Η πραγματική ταξινομική κατάσταση των πληθυσμών του γένους Ligidium, κυρίως αυτών που κατανέμονται στη νότια Ελλάδα, δεν είναι ξεκάθαρη. Αυτό συμβαίνει γιατί η απόληξη του δεύτερου ενδοποδίτη του πλεοποδίου των αρσενικών, που αποτελεί σημαντικό διαγνωστικό χαρακτήρα, ποικίλλει και η εύθραυστη δομή της μπορεί εύκολα να καταστραφεί και κατ’ επέκταση να οδηγήσει σε μια μη ακριβή περιγραφή της κατάστασης αυτού του χαρακτήρα. Οι παλαιότερες μελέτες των φυλογενετικών σχέσεων των ισοπόδων του γένους Ligidium, με χρήση μοριακών δεικτών είναι ολιγάριθμες. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, για τη μελέτη πληθυσμών του γένους Ligidium από τον ελλαδικό χώρο έχει γίνει μόνο μια μελέτη στην οποία χρησιμοποιήθηκε η τεχνική της αλληλούχισης του DNA. Η παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή εργασία αποτελεί την πιο εκτεταμένη φυλογενετική ανάλυση μέσα στο γένος Ligidium. H έρευνα επιλέχθηκε να γίνει σε επίπεδο ατόμων συλλέγοντας πολλούς πληθυσμούς από διαφορετικές περιοχές, οι οποίοι ανήκουν είτε στο ίδιο είτε σε διαφορετικά ποτάμια συστήματα. Συγκεκριμένα χρησιμοποιήθηκαν μοριακοί δείκτες από 26 πληθυσμούς ισοπόδων, οι οποίοι καλύπτουν σχεδόν όλο το φάσμα των ειδών, που ανήκουν στo γένος Ligidium και διαβιούν στον ελλαδικό χώρο. Η πειραματική προσέγγιση περιελάμβανε τον πολλαπλασιασμό αλληλουχιών με τη μέθοδο της αλυσιδωτής αντίδρασης πολυμεράσης (PCR), τον προσδιορισμό της αλληλουχίας τους, και τη στατιστική και φυλογενετική ανάλυσή τους. Οι αλληλουχίες που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν προέρχονται από τους πυρηνικούς γονιδιακούς τόπους ITS1, 5.8s, ITS2 οι οποίοι είναι από τους πιο ευρέως διαδεδομένους μοριακούς δείκτες για μελέτες σε επίπεδο πληθυσμών και ειδών και δεν έχουν προηγουμένως μελετηθεί για άλλα χερσαία ισόποδα. Οι αλληλουχίες επεξεργάστηκαν με τρεις μεθόδους φυλογενετικής ανάλυσης οι οποίες είναι η μέθοδος σύνδεσης γειτόνων (Neighbor-Joining), η Μέθοδος Μέγιστης Φειδωλότητας (Maximum Parsimony) και η Μπεϊεσιανή Συμπερασματολογία (Bayesian Inference). To τελικό σύνολο των στοιχισμένων αλληλουχιών, μετά την αφαίρεση τμημάτων από την αρχή και το τέλος τους, είχε μήκος 614 βάσεων. Σε γενικές γραμμές τα αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν από τη χρήση των εν λόγω πυρηνικών δεικτών και των τριών φυλογενετικών μεθόδων (BI, MP, NJ), τόσο ως προς τα δέντρα όσο και ως προς τις γενετικές αποστάσεις, δεν θεωρούνται ασφαλή για την εξαγωγή ικανοποιητικών συμπερασμάτων. Επίσης πραγματοποιήθηκε σύγκριση αποτελεσμάτων προηγούμενων μελετών με αυτά που προκύπτουν από τη δική μας έρευνα, καθώς και αξιολόγηση της αξιοπιστίας των μοριακών δεικτών που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν. / Terrestrial isopods (suborder Oniscidea) form a monophyletic group within the crustacean order Isopoda that has conquered almost all terrestrial environments. The family Ligiidae, forming the sister group to all the other Oniscidea (with the possible exception of Tylidae) consists of five genera. The genus Ligidium is the most species-rich genus within Ligiidae and consists of 47 species distributed throughout the northern hemisphere, from western Europe to Japan and North America. The taxonomy of the genus has hitherto been based on a few morphological characters most of which exhibit high intrapopulation variation. As a consequence, the current taxonomy of Ligidium is problematic and the validity of described species cannot be taken for granted. Molecular data for only a few species have been used in broader phylogenetic analyses within terrestrial isopods In the present study we perform the most extensive phylogenetic analysis within the genus Ligidium. We attempt to clarify the taxonomic status of the various populations and try to identify geographical patterns in genealogical affinities that might help us reconstruct the evolutionary history of the respective species. We used three nuclear ribosomal gene segments (ITS1, 5.8s, ITS2) for the phylogenetic analysis of Ligidium populations, which were collected from several locations in Greece, representing almost all species reported from this region. For comparative reasons, we have also included one population from each of the two widespread European species, L. hypnorum, Cuvier, 1792 and L. germanicum, Verhoeff, 1901. Since the taxonomy within the genus is still ambiguous, and because most morphological characters are not dependable for species identification, we chose to perform the analysis at the individual level, sampling several populations from different locations that belong either to the same or to different river systems. Fragments of the three rDNA genes (ITS1, 5.8s, ITS2) were amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique and then individual sequences were determined via automated sequencing. We compare the results which occurred from our study with those of previous ones and we evaluate the plylogenetic utility of the molecular markers that we used. In general the results that came out by the analyses of three following phylogenetic methods Neighbor joining (NJ), Maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian Inference (BI), are not considered to be safe for making generalized conclusions.

Coral reefs constitute some of the most prolific and diverse ecosystems on our planet, but also among the most threatened. This thesis investigates the effects of environmental stressors on corals’ metabolism and symbiont diversity. Paper I shows that the coral Turbinaria mesenterina withstood a single stressor while a combination of two stressors (decreased salinity and increased seawater temperature) lead to decreased metabolism. Increased seawater temperature in combination with two stressors (enhanced nutrients and decreased salinity) lead to rapid mortality of all specimens. Paper II shows that chronic stress in combination with increased seawater temperature affects coral species differently. Porites lutea did not show any difference in response to temperature increase, regardless of environmental disturbance history, while Galaxea fascicularis’ metabolism was negatively affected in chronically disturbed corals but not in corals from less disturbed areas. The main explanation for the difference in response between the two species is different compositions of endosymbionts as found in paper III. P. lutea only harboured the symbiont C15, regardless of environment, whilst D1a dominated the nearshore G. fascicularis and C1 dominated offshore corals. In paper IV there was a clear inshore-offshore pattern of D1a along the whole coast of Vietnam, where D1a dominated inshore. In contrast, the five symbionts belonging to group C displayed a strong latitudinal gradient, with diversity increasing from north to south. The coral host showed higher diversity offshore than inshore. The thesis emphasizes the importance of improving water quality (paper I and II) and protecting marginal areas since tolerant coral hosts and symbionts can be found there (paper III and IV), as well as safeguarding areas with high symbiont diversity (paper IV) to increase the ability of corals to withstand future environmental changes. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.

This study applies molecular and morphological approaches addressing the identification of morphologically similar larval stages (cercariae) of Plagiorchis spp. (Digenea: Plagiorchiidae) parasitising lymnaeid snail populations in the freshwater ecosystems of central Europe. Five morphologically homogeneous and genetically distinct lineages of Plagiorchis spp. were identified via matching molecular data for the mitochondrial cox1 gene with detailed morphometric data. Phylogenetic and comparative sequence analyses using partial 28S rDNA and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences allowed molecular identification of three species (P. elegans, P. maculosus and P. koreanus) via matching sequences from larval and adult digenean stages. A key for the identification of the cercariae of Plagiorchis spp. parasitising lymnaeid populations in central Europe is provided.

No description available.

Diseases like malaria claim the lives of millions of people every year. This deadly disease can result in considerable morbidity, which presently affects countries in Africa, Eurasia, and South America. Anopheline mosquitoes transmit this disease. Studies look at the identification first of the species to accurately determine their distribution. For identification, sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 region of the ribosomal DNA is analyzed. Although African Anophelines are very well studied species, there has been no recent significant research for Holarctic Anophelines. In particular, in North America and Eurasia, because of the eradication of malaria in the northern territories and the focus on other diseases transmitted by Aedes and Culex mosquitoes. In this study, we first look at the Holarctic species Anopheles punctipennis in North America from the Midwest to the eastern United States. Then we look at samples received from Eurasia, in particular Russia and Iran. We physically harvested 500 mosquitoes from ten breeding sites to analyze the identity and distribution of An. punctipennis. We received 110 samples from Russia and 180 samples from Iran to examine the identification and geographic distribution of An. daciae and An. persiensis. Mosquito ITS2 ribosomal DNA was extracted and amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. The PCR products were then sequenced and analyzed based on GenBank information obtained. An analysis by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism using ITS2 PCR products on An. punctipennis was conducted. Seven hundred ninety samples were processed to look at the identity and geographic distribution of Holarctic Anophlines. An. puntipennis has no current ITS2 records in GenBank. The distribution of An. daciae and An. persiensis was analyzed by ITS2 and location data. The identity and presence of a malaria vector in new areas or existing areas would prove to be vital if the disease were to re-emerge due to climate changes. / Master of Science in Life Sciences / Diseases like malaria claims the lives of millions of people every year. This deadly disease can result in considerable morbidity which presently affects countries in Africa, Eurasia, and South America. Anopheline mosquitoes transmit this disease. African Anophelines are very well studied species however, there has been no recent significant research for Holarctic Anophelines, in particular in the United States because of the eradication of malaria in the northern territories and the focus on other diseases transmitted by Aedes and Culex mosquitoes. One of the understudied neglected malaria vectors that has an extensive geographic distribution throughout the United States is Anopheles punctipennis. This species can transmit both forms of human malaria Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Accurate morphological or molecular identification of mosquitoes is important for proper surveillance, control and diagnostic measures. Identifying this mosquito on a molecular level is pivotal for future genomic research in identifying vector competence, and insecticide resistant genes associated with this species. Internal Transcribe Spacer 2 sequencing is an efficient molecular tool for the identification of Anopheline mosquitoes. This tool has been successfully developed for species from the Maculipennis group and A. crucians complex but not for An. punctipennis type species. The goal of this study was to develop simple and robust molecular tools for identifying this species in the fields. Anopheline mosquito collections were made from multiple locations in the Mid-west to eastern U.S. Sequencing on the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 2 region (ITS2) of the genome provides positive and accurate identification of An. punctipennis. Developing a Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) assay using the ITS2 PCR products reduces time and cost in molecular identification and proves to be an accurate method of identification. This research will enable future population genetic studies that are important for the development of mosquito population control.

Allochthone Wasserfrösche haben in Deutschland und vielen anderen Ländern Europas zu Faunenverfälschungen geführt. Sie konkurrieren mit einheimischen Tieren und stellen aus genetischer Sicht eine Bedrohung der Bestände dar. In dieser Arbeit wurden die Genotypen von 447 Wasserfroschproben aus Deutschland sowie 460 aus anderen Teilen Europas untersucht. Im Gesamtdatensatz konnten 56 ITS2- und 65 ND3-Genotypen nachgewiesen werden. Unter den 20 in Deutschland gefunden ITS2-Allelen wurden zwei Rana ridibunda-ähnliche Genotypen als autochthon und fünf als allochthon erkannt (Häufigkeit 7 %), der Status weiterer fünf ITS2-Allele war nicht klar zu belegen. Unter den 14 mitochondrialen Genotypen der R. ridibunda-Gruppe befanden sich drei autochthone, zehn allochthone (Häufigkeit 18 %) sowie eine Variante mit unklarem Status. Allochthone Genommerkmale wurden vor allem in Südwestdeutschland entlang des Rheins und im Ruhrtal nachgewiesen. Im Raum Karlsruhe konnte ein mitochondrialer Genotyp mit hohem Anteil festgestellt werden, der typisch für eine bisher nur aus Italien bekannte Art ist (R. bergeri). Da allochthone ITS2-Allele häufig heterozygot mit autochthonen Varianten auftreten, gibt es eindeutige Hinweise auf Hybridisierungen zwischen einheimischen und eingeschleppten Wasserfröschen. Aufzuchtsexperimente zeigten keine reduzierte Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit von F1-Hybriden aus Kreuzungen zwischen autochthonen R. ridibunda und allochthonen R. cf. ridibunda aus Anatolien. Um die Rolle allochthoner Wasserfrösche bei der Verbreitung von Krankheitserregern beurteilen zu können, wurden Nachweistests für die Amphibien-Chytridiomykose durchgeführt. Die Nachweistests ergaben eine Prävalenz des Erregers (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) von 6,3 % unter deutschen Proben. Da die Chytridiomykose überwiegend in Populationen auftrat, in denen auch allochthone Wasserfrösche vorkamen, wird ein Zusammenhang zwischen Einschleppungsereignissen und dem Auftreten des Erregers vermutet. / Allochthonous water frogs have been introduced into Germany and other European countries. They compete with autochthonous water frogs and threaten the genetic integrity of native populations. In the present work the genotypes of 447 water frogs collected in Germany as well as 460 samples from various European countries have been determined and compared. In the complete dataset 56 ITS2- and 65 ND3-genotypes were identified. Among the 20 ITS2-alleles found in Germany, two indigenous and five introduced Rana ridibunda-like genotypes (relative frequency 7%) occurred. Five R. ridibunda alleles could not assigned as either indigenous or exotic. Among the 14 mitochondrial genotypes of the R. ridibunda-group three autochthonous and ten introduced (relative frequency 18%) variants could be identified, whereas the status of one mt-genotype remained unclear. Exotic alleles were mainly found in southwest Germany along the river Rhine and along the Ruhr in the Ruhr area. The wide distribution of a mitochondrial genotype previously known from Italian water frogs (R. bergeri) was ascertained in the region surrounding Karlsruhe. Allochthonous ITS2-alleles often occur heterozygously combined with autochthonous alleles. This is a strong evidence for cases of hybridisations between indigenous and introduced water frogs. Crossing experiments between autochthonous R. ridibunda and Anatolian water frogs (R. cf. ridibunda) revealed no reduced viability among the F1-hybrids. To evaluate the possible role of introduced water frogs on the dispersal of infectious diseases, detection tests of the amphibians-chytridiomycosis were carried out. The detection tests for its pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, on the tissue samples collected in Germany showed a prevalence of 6.3%. Most of the infected frogs were found in populations influenced by non-native water frogs. This points towards a possible relationship between introduction events and the occurrence of the pathogen.

As microalgas são organismos unicelulares fotossintéticos que possuem estrutura celular eucariótica e podem apresentar-se em formas coloniais ou livres. Estes organismos vem sendo amplamente estudados para aplicação em biorremediação e em biorrefinarias. Seu potencial biotecnológico destaca-se na produção de biocombustíveis e bioprodutos, por apresentarem características como alta taxa de crescimento e alta capacidade de armazenamento de substâncias de reserva, como lipídios e amido. Coleções de recursos genéticos e programas de melhoramento, tem como pré-requisito a identificação e manutenção dos organismos em um estado metabólico inativo. Desta forma, dois marcadores moleculares, o gene cloroplastídeo rbcL e a região ITS2 do DNA ribossômico nuclear, foram utilizados como barcodes de DNA para identificação das cepas microalgais coletadas de águas continentais brasileiras, depositadas na Coleção de Microrganismos e Microalgas Aplicados à Agroenergia e Biorrefinarias da Embrapa. Para a manutenção dos recursos genéticos desta coleção em um estado metabólico inativo, aplicou-se o método de criopreservação aliado a estratégia de resfriamento lento, utilizando os compostos químicos metanol e dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) como agentes crioprotetores. A região ITS2 pode ser amplificada e sequenciada com sucesso em 48 (94%) das amostras utilizando um par de primers universais disponíveis na literatura. Por outro lado, novos pares de primers tiveram que ser desenhados para o gene rbcL, o que possibilitou o sequenciamento de 49 (96%) das amostras. Uma diversidade média de nucleotídeos próxima foi observada entre as sequências de ITS2 (0.472) e rbcL (0.461), o que sugere um similar poder de discriminação de espécies. Porém, os resultados indicam que o ITS2 deve ser utilizado como marcador primário, e o rbcL como marcador auxiliar para a identificação de microalgas verdes. Os testes de criopreservação demonstraram que é possível empregar este método para manutenção de microalgas continentais brasileiras em estado metabólico inativo, utilizando DMSO em concentração de 10% como agente crioprotetor. / Microalgae are photosynthetic unicellular organisms that have eukaryotic cell structure and occur in colonial or free forms. These organisms have been widely studied in the application of bioremediation and in biorefineries. Their biotechnological potential stands out in the production of biofuels and bioproducts, because they have features like high growth rate and high storage capacity of reserve substances, such as lipids and starch. Collections of genetic resources and breeding programs have as a prerequisite the identification and the maintenance of the organisms in an inactive metabolic state. Thus, two molecular markers, the chloroplastid gene rbcL and the ITS2 region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA were used as DNA barcodes for identification of microalgal strains collected from Brazilian continental waters, deposited in Embrapa’s Collection of Microorganisms and Microalgae Applied to Agroenergy and Biorefineries. For the genetic resources maintenance in an inactive metabolic state, it was applied the cryopreservation method combined with a slow cooling strategy, using the chemical compounds methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as cryoprotectans agents. The ITS2 region could be amplified and sequenced successfully in 48 (94%) of the samples using a pair of universal primers available in the literature. On the other hand, new sets of primers had to be designed for the rbcL gene, which allowed the sequencing of 49 (96%) of the samples. Similar levels of nucleotide diversity were observed among the ITS2 (0.472) and rbcL (0.461) sequences, suggesting a similar potential for taxa discrimination. However, the results indicates that the ITS2 should be used as a primary marker, and rbcL as an auxiliary marker for the identification of green microalgae. Cryopreservation tests showed that it is possible to use this method for maintaining Brazilian continental microalgae in an inactive metabolic state using DMSO in 10% concentration as a cryoprotectant agent.

Coral reefs belong to the most diverse and the most threatened ecosystems on earth. Anthropogenic stressors and climate change have led to mortalities at levels unprecedented in modern times. The aims of this thesis are to investigate aspects of the corals’ ability to reproduce, disperse, adapt and survive. Papers I-III study reproduction in a common soft coral species, Sarcophyton elegans, with previously unknown reproductive modes. Paper IV investigates genetic distribution of coral-symbiont associations in Galaxea fascicularis focusing on adaptation to the environment along the coastline of Vietnam. Sarcophyton  elegans is a gonochoric broadcast spawner with a 1:1 sex ratio. Reproduction is strictly size dependent. Oogenesis takes 19-24 months, with a new cycle commencing every year. Spermatogenesis takes 10-12 months. The majority of gametes were released during the annual austral mass spawning event after full moon in November, but spawning also occur between August and February. The polyps at the outer edge of the colonies released their gametes first, followed by polyps situated closer to the center during subsequent months. Colonies upstream in the prevailing current spawn earlier than those downstream. The colonies were arranged in clusters of alternating males and females, which spawned simultaneously and were of the same genotype. Fission and buddying is a common mode to expand locally. Additionally, females undergoing fission divided into the most fecund size classes. The G. fascicularis and their associated symbionts were not genetically coupled to each other but to environmental factors. The host displayed an inshore-offshore zonation, with higher diversity offshore. The D1a symbiont exhibited an inshore- offshore zonation. In contrast; the 5 different C symbiont types showed a latitudinal distribution gradient, which shifted in dominance north to south. The study highlights the importance of protecting resilient coral and algal genotypes in stressed areas and the need to understand reproductive modes for coral conservation. / Các rạn san hô là một trong những hệ sinh thái có tính đa dạng và bị đe dọa cao nhất trên trái đất. Các áp lực từ con người và nhiệt độ nước biển tăng (SSTs) đã gây ra hiện tượng “tẩy trắng” gây chết san hô ở mức độ cao chưa từng thấy trong thời điểm hiện tại. Mục tiêu của nghiên cứu này là tìm hiểu khả năng của san hô trong thích nghi, phân tán và sống sót nhằm duy trì quần thể. Bài báo số II-III là những nghiên cứu đầu tiên về đặc điểm sinh sản của loài san hô mềm phổ biến, Sarcophyton elegan tại Australia. Bài báo số IV nghiên cứu về phân bố nguồn gen của tảo cộng sinh trong loài san hô Galaxea fascicularis, tập trung vào sự thích nghi với môi trường dọc theo vùng biển Việt Nam, khu vực bị ô nhiễm từ lục địa. Sarcophyton elegans được biết với đặc điểm sinh sản cả vô tính và hữu tính. Loài này là loài sinh sản bằng cách phân tán trứng, với tỷ lệ giới tính là 1:1 và sự sinh sản hữu tính bị khống chế nghiêm ngặt bởi kích cỡ của tập đoàn (Bài báo II, phần phương pháp của Bài báo I). Quá trình tạo trứng kéo dài từ 19 đến 24 tháng với chu kỳ sinh sản lặp lại hàng năm, và sự sinh tinh kéo dài từ 10 đến 12 tháng. Phần lớn giao tử được giải phóng trong một thời gian ngắn sau ngày trăng tròn của tháng 11, nhưng giao tử vẫn được giải phóng trong ngày trăng tròn của các tháng từ tháng 8 đến tháng 1 năm sau. Các polyp autozooid nằm phía ngoài của tập đoàn giải phóng giao tử trước, sau đó là các polyp nằm gần lõi trong các tháng tiếp theo. Các tập đoàn ngược lên trong dòng chảy thịnh hành đẻ trứng sớm hơn các tập đoàn xuôi dòng khoảng một tháng (Bài báo II). Các tập đoàn được sắp xếp thành từng đám từ 7 đến hàng trăm tập đoàn trong mỗi nhóm, bao gồm cả đực và cái. Các tập đoàn trong cùng một nhóm sinh sản cùng một thời điểm. (Bài báo II) và mỗi nhóm có cùng một kiểu di truyền (Bài báo III) có đầy đủ 13 (có thể là 22) kiểu di truyền  khác nhau. Sự phân đôi và kết đôi phụ thuộc hoàn toàn vào kích thước và có lẽ là phương thức mở rộng phổ biến nhất. Sự phân đôi phải mất 2 năm hoặc hơn mới hoàn thành. Thêm vào đó, con cái trải qua quá trình phân đôi thành kích cỡ có khả năng sinh sản cao nhất (Bài báo III). Có 6 nhóm haplotypes (mtDNA) của loài G. fascicularis và tảo cộng sinh Symbiodinium (ITS2 rDNA) không đóng cặp với nhau nhưng lại gắn với các yếu tố môi trường, có thể như kết quả của phương thức sinh sản của vật chủ (Bài báo IV). Vật chủ có sự phân vùng rõ rệt giữa gần bờ và xa bờ, với sự đa dạng cao hơn hẳn của các rạn xa bờ so với các rạn gần bờ, khu vực thường xuyên bị độ đục, ô nhiễm và lắng đọng trầm tích tác động. Tảo cộng sinh Symbiodinium D1a ITS2 điểm hình của sự phân vùng gần bờ và xa bờ. Ngược lại, 5 loại C khác lại có sự phân vùng theo vĩ tuyến, với sự tăng lên rõ rệt theo chiều Bắc-Nam, cùng với sự ổn định SST và sự tăng lên của các SST. Nghiên cứu này đã chỉ rõ tầm quan trọng trong bảo vệ các loài san hô và tảo biển bản địa tại các khu vực bị đe dọa (Bài báo IV) và sự cần thiết phải hiểu các phương thức sinh sản (Bài báo II-III) và các thông số môi trường trong việc xác định mức độ đa dạn sinh học và sự hấp thụ của sinh vật cộng sinh trong san hô cứng và san hô mềm. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.

Insect species complexes challenge entomologists in a variety of ways ranging from quarantine protection to pest management. Billbugs (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: <i>Sphenophorus</i> spp. Schönherr) represent one such species complex that has been problematic from a pest management perspective. These grass-feeding weevils reduce the aesthetic and functional qualities of turfgrass. Sixty-four species of billbugs are native to North America, and at least ten are associated with damage to turfgrass. Billbug species are sympatric in distribution and their species composition and seasonal biology varies regionally. Since their management relies heavily on proper choice of insecticide active ingredients and timing of insecticide applications that target specific life stages, understanding billbug seasonal biology underpins the development of efficient management programs. However, billbug seasonal biology investigations are currently hindered by our inability to identify the damaging larval stage to species level. DNA barcoding, which involves the use of short DNA sequences that are unique for each species, represents one potential tool that can aid these efforts. By combining DNA-based species identification with morphometric measures capable of serving as a proxy of larval development, it may be possible to gain a more holistic understanding of billbug seasonal biology. In this study, we developed a DNA barcoding reference library using cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) sequences from morphologically identified adult billbugs collected across Indiana, Missouri, Arizona, and Utah. Next, we applied our reference library for comparison and identification of unknown larval specimens collected across the growing season in Utah and Indiana. We then used a combination of DNA barcoding and larval head capsule diameters acquired from samples collected across a short span of the growing season to produce larval phenology maps. Adult billbug COI sequences varied within species, but the variation was not shaped by geography, indicating that this locus itself could resolve larval species identity. Overlaid with head capsule diameter data from specimens collected across the growing season, a better understanding of billbug species composition and seasonal biology emerged. This knowledge will provide researchers with the tools necessary to fill critical gaps in our understanding of billbug biology thereby improving turfgrass pest management. Using this approach researchers will be able to support efforts to provide growers with the information necessary to develop more prescriptive, location-based management programs and reduce the ecological footprint of turfgrass pest management.

The study of fungal diversity may lead to many fundamental discoveries and conclusions. Molecular genetics, and particularly high throughput sequencing methods using short DNA fragments as barcodes, has recently experienced a boom. The most frequently used marker for fungal research is the partial region of nuclear ribosomal DNA called ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer). It occurs in the form of tandem repetitions of up to 200 copies. This fact greatly simplifies its amplification from the environment but also introduces some negatives. One of them can be an existence of intragenomic and intraspecific variability which confounds diversity estimates by exaggerating the real number of species. Using alternative low-copy markers can easily prevent these problems. In this study EF-1α and RPB2 protein- coding genes were compared with traditionally used ITS1 and ITS2 markers. An artificial mock community was created by blending genomic DNA of different fungal lineages. The community was sequenced for all markers and the data were processed according to guidelines commonly used in environmental studies. The results show that ITS2 is unequivocally a more suitable marker for environmental studies than other compared markers. The average coefficient of overestimation was deemed to be approximately two for ITS1, ITS2,...