As a debate over the legitimacy of the liturgical use of images, the Byzantine Iconoclastic controversy (ca. 726-843) had important political and theological implications, which modern scholarship generally tends to treat unconnectedly. The primary object of this study is to explicate the relationship between the political and theological dimensions of the controversy and to reconstruct the debate over images in a comprehensive approach that accounts for both its political and theological dimensions. / The main argument of the thesis is that the question of images was a politico-theological problem and the prospects of 'political expediency' and 'theological propriety' were correlated in the minds of both the Iconoclastic reformers and their Iconodule rivals. Indeed, it was through their respective soteriologies that the two parties gave meaning to the theological and political dimensions of the debate in relationship with their respective theological first principles. Therefore, the Iconoclastic debate is explained as a soteriological dispute where the worldview represented by the traditional Byzantine religio-political ideology and the worldview represented by the proponents of images were set over against each other. / The main contribution of our thesis to modern scholarship of the Byzantine Iconoclastic controversy is to reconstruct the debate in the light of the contending theological paradigms of the two parties, which shaped not only their attitudes towards images but also their political stands in relation to the Byzantine Empire's involvement in ecclesiastical politics. This new synthetic reading explains the debate in reference to two essential theological cornerstones of the Byzantine tradition---the Eusebian "Imperial Theology" and the Christological definition of the council of Chalcedon---both taken as key reference points, against which the political and doctrinal stands of both parties were constructed and interpreted.

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This essay attempts to discover a correlation between a perceived veneration of an inherent value of the cultural heritage which is enlightened in the face of the iconoclastic acts of IS (Islamic State). Firstly, the essay establishes how UNESCO could be perceived as a Social System which educates its central binary codes through communication. The codes central to the System are cultural preservation and cultural destruction. Through examining the official documents of the System and analysing their content through Content Analysis, the essay delineates how an inherent value is manifested in cultural heritage. Further it examines whether the System is successful in communicating and implementing its positive binary code into its surrounding environment. The conclusions are that the System aspires to connect what it deems an “outstanding universal value” with an inherent value of democratic human rights. It is also concluded that the System is successful in implementing its positive core binary code into its environment. However, there are indications that this efficiency could dramatically decrease in the future, thereby rendering the System’s value as an ideological standpoint less valuable in the face of theologically motivated iconoclasms.

Until recent years, the historical moment of Charles II's return to England was universally accepted as a clear marker of the end of "the Cavalier winter," a welcome victory over theater-hating Puritans. To verify this historical view, literary historians have often glorified the role of King Charles II in the history of the "revival" of drama during the Restoration, whereas they tend to consider the Long Parliament's 1642 closing of the theaters as a decisive manifestation of Puritans' antitheatricalism. This historical perspective based upon what is often known as "the rupture model" has obscured the vibrant development of dramatic forms during the English civil wars and the ways in which the revolutionary energy exploded during this period continued to influence in the Restoration the deployment of dramatic forms and imagination across various social groups. By focusing on the generic development of drama and theatricality during the English civil wars, my dissertation challenges the conventional historiography of the English civil war literature, which has been overemphasizing the discontinuity between the English civil war and the periods before and after it. The first chapter shows how the theatrical energy displaced from traditional cultural domains energized an emerging cheap print market and contributed to the invention of new dramatic forms such as playlets and newsbooks. The second chapter questions the conventional association of Puritanism and antitheatricalism by rehistoricizing antitheatrical writers and their pamphlets and by highlighting the dramatic impulses at work in Puritan iconoclasm during the English civil wars. The final chapter offers the Restoration Milton as a case study to illustrate how the proposed historical perspective replacing "the rupture model" better explains not only the politics of Milton's Paradise Lost but also of Restoration drama.

Thesis (M.A.)--Florida State University, 2005. / Advisor: Dr. James O'Rourke, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of English. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 19, 2005). Document formatted into pages; contains iv, 62 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

Traversant un ample corpus textuel rédigé en de nombreuses langues, ce travail interroge les rapports peu explorés entre littérature et sculpture, à partir d’un objet, le monument, « fait social total » mêlant enjeux politiques, idéologiques, religieux et esthétiques. Dispositif autoritaire, le monument exerce une efficace pour dominer et transformer celui qui le rencontre. La littérature accompagne, s’approprie, contre au moyen de stratégies d’iconoclasme textuel, dévoie, et renouvelle les actes accomplis par les monuments : glorifier les héros, signifier l’histoire, édifier la société, répondre à la détresse. Dans l’épreuve du réel, le monument se montre pourtant incapable de tenir ces promesses exorbitantes. La littérature l’en délie et l’allège via l’ouverture d’une finitude et d’une compassion. Le monument est réinventé jusqu’à devenir le lieu d’une nouvelle magie ou d’un élan vers le sacré. La littérature rend ainsi un dispositif monosémique à un pluriel des significations. / Bringing together a broad corpus of texts written in many different languages, this dissertation explores the intersections between literature and sculpture. The starting point is the monument, an object that stands as a “social total fact”, condensing politics, ideologies, religion and aesthetics. Literature can help monuments to alter their beholders, to glorify heroes, to signify history, to build up and edify society, or to respond to distress. More often, it appropriates, subverts or debunks those acts via strategies of “textual iconoclasm”, proving that monuments cannot withstand the test of reality and fail to keep their promises. Literature aims therefore at renewing monuments, making them lighter by opening them to compassion and finitude. Thus recreated, statues in cities can point the beholders towards the sacred, or accommodate magic. Literature manages so to reinvent a polysemy around devices designed to hold an authority, and that were supposed to reinforce a monosemy.

À la fin de l’époque médiévale, les reliques sont un objet omniprésent dans le monde chrétien, particulièrement dans les églises urbaines. Les critiques puis destructions protestantes au cours du XVIe siècle constituent une première période de crise, conclue par un réinvestissement important de la réforme catholique. Ces premiers bouleversements ont plusieurs conséquences. Les reliques sont désormais l’objet d’une gestion de plus en plus rationnelle, que ce soit dans leur recension ou dans leur situation dans l’espace ecclésial. Car jusqu’à la Révolution française, les églises de Lyon, Metz, Rouen et Toulouse reçoivent d’innombrables corps saints, souvent en provenance de Rome, accompagnant la multiplication des couvents en ville. Les reliques sont données par des laïcs et des membres du clergé dans des visées autant religieuses que sociales. Les cérémonies de translations traduisent un catholicisme triomphant. Certains corps saints, souvent issus du panthéon local, prennent à cette époque une valeur identitaire et patrimoniale. Ils sont considérés comme les protecteurs de la cité, au cœur d’une relation spécifique entre les villes et le monde divin. Ces corps saints sont particulièrement utilisés lors des périodes de crises urbaines, qu’elles soient épidémiques, naturelles ou encore politiques. Les reliques sont également régulièrement mobilisées dans les Histoire de ces quatre villes pour souligner et illustrer leur élection divine. Ces liens entre villes et reliques se distendent à partir du XVIIIe siècle, sous l’effet de l’essor d’une critique historique et philosophique. La Révolution française entérine ce changement, malgré des tentatives de restauration sacrale. D’objets chrétiens, les corps saints deviennent des objets confessionnels au XVIIe siècle, puis, à partir du XIXe siècle, des objets militants. / During the Late Medieval Period, relics are a very common object in the Christian World and in urban churches. Protestant criticisms and destructions during the 16th century were a first crisis ended by a catholic reinvestment. These disruptions transformed relics into a more rational object, with systematic inventories and new localisations inside churches. Until French Revolution, churches of Lyon, Metz, Rouen and Toulouse received countless relics, mostly from Rome, to support the foundation of new urban convents. Laymen and clerics gave relics to improve their social and religious status. Ceremonies of translation showed a Catholicism that had triumphed again. Some relics got an identity and heritage value. They became the protectors of the city with a specific relationship between citizens and the Divine world. These relics are often used during urban crises like epidemics, natural disasters and political crisis. The History of the towns also used relics as evidence and illustration of urban Sanctity. These links became slack during the 18th century because of historical and philosophical criticisms. French Revolution confirmed this evolution, despite attempts of sacral remediation. From Christian objects, relics became confessional objects and from the beginning of the 19th century onwards, militant objects.

The Massacre of Chios (1824) by Eugéne Delacroix illustrates the titular genocide from the Greek War of Independence. This genocide was a veritable razing of the entire island by Ottoman Turks in 1822. Today, a replica of Delacroix's painting resides on the island inside the entrance of the Chios Byzantine Museum, located in a converted mosque built on the ruins of a Christian church. This site is a case for the existence of non-Western temporalities, including liturgical and Aegean temporalities, as they pertain to the commemoration of the massacre through interaction with the replica. These temporalities are not causal or linear as in the West. On Chios, everyday interactions with history happen through the orthodox devotions and concomitant emotions of the present, with temporally transcendent icons, relics, and rituals promoting the imbrication of temporalities. The layout of the mosque, in its simplicity, conforms roughly to the plan of a Greek Orthodox church with the museum space organized to emphasize this, encouraging a liturgical temporality. Given that Chiots remember the massacre victims as tantamount to saints, the saturation of Christian elements in Delacroix's composition communes with the museum space to create an active site of memory, with the replica functioning like the Holy Greek Orthodox icons in the adjacent room, inviting a liturgical temporality. A comparable site, Agio Minas, a major massacre site in Southern Chios, also exhibits genocide victims as saints through eikonic imagery; here, victims' remains are displayed as relics alongside an icon of the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste, setting the stage, so to speak, for the naos where blood still stains the stone floor. In a similar way, the replica located in the "narthex" of the museum mediates a preparatory experience that overlays a narrative of Christian martyrdom onto the museum's "naos," where visitors engage with the icon collection. The proximity of replica and Byzantine collection overlays Chios' destruction with that of Constantinople's, collapsing time and presenting the two as related events. The Chios Byzantine Museum exemplifies what anthropologist Nicolas Argenti has termed "Aegean temporality," where past and present overlap in physical and incorporeal sites of memory. Orthodox icons do just that: transcendent and a-temporal by nature, their efficacy lies in bringing the pictured figure into the present moment and "enfleshing" remembrance as a current reality. The replica Massacre of Chios likewise acts as an active a-temporal object. Because of affordances granted by the narthex space and eikonic associations, it sacralizes the museum space into a living site of memory. With Aegean temporality facilitating a constant re-experiencing of the massacre, the massacre's presence and potency is not something left in the past. The painting's status as a semi-icon supports the immediacy of the massacre, as the viewer spiritually interacts with the image in the present.

[ES] Este trabajo estudia las contranarrativas visuales a modo de inscripciones y los borramientos que aparecen en el espacio público, durante el estallido social en Chile, iniciado el día 18 de octubre de 2019, en dos hitos del centro urbano de Santiago de Chile: Plaza Dignidad, donde se encuentra emplazada la escultura del general Manuel Baquedano y el Centro Cultural Gabriela Mistral [GAM]. El propósito se centra en la interpretación de las inscripciones, sus connotaciones y el cómo resignifican el espacio público. El capítulo 1, da cuenta de las inscripciones como contranarrativas en el espacio público, su contextualización histórica de movimientos artísticos y sociales que han sido incluidos como sustrato investigativo para la elaboración y desarrollo del presente estudio. El capítulo 2, se enfoca en el análisis de una intervención con paste-up de 11 folios realizada por el mismo autor, en los muros del Centro Cultural Gabriela Mistral (GAM) los cuales fueron intervenidos por los transeúntes, dando cuenta de una interpretación y discusión acerca de una serie de preguntas que se formulan en los folios. El capítulo 3, se centra en el análisis e interpretación de las inscripciones realizadas a la escultura del general Manuel Baquedano, en Plaza Dignidad, analizando las intervenciones y acciones de iconoclasia que se realizaron en la escultura durante el estallido social. El foco está puesto en el análisis de su materialidad, contenido icónico, imaginarios sociales y contradiscursos. El capítulo 4, se inicia con el grupo C.A.D.A, e incluye la intersección entre arte y espacio público durante la dictadura militar chilena. Sé suma al estudio, la revisión 3 colectivos y un artista que realizaron diversas intervenciones a modo de inscripciones durante el estallido social en Chile en 2019. Finalmente, en el capítulo 5 se discuten e integran los planteamientos en relación a las contranarrativas en el espacio público, y como las manifestaciones de "artivismo" aparecen y se diferencian, generando una narrativa específica durante el estallido social. / [CA] Aquest treball estudia les *contranarrativas visuals a manera d'inscripcions i els *borramientos que apareixen en l'espai públic, durant l'esclat social a Xile, iniciat el dia 18 d'octubre de 2019, en dues fites del centre urbà de Santiago de Xile: Plaza Dignitat, on està emplaçada l'escultura del general Manuel *Baquedano i el Centre Cultural Gabriela Mistral [*GAM]. El propòsit se centra en la interpretació de les inscripcions, les seues connotacions i el com resignifiquen l'espai públic. El capítol 1, dona compte de les inscripcions com *contranarrativas en l'espai públic, la seua contextualització històrica de moviments artístics i socials que han sigut inclosos com a substrat *investigativo per a l'elaboració i desenvolupament del present estudi. El capítol 2, s'enfoca en l'anàlisi d'una intervenció amb pasture-*up d'11 folis realitzada pel mateix autor, en els murs del CENTRE CULTURAL GABRIELA MISTRAL, *GAM, els quals van ser intervinguts pels transeünts, donant compte d'una interpretació i discussió sobre una sèrie de preguntes que es formulen en els folis. El capítol 3, se centra en l'anàlisi i interpretació de les inscripcions realitzades a l'escultura del general Manuel *Baquedano, en Plaza *Dignidad, analitzant les intervencions i accions de *iconoclasia que es van realitzar en l'escultura durant l'esclat social. El focus està posat en l'anàlisi de la seua materialitat, contingut icònic, imaginaris socials i *contradiscursos. El capítol 4, s'inicia amb el grup C.A.D.A, i inclou la intersecció entre art i espai públic durant la dictadura militar xilena. Sé suma a l'estudi, la revisió 3 col·lectius i un artista que van realitzar diverses intervencions a manera d'inscripcions durant l'esclat social a Xile en 2019. Finalment, en el capítol 5 es discuteixen i integren els plantejaments en relació a les *contranarrativas en l'espai públic, i com les manifestacions de *artivismo" apareixen i es diferencien, generant una narrativa específica durant l'esclat social. / [EN] This work studies the visual counternarratives in the form of inscriptions and erasures that appear in public space, during the social outbreak in Chile, which began on October 18, 2019, in two landmarks in the urban center of Santiago de Chile: Plaza Dignidad, where the sculpture of General Manuel Baquedano and the Gabriela Mistral Cultural Center [GAM] are located. The purpose is focused on the interpretation of the inscriptions, their connotations and how they give new meaning to the public space. Chapter 1, gives an account of the inscriptions as counter-narratives in the public space, its historical contextualization of artistic and social movements that have been included as a research substrate for the elaboration and development of the present study. Chapter 2 focuses on the analysis of an 11-page paste-up intervention carried out by the same author, on the walls of the GABRIELA MISTRAL CULTURAL CENTER, GAM, which were intervened by passers-by, giving an account of an interpretation and discussion about a series of questions that are formulated in the pages. Chapter 3 focuses on the analysis and interpretation of the inscriptions made on the sculpture of General Manuel Baquedano, in Plaza Dignidad, analyzing the interventions and actions of iconoclasm that were carried out on the sculpture during the social outbreak. The focus is placed on the analysis of its materiality, iconic content, social imaginaries and counter-discourses. Chapter 4 begins with the C.A.D.A group, and includes the intersection between art and public space during the Chilean military dictatorship. Be added to the study, the review of 3 groups and an artist who carried out various interventions in the form of inscriptions during the social outbreak in Chile in 2019. Finally, in chapter 5 the approaches in relation to counter-narratives in public space are discussed and integrated, and how the manifestations of "artivism" appear and differ, generating a specific narrative during the social outbreak. / Riquelme Loyola, M. (2023). Lo que aparece en la calle: contranarrativas visuales durante el estallido social en Santiago de Chile 2019, en Plaza Dignidad y en el Centro Cultural Gabriela Mistral [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/198564

From Ancient Near Eastern texts, the Bible and archaeological artefacts, we are able to glimpse an over arching belief in a feminine deity. During the occupation of the Temple Mount by the Knights Templars, earlier traditions were ”re-discovered” and accepted as a de facto tradition. William St Clair at the threshold of the Renaissance, mindful of the danger of heresy, was intellectually able to bring together many traditions into a broad Biblically-based theology that recognised the early Israelite traditions as the foundation of Christian belief. All this is evident in Rosslyn Chapel. / OLD TESTAMENT & ANCIENT NE / MA (BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY)