene (troca da Cys45 por Ala, RB302) foram construídas, sendo mais sensíveis a peróxido de hidrogênio que a linhagem selvagem PA14, como verificado pelo halo de inibição de crescimento. A atividade peroxidásica de LsfA foi medida in vitro pelo ensaio de tiocianato férrico e apenas a proteína com a sequência selvagem foi ativa, enquanto uma mutação na Cys45 aboliu completamente a sua atividade. Infecção de macrófagos J774 com as linhagens ΔlsfA ou C45A resultaram em uma diminuição da morte dos macrófagos, aumento do clearance bacteriano e aumento da secreção de TNF-α em comparação aos macrófagos infectados com a linhagem PA14, sugerindo uma maior ativação das vias do NF-κB e das MAPKs nos macrófagos infectados com as linhagens mutantes. Para verificar se LsfA poderia alterar o estado oxidativo dos macrófagos, eles foram infectados com as linhagens PA14 ou RB302 (C45A) e incubadas com carbóxi-H2DCFDA, um indicador que se torna fluorescente quando oxidado. Macrófagos infectados com a linhagem mutante demonstraram um maior estado oxidativo em comparação aos macrófagos infectados com a linhagem selvagem, confirmando que LsfA limita a ativação dos macrófagos, resultando numa menor produção de TNF-α e diminuição da citotoxicidade. A via das MAPKs e do NF-κB são requeridos para a produção máxima de TNF-α nos macrófagos infectados com a linhagem RB302, o que foi demonstrado utilizando-se de inibidores farmacológicos para essas vias. Como esperado, quando os macrófagos foram infectados com a linhagem RB302 na presença do antioxidante N-acetil-cisteína, houve uma redução da produção de TNF-α a níveis semelhantes dos macrófagos infectados com a linhagem selvagem. Em modelo de pneumonia aguda, todos os camundongos infectados com a linhagem PA14 morreram 48h pós-infecção, enquanto os camundongos infectados com a linhagem RB302 sobreviveram por mais de 60 dias após a infecção. Houve uma redução do número de bactérias nos pulmões, baço e fígado nos camundongos infectados com a linhagem RB302 em comparação aos camundongos infectados com a linhagem PA14. Também foi observado um aumento na produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias nos camundongos infectados com a linhagem RB302 em comparação aos camundongos infectados com PA14. Com isso, foi demonstrado pela primeira vez o envolvimento de uma 1-Cys peroxirredoxina de bactérias na virulência, com a modulação da resposta imune do hospedeiro in vitro e in vivo. / Bacteria are recognized by macrophages via Toll-Like Receptors (TLR), leading to a signaling pathway that activates NF-κB and MAPKs. Killing in phagossomes is achieved by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) generation. P. aeruginosa is a common cause of ventilator associated pneumonia and it uses several strategies for virulence and defense, including antioxidant mechanisms. In this work, we show for the first time that the 1-Cys peroxiredoxin LsfA is implicated in P. aeruginosa virulence. Mutant strains with a deletion in lsfA or with a mutation (Cys45 to Ala, RB302) were constructed and they were more sensitive to H2O2 than the wild type strain PA14, as verified by a growth inhibition assay. In vitro peroxidasic activity of LsfA was measured by ferric-thiocyanate assay, and while the wild-type protein was active, the mutation in Cys45 abolished its activity. Infection of J774 macrophages with ΔlsfA or C45A strains resulted in lower cell death, increased bacterial clearance and higher TNF-α production in comparison to PA14-infected macrophages, suggesting a higher level of MAPKs and NF-κB activation due to the mutant strains. To verify whether LsfA could modify the oxidative state of infected macrophages, they were infected with PA14 or RB302 strains and incubated with carboxy-H2DCFDA, an indicator that emits fluorescence when oxidized. Macrophages infected with mutant strains showed a higher oxidative state in comparison to PA14-infected cells, thus confirming that LsfA limits macrophages activation that leads to TNF-α production and cytotoxic activity. MAPKs and NF-κB pathways are required to full production of TNF-α in macrophages infected with RB302, as shown using pharmacological inhibitors for those pathways. When macrophages were infected with RB302 in the presence of the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine, there was a reduction in TNF-α production as compared to PA14, as expected. In an acute pneumonia model, all PA14-infected mice died at 48h post-infection, while C45A-infected mice survived as long as 60 days. There was also reduction in bacterial counts in the lungs, spleen and liver of mice infected with RB302, in comparison to PA14-infected mice. A greater pro-inflammatory cytokine production was observed in mice infected with mutant strain in comparison to mice infected with PA14. Altogether, this work shows for the first time the role of a bacterial 1-Cys Prx that modulates host immune response in vitro and in vivo.

Le système immunitaire inné est un mécanisme de défense commun à tous les métazoaires. Chez l’Homme comme chez la drosophile, son activation peut être délétère lorsqu’elle est incontrôlée. L’étude des mécanismes qui sous-Tendent cet équilibre entre l’activation ou non de la réponse immunitaire innée est à la base de mes travaux de thèse. En utilisant le modèle Drosophila melanogaster, j’ai caractérisé la protéine Big-Bang comme un acteur important de la balance immunitaire intestinale. Mes résultats démontrent que Big-Bang est un constituant des jonctions obturantes de l’épithélium intestinal. Son absence provoque une rupture de tolérance immunitaire envers la flore bactérienne endogène et d’autre part une sensibilité accrue aux pathogènes invasifs. Mes travaux de thèse ont également permis de caractériser Akirine, une protéine nucléaire qui agit au niveau des facteurs NF-ΚB de la drosophile à l’Homme. Mes résultats démontrent qu’Akirine est un sélecteur qui agit de concert avec le complexe de remodelage de la chromatine SWI/SNF et NF-ΚB pour transcrire un sous-Ensemble de gènes pro-Inflammatoires. / The innate immune response is required by all metazoan to defend themselves against microorganisms. When abnormally activated however, innate immune responses cause deleterious chronic inflammation. The study of the fragile equilibrium between immune responses and tolerance has fundamentally shaped the projects of my PhD work.First, using Drosophila melangoaster as a model, I characterized Big-Bang as a major player of the immune balance in the gut. I could show that Big-Bang is a bona fide component of midgut epithelium septate junctions. Consequently, big-Bang deficient flies have an impaired tolerance against commensal microorganisms and are susceptible to invasive gut pathogens, ultimately leading to a premature death of flies.I focused the second part of my PhD work on the characterization of Akirin, a nuclear protein required for the activation of NF-ΚB response from Drosophila to humans. My results showed that Akirin is a selector molecule, acting together with NF-ΚB and the SWI/SNF chromatin-Remodeling complex to sustain the transcription of a subset of pro-Inflammatory genes.

La maladie d'Alzheimer (MA) se caractérise par l’accumulation de l’amyloïde β (Aβ) dans le cerveau. Des indications suggèrent un lien étroit entre la MA et la neuroinflammation. Cependant, l’aspect moléculaire des réactions immunitaires innées contre l’Aβ n’a pas été élucidé. Nous avons utilisé la drosophile pour étudier l'impact des réactions immunitaires innées sur la MA. Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai: (1) mis en place un modèle drosophile de la MA pour l’étude du rôle des réactions inflammatoires, (2) montré que la voie inflammatoire IMD exerce un rôle neuroprotecteur empêchant le développement de phénotypes associés à la MA (3) généré l’interactome de la voie IMD utile lors de l’étude des mécanismes liant la MA à la neuroinflammation, et (4) introduit un crible génétique visant à identifier des gènes modificateurs de la MA. Nous estimons que nos résultats pourraient servir de base à de nouvelles interventions thérapeutiques contre la MA. / Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) in the brain. Several lines of evidences point towards a strong link between AD and neuroinflammation. However, the exact molecular events of the innate immune reactions against Aβ need to be elucidated. We used Drosophila as a model organism to study the impact of innate immune reactions on AD. During my PhD I have been able to: (1) establish a Drosophila model to study the inflammatory responses inAD, (2) demonstrate that the Drosophila inflammatory IMD pathway plays a neuroprotective role in the development of AD-like phenotypes, (3) generate the IMD interactome dataset that could help elucidate the mechanisms linking AD to neuroinflammation, and (4) introduce a forward genetic screen for the identification of modifier genes of AD. We believe that the outcomes from our Drosophila studies could provide the basis for new therapeutic interventions against AD.

Lors de la réponse immunitaire de la drosophile, la voie Toll est activée lors d'un challenge immunitaire par des bactéries à Gram positif ou des champignons. Ce mécanisme est initié soit par la reconnaissance de motifs moléculaires associés aux pathogènes (PAMPs) qui activent la voie de reconnaissance, soit par des facteurs de virulence et des protéases produits par les agents pathogènes qui activent la voie des signaux de danger. Le travail que j'ai effectué a pour but de caractériser les différentes molécules impliquées dans ces cascades protéolytiques en amont de Toll. Cela permettra de reconstituer ces cascades in vitro et de comprendre comment elles sont organisées, comment et où des complexes peuvent être formés. La première partie concerne les approches génétiques utilisées pour générer des mutants des gènes pouvant être impliqués dans l'activation de la voie Toll par la voie des PAMPs. La deuxième partie se concentre sur un homologue inactif de protéase à sérine appelé spheroide et sur son implication dans la voie de reconnaissance des signaux de danger. Pour la première fois, nous avons pu démontrer qu'une protéase inactive est requise dans la cascade protéolytique, et plus particulièrement dans la détection des signaux de danger après un challenge immunitaire par des bactéries pathogènes à Gram positif. / The Toll pathway in Drosophila immune response is activated upon immune challenge with Gram positive bacteria and fungi. This can be achieved either through recognition of Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs), which triggers the recognition cascade; or by virulence factors and proteases produced by the pathogens, which triggers the danger signal cascade. The work I have done aimed to characterize the various molecules involved in proteolytic cascade supstream of Toll. This will help to reconstitute these cascades in vitro and understand how they are organized, how and where complexes could be formed. The first part focuses on genetic approaches used to generate mutants for genes suggested to be involved in the activation of Toll pathway via the recognition cascade. The second part focuses on an inactive serine protease, aserine protease homolog spheroide and its involvement in the danger signal cascade. For the first time, we could demonstrate that an inactive protease is required in the proteolytic cascade,involved in the sensing of danger signais upon immune challenge with pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria.

Novilhas Holandesas (n=35) foram vacinadas e distribuídas em grupos de acordo com os adjuvantes presentes nas vacinas comerciais contra BVDV e BoHV-1: Halum (hidróxido de alumínio, n=9), Oleosa (emulsão oleosa, n=10), Prezent A (composto saponina, n=10) e Salina (controle, n=6). As reações locais e sistêmicas foram avaliadas às zero horas (h), seis, 24, 48, 72 e 168h pós-vacinal. A produção de anticorpos (ACs) foi mensurada nos dias da vacinação (D0), D21 e D42. Capítulo 1 O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta inflamatória sistêmica em novilhas vacinadas contendo diferentes tipos de adjuvantes. O número de hemácias (P=0,009) e hemoglobina (P=0,028) foram maiores no grupo Prezent A após a 2a dose. Os teores de ferro foram maiores no grupo controle após 1ª e 2ª dose (P=0,000; 0,000). Em geral, no leucograma os grupos vacinados apresentaram decréscimo nos números de leucócitos (P=0,001) em 2ª dose, neutrófilos (%) (P=0,000; 0,000) em ambas aplicações e monócitos (%) (P=0,010) após 1ª dose. Os linfócitos (%) apresentaram aumento gradual após as duas doses (P=0,031; 0,000), observando-se menores proporções nos grupos Prezent A e Oleosa. Basófilos (%) após 2ª dose (P=0,012) e eosinófilos (%) (P=0,000; 0,000) foram mais reativos nos grupos Prezent A e Halum entre 24 e 72h. As novilhas Prezent A apresentaram maiores valores (P=0,000; 0,000) haptoglobina às 24 e 48h em relação aos demais grupos após a 1ª e 2ª dose. Em geral, a produção de EROs foi suprimida nas novilhas vacinadas em relação ao controle após 1a dose (P=0,018) e entre 24 à 168h após a 2a dose (P=0,002). Capítulo 2 O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar os efeitos adversos associados às reações locais e sistêmicas, assim como verificar a reposta imune humoral induzida pelas vacinas. A reatividade local foi mais intensa no grupo Oleosa após a 1a dose (P=0,000), em contrapartida o grupo Prezent A após a 2a dose foi mais reativo (P=0,000). A temperatura retal foi elevada em Prezent A entre 0 a 24h em 1a dose (P=0,000). O escore de Doença Respiratória Bovina foi mais intensa no grupo Prezent A e Oleosa às 48 horas (P=0,0024). Os ACs contra BVDV foram detectados apenas em D42, observando-se médias semelhantes entre Prezent A (log2=5) e Halum (log2=5). A soroconversão foi maior em Halum (78%) em comparação ao Prezent A (40%) e oleosa (10%). Em relação ao BoHV-1, observou-se títulos e soroconversão em D21 nos grupos Halum (log2=3; 67%) e Prezent A (log2=1; 80%). No D42 verificou-se uma maior intensidade de resposta para Prezent A (log2= 6; 100%), seguido de Halum (log2=4; 100%) e Oleosa (log2=3,0; 60%). Os dados permitem concluir que a vacina contendo o adjuvante oleoso e Prezent A ocasionaram maior reatividade local, porém a Prezent A induziu maior resposta inflamatória sistêmica. A produção de ACs contra o BVDV e BoHV-1 foi mais intensa na vacina com hidróxido de alumínio e Prezent A. Estudos futuros são necessários para demonstrar os efeitos benéficos da resposta inflamatória sistêmica do Prezent A sobre a resposta imune adquirida mediada por células do tipo Th1. / Dairy heifers (n=35) were vaccinated and distributed according to adjuvants present in commercial vaccines against BVDV and BoHV-1: Halum (n=9), Oil (n=10), Prezent A (n=10) and Saline (n=6). The local and systemic reactions were evaluated at zero hours (h), 6, 24, 48, 72 and 168h post-vaccination. The production of antibodies (ABs) was measured at vaccination days (D0), D21 and D42. Chapter 1 The objective of this study was to evaluate the inflammatory systemic response in vaccinated heifers with products that contained different types of adjuvants. The numbers of red blood cells (P=0.009) and hemoglobin (P=0,028) were higher in Prezent A after the 2nd dose. The iron were higher in saline group after 1st and 2nd dose (P=0.000; 0.000). In leukogram, vaccinated groups showed a decrease in total leukocytes (P = 0.001) at 2nd dose, neutrophils (%) (P = 0.000; 0.000) in both applications and monocytes (%) (P = 0.010) . Lymphocytes (%) presented gradual increase after received two doses (P = 0.031; 0.000), showing smaller proportions in Prezent A and Oil groups. Basophils (%) after 2nd dose (P = 0.012) and eosinophils (%) (P = 0.000; 0.000) were more reactive in Prezent A and Halum groups between 24 and 72h. Prezent A group presented higher values (P = 0.000; 0.000) of haptoglobin at 24 and 48h compared to the other groups after the 1st and 2nd doses. In general, ROS production was suppressed in vaccinated heifers relative to control after the 1st dose (P = 0.018) and 24 to 168h after the 2nd dose (P = 0.002). Chapter 2 The objective of this research was to evaluate the adverse effects associated with local and systemic reactions as well measure humoral immune response induced by reproductive vaccines containing different adjuvants. Local reactivity was more intense in Oil group after the 1st dose (P = 0.000), in contrast, Prezent A group presented higher reactivity after the 2nd dose. Rectal temperature was higher in Prezent A between 0 and 48 hours in the 1st dose. Bovine Respiratory Disease score was higher in Prezent A and Oil groups at 48h (P=0.002). ABs against BVDV were detected only at D42, observing the similar averages between Prezent A (log2=5) and Halum (log2=5). The seroconversion was higher in Halum (78%) compared to Prezent A (40%) and oil (10%). The titers and seroconversion against BoHV-1 at D21 were observed in Halum (log2 = 3; 67%) and Prezent A (log2 = 1; 80%) groups. At D42 a higher response was observed for Prezent A (log2 = 6, 100%), followed by Halum (log2 = 4, 100%) and Oil (log2 = 3.0, 60%). The data allow to conclude that the vaccine containing oil adjuvant and Prezent A caused greater local reactivity, but Prezent A induced a greater systemic inflammatory response. The production of ABs against BVDV and BoHV-1 was more intense in Halum vaccine and Prezent A. Future studies are needed to demonstrate the beneficial effects of the systemic inflammatory response of Prezent A on the acquired Th1 cell-mediated immune response.

Critical illness is an aetiologically and clinically heterogeneous syndrome that is characterised by organ failure and immune dysfunction. Mortality in critically ill patients is driven by inflammation-associated organ damage and a profound vulnerability to nosocomial infection. Both factors are influenced by the complement protein C5a, released by unbridled activation of the complement system during critical illness. C5a suppresses antimicrobial functions of key immune cells, in particular the neutrophil, and this suppression has been shown to be associated with poorer outcomes amongst critically ill adults. The intracellular signalling pathways which mediate C5a-induced neutrophil dysfunction are incompletely understood, and scalable tools with which to assess immune cell dysfunction in patients are lacking. This thesis aimed to develop tools with which to assess neutrophil function and delineate intracellular signalling pathways driving C5a-induced impairment. Neutrophils were isolated from healthy volunteer blood and functions (priming, phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species production) were assessed using light microscopy, confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. A new assay was developed using an Attune Nxt™ acoustic focusing cytometer (Life Technologies) which allowed the rapid assessment of multiple neutrophil functions in small samples of unlysed, minimally-manipulated human whole blood. Complete proteomes and phosphoproteomes of phagocytosing neutrophils were obtained from four healthy donors pre-treated with C5a or vehicle control. Several key insights were gained from this work and are summarised here. Firstly, C5a was found to induce a prolonged (greater than seven hours) impairment of neutrophil phagocytosis. This defect was found to be preventable by previous or concurrent phagocytosis, indicating common signalling mechanisms. Secondly, a novel assay was developed which allows the rapid assessment of multiple neutrophil functions in less than 2 mL of whole blood, and this assay can feasibly be applied in clinical settings. Thirdly, cell-surface expression of the C5a receptor was found to be markedly decreased during phagocytosis, and this decrease was not mediated by protease activity. Finally, unbiased proteomics quantified 4859 proteins and 2712 phosphoproteins respectively. This quantification is the deepest profile of the human neutrophil proteome published to date, and has revealed novel insights into the mechanisms of C5a-induced neutrophil dysfunction and phagocytosis.

Defensinas são peptídeos antimicrobianos produzidos na mucosa intestinal e fazem parte da imunidade inata, agindo sobre vários microrganismos luminais. Deficiência na expressão de defensinas tem sido relatada em doenças inflamatórias intestinais (DII), no entanto a contribuição de cada tipo de defensina, num cenário de polimorfismo genético, mantém alguma controversa. Βeta-defensinas humanas (HBDs) têm atividade antimicrobiana contra uma ampla variedade de fungos, bactérias e vírus e têm também, um papel na ligação entre a imunidade inata e adaptativa atuando como quimiotáticos. O gene DEFB1 (8p23), codificando a beta-defensina humana 1 (HBD-1), é expresso normalmente por células epiteliais de uma série de tecidos, mas sua expressão pode variar entre indivíduos e pode ser modificada durante processo inflamatório. Produção deficiente de defensinas parece contribuir para a patogênese de DII, e uma diminuição na expressão de HBD-1 tem sido relatada na mucosa de pacientes com doença de Crohn (DC) e retocolite ulcerativa (RCU). Nós avaliamos a possível associação de três polimorfismos do gene DEFB1 com a suscetibilidade a DII, RCU e DC, em 149 pacientes, 79 com DC e 70 com RCU; e 200 controles saudáveis do sul do Brasil. No nosso estudo não se observou diferença estatisticamente significativa entre a distribuição das frequências alélicas para DEFB1 SNPs -52G>A. -44C>G e -20G>A entre o total de pacientes com DII e controles. Porém, quando pacientes com DC foram estratificados de acordo com a localização anatômica, o alelo -20G>A foi mais frequente em pacientes com DC colônica do que em controles (65 % VS 44 %, p=0,048). De forma similar, o genótipo A/A foi mais frequente em pacientes com DC colônica do que em controles (36 % VS 16 %), mas neste caso, a diferença não foi estatisticamente significativa (p=0,07). Embora não se achou uma clara e forte associação entre os SNPs 5’-UTR DEFB1 e suscetibilidade/proteção à doença inflamatória intestinal, nossos resultados sugerem possível envolvimento do gene DEFB1 nestas enfermidades, especialmente com a localização colônica da doença de Crohn. Estudos com amostras maiores e populações diversas serão úteis para avaliar a tendência observada no nosso grupo. / Defensins are antimicrobial peptides produced by the intestinal mucosa and are part of the innate immune system, playing a protective role against various intestinal microorganisms. Deficiency in the expression of defensins has been reported in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), however there is some controversy over the contribution of each type of defensine, in a setting of great genetic polymorphism. Beta-defensins (HBDs) have an antimicrobial activity against a great variety of fungi, bacteria and viruses, and also have a role in connecting the innate and the adaptive immunity, acting as a chemostatic agent. Deficient production of defensins appears to contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD, and the lower expression of HBD-1 has been reported on the mucosa of Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) patients. We evaluated a possible association of three polymorphisms of gene DEFB1 with susceptibility to develop IBD, UC and CD in 149 patients, 79 with CD and 70 with UC; and 200 healthy controls from the south of Brazil. The gene DEFB1 (8p23), which codifies human beta-defensin 1 (HBD-1), is constitutivelly expressed by epithelial cells of several tissues, but its expression may vary among different individuals and may be modified by inflammation. In our study we did not find a statistically significant difference between the distribution of the allelic frequencies for DEFB1 SNPs -52G>A, -44C.G and -20G>A between the total number of patients and controls. However, when patients were stratified according to the anatomic location, the allele -20G>A was more frequent in patients with colonic CD than in contros (65% VS 44%, p=0,048). Similarly, the genotype A/A was more frequent in patients with colonic CD than in controls (36% vs 16%), however, in this case, the difference wasn’t statistically significant (p=0,07). Although we did not find a clear and strong association between the 5’-UTR DEFB1 SNP and susceptibility to IBD, our results suggest a possible involvement of the DEFB1 gene and these diseases, particularlly colonic CD. Further studies with larger samples and diverse populations will be usefull to evaluate the trend observed by our group.

As influências etárias do sistema imune de bezerros são descritas na primeira fase de vida desses animais e a hipótese de também ocorrerem ariações nos principais mecanismos de resposta inata do pulmão pode identificar períodos de maior suscetibilidade às principais doenças respiratórias que acometem os bezerros nesse período. Com a finalidade de minimizar os prejuízos econômicos associados às doenças respiratórias em bezerros, este estudo objetivou avaliar a dinâmica imunológica inata do sistema respiratório de bezerros sadios nos três primeiros meses de vida, no qual nove bezerros sadios foram acompanhados por três meses e submetidos a oito avaliações imunológicas. O material recuperado do lavado broncoalveolar colhido por broncoscopia foi submetido à avaliação funcional dos macrófagos alveolares utilizando as provas de fagocitose (SaPI e E.coli), burst oxidativo, quantificação de imunoglobulinas e expressão de CD14. Os dados foram avaliados pelo teste ANOVA oneway (unstacked) (paramétricos) e pelo teste Mann-Whitney (não paramétricos). Verificaramse alterações funcionais de fagócitos CD14+, que apesar de se manterem constantes em seus valores relativos durante todo o período, apresentou intensidade de fagocitose elevada pontual na terceira semana de vida e um aumento da fagocitose por mononucleares CD14+ aos 45 dias de idade com diminuição da intensidade da fagocitose por essas mesmas células a partir dessa idade. Conclui-se que a partir de 45 dias de vida os animais começam a montar uma resposta imune própria, porém pontual e que até os 90 dias não atingem a estabilidade necessária para atestar a conclusão do processo de maturação da resposta inata local. / The influences of age in calves\' immune system are described in their first phase of life. The hypothesis that variations occur in the main mechanisms of lung innate response can help to identify periods of greater susceptibility to the respiratory diseases that affect calves in the first stage of their life. With the purpose of minimizing the economic losses associated with respiratory disease in calves, this study aimed to evaluate the innate immune dynamics of the respiratory system of healthy calves in the first three months of life. Nine healthy calves were monitored for three months and eight immunologic evaluations were performed. Bronchoalveolar lavage samples were recovered by bronchoscopy. Then, the alveolar macrophages in samples were identified by protein expression of CD14 and undergone functional evaluation of phagocytosis (SAPI and E.coli) and oxidative burst. Immunoglobulin were also quantified in samples. Data was assessed by one-way ANOVA (unstacked) (parametric) and the Mann-Whitney test nonparametric). Functional alterations in phagocytes CD14 + were observed, and although their relative values were kept throughout the period, higher intensity of phagocytosis in the third week and increased phagocytosis by macrophages CD14 + at 45 days of life was observed. Decreased intensity of phagocytosis was observed after this age. It is concluded that from 45 days of life on, calves began to maintain their immune response, but until 90 days of life they did not achieve the stability to conclude the maturation of local innate response.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os aspectos clínicos, a eficiência produtiva, reprodutiva, a resposta imune inata e humoral em fêmeas da raça Holandesa persistentemente infectadas (PI) com BVDV. Para tanto, foram selecionadas 25 PI´s por meio do ELISA antígeno, das quais oito eram bezerras ≤ 12 meses; seis novilhas entre 13 e 24 meses; e onze animais de 25 a 36 meses de idade. O grupo não infectado (NI) foi composto por fêmeas negativas com faixas etárias pareadas às PIs. Em geral, as fêmeas PIs apresentaram maior frequência de diarreia (P=0,012) e Doença Respiratória Bovina (DRB) (P=0,004), especialmente àquelas entre 25 a 36 meses de idade. As PIs apresentaram maior concentração sérica de haptoglobina (P=0,017). As vacas NI´s produziram mais leite (8-12 litros) do que as PIs (P≤0.011). A contagem de células somáticas (CCS) foi maior para as vacas PI´s em relação NI´s durante a lactação (P≤0,066). A média de CCS observada foi de 0,2-0,5 x 105 (células/mL) e 2,0-10,5 x 105 (células/mL) nos grupos PI e NI, respectivamente. A idade na primeira inseminação (P=0,001) e o número de inseminação necessário para a primeira prenhez foi maior para PI do que nas novilhas NI´s (P=0,051). Na avaliação hematológica, as PI´s apresentaram menores valores de hemoglobina (P=0,098), hematócrito (P=0,084), hemoglobina corpuscular média (P=0,092), plaquetas (P=0,040), plaquetócrito (P=0,059) e linfócitos (número absoluto P=0,075; relativo P=0,092) em relação às NI´s. Em contraste, a porcentagem de monócitos foi maior em PI do que animais NI (P=0,014). Em geral, a proporção (%) e a intensidade da fagocitose (MFI) para Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli foram maiores nas PIs do que animais NI (P<0,079). A porcentagem de células que produziram espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) endógeno foi menor em PI do que animais de NI (P=0,005). Padrão semelhante foi observado na porcentagem de células que produziram EROs após estímulo com Staphylococcus aureus (P=0,000) ou Escherichia coli (P=0,000). Em contraste, a intensidade da produção de EROS basal foi maior nas PI´s do que nas NI´s (P=0,011). Um padrão semelhante foi observado para a intensidade da produção de EROs quando as células foram estimuladas com Staphylococcus aureus (P=0,011) ou Escherichia coli (P= 0,013). Por meio da soroneutralização, observou-se que os títulos médios dos anticorpos neutralizantes para as BVDV, BRSV e BoHV foram menor no grupo PI (P=0,000). No entanto, os títulos de anticorpos para BPIV-3 foram semelhantes entre os grupos (P=0,146). A proteína sérica total (PT) foi menor nas PI em relação as NI´s (P=0,021). As fêmeas PIs apresentaram maior frequência de diarreia e DRB, além da menor produção leiteira, diminuição da qualidade do leite e menor fertilidade. O leucograma demonstrou diminuição dos tipos celulares, exceto monócitos. No geral, houve resposta imune inata foi exacerbada nas fêmeas PIs, provavelmente pela menor eficiência na produção de EROs. Em relação ao sistema imune específico observou-se linfopenia e títulos nulos ou baixos de anticorpos neutralizantes contra as viroses respiratórias. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical problems, the efficiency of production, reproduction, the innate and humoral immune response of Holstein heifers and cows persistently infected (PI) with BVDV. Therefore, 25 PI animals were selected using ELISA antigen of which, eight were heifers ≤ 12 months; six were heifers between 13 to 24 months; and eleven were animals from 25 to 36 months old. An uninfected group (NI) composed by negative females with same age of PI´s. We observed that PI´s presented more frequency of diarrhea (P=0.012) and Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) score (P=0.004), especially the animals from 25 to 36 months old. The PI´s showed higher concentration of haptoglobin (P=0.017). During the lactations the milk production from NI cows was higher (8 to 18,2 litters) than PI (P≤0.011). Somatic cells count (SCC) were higher for PI than NI cows across milk production (P≤0.066). The mean of SCC observed was 0,2-0,5 x105 (cells/mL) in NI group and 2,0-10,5 x105 (cells/mL) for PI cows. The age at first insemination (P=0.001) and number of insemination required for the first pregnancy was higher for PI than NI heifers (P=0.051). For hematological evaluation, PI´s showed lower hemoglobin (P=0,098), hematocrit (P=0,084), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (P=0,092), platelet (P=0,040), plateletcrit (P=0,059) and lymphocytes (absolute number P=0.092; relative P=0,075) than NI. In contrast, the percentage of monocytes was higher in PI than NI animals (P=0.014). In aggregate, the percent of phagocytic cells and the average phagocytic avidity (expressed as mean fluorescence intensity, MFI) for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were higher in PI than NI animals (P≤ 0.079). The percentage of cells producing endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity was lower in PI than NI animals (P=0.005). A similar pattern was observed in the percentage of cells producing ROS after exposure to Staphylococcus aureus (P= 0.000) or Escherichia coli (P=0.000). In contrast, the value for endogenous ROS per cell activity (MFI) was higher in PI than NI animals (P=0.011). A similar pattern was observed for ROS MFI after stimulating with Staphylococcus aureus (P=0.011) or Escherichia coli stimulation (P=0.013). The median conventional SN titers for specific antibody recognizing BVDV, BRSV and BoHV-1 in serum were lower in PI than NI animals (P=0.000). The antibody titers for BPIV3 were similar between the groups animals (P=0,146). In aggregate, the total serum protein (TP) was lower in PI than NI cattle (P=0.021). In summary, PI heifers had more diarrhea, BRD, produced less milk, worst milk quality and poorer reproductive performance than NI cattle. Leukogram showed decreased cell types except monocytes. Overall, there was a higher endogenous level innate cell reactivity in PI heifers and cows than NI animals, probably because of the lower efficiency in ROS production. In relation to the specific immune system it appear that the PI animals were less efficient in clearance of antigens due to lower numbers of lymphocytes and related lower titers of specific antibody against respiratory viruses.

Helicobacter pylori are unique in their ability to colonise the human gastric mucosa. They persist lifelong in untreated individuals despite the presence of a continuous and specific immune response being mounted against it. H. pylori O-antigen is thought to be involved in immune-evasion and subversion by the bacteria and expression has been shown to facilitate colonisation and exacerbate pathology in murine models. This study investigates immuno-relevant roles of H. pylori O-antigen as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) and its interaction with two pattern recognition receptors (PRRs); galectin-3 and DC-SIGN. These PRRs possess distinct carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) structures and binding affinities. Despite this, we have demonstrated that they compete for adhesion to both Lewis antigen glycoconjugates and whole cell H. pylori 26695 in solid phase binding assays. Galectin-3 significantly reduces DC-SIGN adhesion at a 2:1 stoichiometric ratio in both Lex glycoconjugate and whole cell H. pylori 26695 assays, and abrogates carbohydrate-specific binding in Lex glycoconjugate assays at a 22:1 ratio. These results suggest that galectin-3 may play a role in inhibiting or modulating the interaction between H. pylori O-antigen and DC-SIGN in vivo. Supporting this, we have shown that galectin-3 secreted by AGS cells during competitive infection with H. pylori 26695 is sequestered by H. pylori O-antigen. We have demonstrated that competitive infection of the O-antigen deficient mutant H. pylori 26695 galE in DC-SIGN expressing THP-1 cells reveals a significant reduction in intracellular survival at 8 hours compared to H. pylori 26695 Wt. Co-incubation of H. pylori 26695 Wt with 10 µg ml-1 galectin-3 reduced intracellular survival to the levels of H. pylori 26695 galE at 8 hours. Furthermore, H. pylori 26695 galE displayed rapid association of the endocytic markers Rab5 and Rab7 at 15 minutes compared to H. pylori 26695 Wt. Monoclonal antibody-mediated blocking of DC-SIGN in H. pylori 26695 Wt-THP-1 infections resulted in rapid association of the endocytic markers Rab5 and Rab7, corresponding to that of H. pylori 26695 galE, indicating that DC-SIGN-O-antigen interactions alters intracellular processing of the bacteria and reduces the rate at which these markers are recruited. Together these results elucidate novel mechanisms of H. pylori O-antigen and its interaction with galectin-3 and DC-SIGN that warrant further investigation in vivo. The identification of two PRRs competing for the same PAMP is unconventional and inspires a re-evaluation of PRRs in innate immune recognition.