La thèse, constituée d'une compilation de sept articles, apporte des éléments de réponse aux questions suivantes : Quels sont les déterminants d'adoption et de diffusion des approches volontaires ? Comment un problème de pollution diffuse peut-il être régulé par une approche volontaire ? Comment les approches volontaires peuvent-elles être utilisées à des fins stratégiques ? <br /><br />L'article 1 définit et caractérise les approches volontaires. Les vertus prêtées aux instruments volontaires sont discutées en confrontant l'argumentation théorique aux études empiriques disponibles et aux réalités de terrain. Grâce à une étude approfondie de la norme ISO 14001, l'article 2 montre que la phase d'élaboration des normes constitue un espace stratégique où se dessinent, au moins partiellement, les positions concurrentielles futures. L'article 3 éclaire les déterminants de la diffusion différenciée de la norme ISO 14001 sur un échantillon de 158 pays. Les estimations économétriques montrent que, même si les facteurs reflétant des considérations d'ordre ‘environnemental' jouent un rôle non négligeable dans la diffusion de la norme ISO 14001, d'autres facteurs comme le taux de diffusion de la norme ISO 9000 et la présence d'un pays dès la phase de conception de la norme jouent un rôle prépondérant. L'article 4 relatif aux déterminants de la certification selon la norme ISO 14001 dans les 1000 premières entreprises agro-alimentaires françaises, montre que cette norme est surtout adoptée pour des raisons managériales, comme l'amélioration de la productivité des employés et l'organisation au sein de la firme. Grâce à une étude de cas de contractualisation entre un pollué, Vittel, embouteilleur d'eau minérale, et plusieurs pollueurs, les agriculteurs, sur des droits de propriété relatifs à l'environnement, et la comparaison de ce cas avec des situations similaires, l'article 5 explicite les conditions d'émergence et de construction d'une solution coasienne en dépit de coûts de transaction pouvant apparaître comme prohibitifs. L'aticle 6, tente d'appliquer la théorie des coûts de transaction (à la Williamson) aux problèmes d'environnement. Une telle extension requiert la caractérisation de la transaction environnementale et des différentes structures de gouvernance et l'application de l'hypothèse d'alignement proposée par Williamson. Enfin, certains économistes considèrent les approches volontaires comme des instruments déguisés permettant de servir certains intérêts privés, tout en se réclamant de l'intérêt collectif. Grâce à un modèle de Stackelberg, l'article 7 montre comment certains agents économiques promeuvent la mise en place d'écolabels plus exigeants en termes de performance environnementale afin d'augmenter stratégiquement le coût de leurs concurrents. Les effets totaux en terme de bien-être (meilleure protection de l'environnement versus distorsion de la concurrence) sont difficiles à évaluer et requièrent une analyse au cas par cas.

<p>In recent years several municipalities in Sweden and elsewhere have or are implementing environmental management systems (EMS) in parts of their organisation. The most common model to use for Swedish municipalities implementing an EMS is ISO 14001. Today EMS in municipalities is mainly focussing on the administrative aspect of environmental management- the internal environmental work in the municipalities. It is argued that ISO 14001 do not fit a political aspect of environmental management in municipalities but primarily fit and support the administrative perspective. ICLEI (International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives) has developed the ecoBUDGET manual as a model for implementing an EMS that specially would fit a political organisation like a municipality. In this context it is interesting to investigate similarities and differences between ecoBUDGET and ISO 14001 as models for EMS. The ambition of the study is to contribute to an understanding of what possibilities and limitations these models can have when working with EMS in a municipality. </p><p>The overall aim of this study is to analyse and compare the effects of the two different EMSs, ecoBUDGET and ISO 14001, on municipal environmental management. Drawing from earlier research on effects of New Public Management reforms in Swedish municipalities, this study focuses on tree strongly connected dimensions of effects on the municipal environmental management as a consequence of implementing and using an EMS. The dimensions of effects studied are organisational borders, organisational structures and roles. Each of the EMS is studied from a theoretical as well as practical point of view. This means that ISO 14001 and ecoBUDGET are compared to each other, partly from standards texts and handbooks, partly from how they are applied in practise intwo Swedish municipalities, Växjö and Kalmar. </p><p>Concerning EMS in municipalities according to ISO 14001 and ecoBUDGET as models similarities as well as differences could be found. Both of the models are based on the Deming concept the PDCA-cycle (Plan, Do, Check, Act). There is however no requirements on reducing environmental negative impacts in absolute terms. ISO 14001 and ecoBUDGET however have different focus and also therefore have different effects on municipal environmental management concerning organisational borders, organisational structures and environmental municipal roles.</p>

<p>Miljömedvetenheten i Sverige har lett till att vi ställer mer krav på att företag och organisationer ska ha ett visst miljöarbete. Fler och fler intresserar sig för företagens miljöarbete och idag är det därför svårt för företag att bara fokusera på kärnverksamheten. Miljöledningssystem kan hjälpa företag och organisationer att få ett systematiskt miljöarbete. Den vanligaste standarden för införandet av miljöledningssystem heter ISO-14001 och innehåller ett grundläggande synsätt som t.ex. kretsloppstanken, delaktighet och livscykelperspektiv. Synsättet ska de företag som använder standarden ta till sig och arbeta efter. Att införa miljöledningssystem betyder en strukturell förändring, men införandet påverkar organisationen även på andra sätt. Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka och jämföra hur införandet av miljöledningssystem på ett återvinningsföretag och en statlig myndighet har påverkat de anställdas vardag.</p><p>Den teori som gjort det möjligt att utifrån resultaten kunna besvara syftet med uppsatsen behandlar ’sensemaking’, företagskultur, beslutsfattande och förändringar, garbage can teorin, kommunikation och miljökommunikation. För att utföra studien har en fallstudie genomförts på ett återvinningsföretag och ett statligt verk. Inom ramen för fallstudien har totalt fyra fokusgrupper träffats och diskuterat införandet av miljöledningssystemet och hur det påverkat just den organisation de arbetar i. Två av fokusgrupperna gav perspektiv från ledningshåll och två från övri-ga anställda. Uppsatsens resultat visar att miljöledningssystem kan påverka hur människor tänker kring miljöfrågor även på fritiden. Det har också framkommit att miljöledningssystem ställer stora krav på kommunikationen i företa-get. Denna kommunikation är idag bristfällig inom både det statliga verket och återvinningsföretaget. Uppsatsen visar också intressanta kopplingar mellan organisation och miljöledningssystem.</p>

<p>This thesis is mainly directed towards readers with a basic background in Environmental or Quality Management Systems. More increasingly organisations and companies decide to work with Environmental Management Systems (EMS) and the ISO standard has ever been increasing in popularity. The advantages of the ISO standard are the flexibility it offers, the adaptability to a variety of organisations and processes.</p><p>Most literature on EMS focuses on communication but very few address the issues regarding implementation and translation of the EMS into something functional for the core activities of an organisation.</p><p>In this qualitative study the author focuses on studying the differences between organisational levels regarding working with and implementing EMS at their various levels. The theoretical frame for the study is that of new-institutionalism. Within this frame is gathered empirical data from interviews with representatives of eight larger companies or organisations, all with multiple organisational levels. Combined these interviews form a solid foundation for the study if intra- and interorganisational EMS-implementations.</p><p>The conclusion of this research indicates the participating companies translated and implemented the EMS by standardising already existing routines and methods into complementing the EMS. A side-effect of this study which lies outside the actual aim of this thesis is that companies which have built up their EMS starting at ground-level have a better implementation and communication of such EMS.</p> / <p>Det här arbetet fokuserar på<strong> </strong>läsare med en bakgrund inom miljö- och kvalitetsledningssystem.Allt fler företag bestämmer sig att arbeta med miljöledningssystem (MLS) och detta har lett till att ISO standarden ökat i popularitet, främst på grund av standardens flexibilitet vilket ses i hur enkelt standarden är att anpassa till olika företag och processer. Majoriteten av MLS-litteratur har en fokus på kommunikation men väldigt få handböcker och författare tar upp frågor i samband med den praktiska implementering och översättning av MLS när det gäller anpassa MLS till något fungerande för organisationens kärnverksamhet.</p><p>Den här kvalitativa studien fokuserar på att analysera de skillnader som finns mellan organisatoriska nivåer när det gäller deras arbete med och implementering av MLS. Studien utfördes inom den teoretiska ram av Nyinstitutionalismen och inom dessa gränser samlades empirin från åtta större företag med olika organisatoriska nivåer. Kombinationen av dessa intervjuer skapar basen för analysen av inter- och intraorganisatoriska MLS-implementeringar. Slutsatsen av den här studien visar att de organisationer som deltog översatte och implementerade deras MLS genom att anpassa pre-existerande rutinerna till att möta standardens krav. En sidoeffekt av den här studien som fanns utanför studiens ursprungliga ram är att organisationer som byggde sitt MLS från grundnivå och uppåt visade sig ha en bättre kommunikation och implementering av deras MLS.</p>

<p>Environmental problems are seen as the first priority that all countries try to find as a solution to be more sustainable. These issues arise due to the lack of our responsibility to the world. Researchers agree on that the starting point in changing our society to be green is to increase environmental awareness (Jiang et al., 1999). Several sectors accept this idea like UNESCO which focuses on education as a tool to promote sustainable development (UNESCO, 2002).</p><p> </p><p>Following UNESCO, our study investigates university students’ environmental awareness. The Authors hope that the outcome not only reflects university performance, but also helps to develop the environment in the future.  Hence, the authors selected the University of Gävle or HiG, as a case study because it is a best practice in Environmental Management System (EMS). Moreover, HiG received the ISO 14001 certificate and it has a continuous improvement program (Sammalisto, 2007, p.69). </p><p> </p><p>The study was started by reviewing research literatures concerning Environmental Management System (EMS), Sustainable Development (SD), Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and Environmental Awareness. The authors found that there are few studies talking about students’ awareness in universities after being awarded ISO 14001. Notice that the research was seen only from environmental perspective (Flint, 2004).</p><p> </p><p>To answer research questions, two surveys were adopted. The first part focused on teachers and officers (or staffs) who work on environmental issues. While, the second part focused on the students which were divided into Swedish and international.</p><p> </p><p>The research outcomes indicate that HiG has a good EMS performance supported by annual environmental audits, regular policy revision and the attempts to minimize non-conformities. Conversely, when the authors pointed at student awareness, it shows that students have insufficient environmental knowledge. Moreover, some students have lower environmental awareness and act in a less ecological friendly way. Nevertheless, a knowledge problem was also found among several university staffs. This is because of the lack of communication about environmental issues inside the staffs community and lack of environmental education for students.</p><p> </p><p>Whatever the university situation is, there are some groups of staff and students eager to develop themselves and their university. This point of strength could be the best driving force. It can push the university forward until the university reaches sustainable development and it brings the aware graduates into society.</p>

Environmental problems are seen as the first priority that all countries try to find as a solution to be more sustainable. These issues arise due to the lack of our responsibility to the world. Researchers agree on that the starting point in changing our society to be green is to increase environmental awareness (Jiang et al., 1999). Several sectors accept this idea like UNESCO which focuses on education as a tool to promote sustainable development (UNESCO, 2002).   Following UNESCO, our study investigates university students’ environmental awareness. The Authors hope that the outcome not only reflects university performance, but also helps to develop the environment in the future.  Hence, the authors selected the University of Gävle or HiG, as a case study because it is a best practice in Environmental Management System (EMS). Moreover, HiG received the ISO 14001 certificate and it has a continuous improvement program (Sammalisto, 2007, p.69).    The study was started by reviewing research literatures concerning Environmental Management System (EMS), Sustainable Development (SD), Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and Environmental Awareness. The authors found that there are few studies talking about students’ awareness in universities after being awarded ISO 14001. Notice that the research was seen only from environmental perspective (Flint, 2004).   To answer research questions, two surveys were adopted. The first part focused on teachers and officers (or staffs) who work on environmental issues. While, the second part focused on the students which were divided into Swedish and international.   The research outcomes indicate that HiG has a good EMS performance supported by annual environmental audits, regular policy revision and the attempts to minimize non-conformities. Conversely, when the authors pointed at student awareness, it shows that students have insufficient environmental knowledge. Moreover, some students have lower environmental awareness and act in a less ecological friendly way. Nevertheless, a knowledge problem was also found among several university staffs. This is because of the lack of communication about environmental issues inside the staffs community and lack of environmental education for students.   Whatever the university situation is, there are some groups of staff and students eager to develop themselves and their university. This point of strength could be the best driving force. It can push the university forward until the university reaches sustainable development and it brings the aware graduates into society.

Do standardised environmental management systems (EMS) lead to improved environmental performance? This depends on to what extent these systems lead to changes in important flows of material and energy, which for manufacturing companies, in turn, mean that the product development process is important. Consequently, it appears vital to investigate the connection between EMS and ‘Design for the Environment’ (DFE), i.e. the connection between these management systems and concepts that deal with environmental issues in product development. This paper presents product-oriented environmental management systems (POEMS), including characteristics of existing models, experiences from projects where these models have been tested and experiences concerning the product connection in ‘normal’ EMS. It includes a discussion of important factors influencing to what extent DFE activities are integrated into EMS and/or the outcome of such integration. There are many motives for integrating the two concepts. Firstly, DFE thinking might enrich EMS by contributing with a life-cycle perspective. If EMS encompassed products' life cycles to a greater extent, they would be a better complement to the often facility-oriented legal requirements and authority control. Secondly, EMS might remove the pilot project character of DFE activities and lead to continuous improvement. Thirdly, integration could lead to successful co-operation, both internally and externally. However, existing studies show that there is a mixed picture concerning the extent ‘normal’ EMS currently encompass products.

This thesis is mainly directed towards readers with a basic background in Environmental or Quality Management Systems. More increasingly organisations and companies decide to work with Environmental Management Systems (EMS) and the ISO standard has ever been increasing in popularity. The advantages of the ISO standard are the flexibility it offers, the adaptability to a variety of organisations and processes. Most literature on EMS focuses on communication but very few address the issues regarding implementation and translation of the EMS into something functional for the core activities of an organisation. In this qualitative study the author focuses on studying the differences between organisational levels regarding working with and implementing EMS at their various levels. The theoretical frame for the study is that of new-institutionalism. Within this frame is gathered empirical data from interviews with representatives of eight larger companies or organisations, all with multiple organisational levels. Combined these interviews form a solid foundation for the study if intra- and interorganisational EMS-implementations. The conclusion of this research indicates the participating companies translated and implemented the EMS by standardising already existing routines and methods into complementing the EMS. A side-effect of this study which lies outside the actual aim of this thesis is that companies which have built up their EMS starting at ground-level have a better implementation and communication of such EMS. / Det här arbetet fokuserar på läsare med en bakgrund inom miljö- och kvalitetsledningssystem.Allt fler företag bestämmer sig att arbeta med miljöledningssystem (MLS) och detta har lett till att ISO standarden ökat i popularitet, främst på grund av standardens flexibilitet vilket ses i hur enkelt standarden är att anpassa till olika företag och processer. Majoriteten av MLS-litteratur har en fokus på kommunikation men väldigt få handböcker och författare tar upp frågor i samband med den praktiska implementering och översättning av MLS när det gäller anpassa MLS till något fungerande för organisationens kärnverksamhet. Den här kvalitativa studien fokuserar på att analysera de skillnader som finns mellan organisatoriska nivåer när det gäller deras arbete med och implementering av MLS. Studien utfördes inom den teoretiska ram av Nyinstitutionalismen och inom dessa gränser samlades empirin från åtta större företag med olika organisatoriska nivåer. Kombinationen av dessa intervjuer skapar basen för analysen av inter- och intraorganisatoriska MLS-implementeringar. Slutsatsen av den här studien visar att de organisationer som deltog översatte och implementerade deras MLS genom att anpassa pre-existerande rutinerna till att möta standardens krav. En sidoeffekt av den här studien som fanns utanför studiens ursprungliga ram är att organisationer som byggde sitt MLS från grundnivå och uppåt visade sig ha en bättre kommunikation och implementering av deras MLS.

La determinación de las bases fundamentales en la cual se debería desarrollar y actuar la implementación del SGA ISO 14001 es el objetivo del presente trabajo de investigación, que consiste en: elaborar una Guía y una propuesta del Programa de Gestión Ambiental en base a la Norma Técnica Peruana ISO 14001 - 2002, considerando la identificación de sus aspectos ambientales significativos y los dispositivos legales ambientales relacionados, para ser aplicado en el Centro de Información, Control Toxicológico y Apoyo a la Gestión Ambiental. El Centro de Información, Control Toxicológico y Apoyo a la Gestión Ambiental (CICOTOX), que opera en las instalaciones de la Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, consciente de la necesidad de encontrar soluciones que remedien los problemas ambientales y que prevengan o minimicen los futuros, viene trabajando en la implementación del Sistema de Gestión de la Calidad ISO 9001, siendo esta una etapa inicial del proceso antes de la implementación del Sistema de Gestión Ambiental ISO 14001. La propuesta del Programa de Gestión Ambiental ha sido elaborada para alcanzar los objetivos y metas que cumplirán el compromiso de la Política Ambiental, en el se describe los planes de acción específicos encaminados al control y reducción de los aspectos e impactos ambientales significativos, fijando plazos y responsabilidades. El resumen de una visión del funcionamiento y señalización del Sistema de Gestión Ambiental y documento base para la coordinación y el control de actividades de la gestión ambiental de CICOTOX se refleja en la Guía de Gestión Ambiental elaborada. / The determination of the fundamental bases in which the EMS ISO 14001 implementation would be due to develop and to act is the objective of the current research, that it consists to elaborate a Guide and a proposal of the Environmental Management Program on the basis of Peruvian Technical Standard ISO 14001 - 2002, considering the related identification of its significant environmental aspects and environmental legal resolutions, to be applied in the Centro de Información, Control Toxicológico y Apoyo a la Gestión Ambiental. The Centro de Información, Control Toxicológico y Apoyo a la Gestión Ambiental (CICOTOX), that operates in the facilities of Pharmacy Faculty of the San Marcos University, conscious with the necessity to find solutions which they remedy the environmental problems and that prevent or diminish the futures, it comes working in the implementation of Quality Management System ISO 9001, being a this initial stage of the process before the implementation of Environmental Management System ISO 14001. The proposal of the Environmental Management Program has been elaborated to reach the objectives and goals that will fulfill the commitment of the Environmental Policy, in describes the specific actions plans directed to the control and reduction of the environmental aspects and significant impacts, fixing terms and responsibilities. The summary of a vision of the operation and signaling of the Environmental Management System and document bases for the coordination and the control of activities of the environmental management of CICOTOX is reflected in elaborated Guide of Environmental Management.

Im Forschungsprojekt wird ein methodischer Ansatz nach der GAP1 Analyse eingesetzt, um zu bestimmen, inwieweit der Kontext des Umweltmanagementsystems nach der ISO 14001-Norm in der Wirtschaft Ghanas verstanden wird. Die Ergebnisse werden anschließend als eine Grundlage für eine Evaluierung des Umweltengagements in der Wirtschaft Ghanas, sowohl aus der Perspektive einzelner Unternehmen als auch im interindustriellen Vergleich eingesetzt. Den Ausgang bilden die Theorie der nachhaltigen Entwicklung auf betrieblicher und Branchenebene. Die Ergebnisse einer Befragung wurden ausgewertet und Möglichkeiten zur Verbesserung wurden entwickelt.