Syftet med studie var att analysera, beskriva och jämföra fyra kommuners handlingsplaner mot våld i nära relationer med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Utifrån genus och teorin om det ideala offret. Analysen av handlingsplanerna visade att våld i nära relationer beskrevs som ett komplext våld som inte går att hitta en ensam orsak till utan att det handlar om flera olika orsaker. I handlingsplanerna beskrivs vidare våld i nära relationer som ett våld som mestadels kvinnor utsätts för, detframkommer även att våldet sker i alla typer av relationer och samhällsklasser. Kvinnan beskrivs i handlingsplanerna som det svagare könet vilket stämmer in på vår genusteori av Harding och den symboliska processen. Det finns också en konstruktion av kvinnan som det ideala offret och en reproducering av normer och attityder som ger en stereotypisk föreställning om våld i nära relationer, i de kommunala handlingsplaner vi analyserade. / The purpose of the study was to analyse, describe and compare fourmunicipal action plans against intimate partner violence with the help of qualitative content analysis. Based on gender and the theory of the ideal victim. The analysis of the action plans showed that intimate partner violence was described as a complex act of violence and there is not only one ulterior cause, it is about several ulterior causes. In the action plans is the intimate partner violence described as a repeated act of violence to which most women are exposed to, but they also state that the violence occurs in all types of relationships and in all classes of society. The woman is described in the municipal action plans as the weaker sex, which is in line with our gender theory by Harding whit the symbolic process. There is a one-sided constructionof the woman as the ideal victim and a reproduction of norms and attitudes as a stereotypical conception of intimate partner violence, in themunicipal action plans we analysed.

Medias roll i samhället är stor och den spelar en viktig roll i hur samhället ska kunna få ny information om vad som sker runt om i världen. Kvällstidningar rapporterar dagligen om politiska, kulturella och även brottsliga händelser som sker och nyheterna når tusentals människor som får ta del av det. Detta gör att media har ett stort ansvar på sina axlar med att utge opartiska, neutrala och informativa artiklar om det som ämnas att läsas. I denna studie undersöktes hur media framställer olika offer, baserat på den utsattes livssituation, plats för brottet samt vilket sorts brott de utsatts för. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av en tematisk analys, där tre kända fall i Sverige valdes ut för att sedan jämföra och analysera hur media framställer de brottsutsatta. Resultaten påvisar att media har en tendens att framställa brottsutsatta på olika sätt baserat på bland annat deras livssituation och deras bakgrund. Vidare visade det även att medias rapportering av brottsoffer kan vara mer omfattande beroende på hur väl en brottshändelse kan få andra människor att identifiera sig med den brottsutsatta och deras familj. / Media plays a big role in society and is partially responsible for how people in the society receives information about what is happening around the world. Newspapers are daily reporting about political, cultural and even criminal, events that occur, and the news is reached by thousands of people to read. This means that media has a lot of responsibility on their shoulders by giving out impartial, neutral and informative articles for people to read. In this study, we sought to investigate how media presents different types of victims, based on their life situation, the scene of the crime and also what type of crime they were victims of. The study was performed with a thematic analysis, where three known cases in Sweden was chosen, these were then compared and analysed in how they were presented in the media. The results of the study show that media have a tendency to present victims of crime different, depending on their life situation and their background. Furthermore, it showed that media's coverage on victims of crime can be more extensive, depending on how well a crime can make other people identify with the victim and its family.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur ambulanspersonal upplever sin utsatthet för brott vid utryckning. Den undersökningsmetod som användes var halvstrukturerade intervjuer. Huvudresultat i studien var att de som intervjuades uppgav att de blivit utsatta för brott i form av hot om våld samt fysiskt våld, men att de inte upplever eller pratar om sig själva som offer, men de uppfyller delvis kraven för att kunna ses som ett idealiskt offer samt att de normaliserar sin utsatthet. Ett annat resultat visar att ambulanspersonalen anser att personuppgiftslagen hämmar dem i deras arbete när det kommer till säkerhet. Under intervjuerna framkom det att personuppgiftslagen påverkar deras känsla av trygghet på ett negativt sätt då de inte har all viktig information om personen de åker till. Det framkommer också att ambulanspersonalen värdesätter samarbetet med polis och att de behöver mer resurser. Studiens viktigaste slutsats är att ambulanspersonalen blir utsatta för hot och våld och att det är ett problem, men att de normaliserar sina upplevelser och inte pratar om sig som offer. / The purpose of the study was to investigate how paramedics experience their exposure to crimes during work, but also their thoughts about victim. The method of investigation used was semi structured interviews. The main result of the study was that the paramedics was subjected to crimes in forms of threats of violence and physical harm, but they do not see themselves as victims and they also normalize their vulnerability. Another result is that the personal data act prevents the paramedics in their work regarding their safety. During the interviews, it emerged that it effects their sense of security in a negative way since they do not have all the information about the person that they are about to assist. They also value the cooperation that they have with the police. The main findings of the study were that paramedics gets exposed to threats and violence and that this is a problem, although they normalize their experience and do not talk about themselves in terms of victims.

1 juli 2020 trädde en ny straffskärpningsgrund i laga kraft, som innebar att hedersmotiv ska utgöra en försvårande omständighet. Syftet med vår studie var att undersöka skillnaden mellan hur tingsrätten och åklagaren motiverar och argumenterar kring hedersmotivet i sex utvalda domar, innan och efter straffskärpningsgrunden. Vi valde att göra en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av dessa domar och valde ut materialet med hjälp av ett kriteriestyrt urval. De teorier vi valde att utgå från var det ideala offret och kulturkriminologi. Vår analys av domarna resulterade i ett flertal mönster, som exempelvis: kontrollbehov hos gärningspersonen och övervåld. Vi drog slutsatsen att både tingsrätten och åklagaren redan innan straffskärpningsgrunden tillkom tog hänsyn till hedersmotivet, på så sätt att man ansåg att brottet var särskilt hänsynslöst. / On the 1st of July 2020 a new increase in the severity of a penalty gained legal effect. This means that a crime where the motive is honour-related is supposed to be seen as an aggravating circumstance. The purpose with our study is to examine the difference between how the court and prosecutor motivates and argue around the motive before and after the increased penalty.The method we chose was a qualitative content analysis and we chose the sentences with a criteria-driven selection. The theories that we chose were the ideal victim and cultural criminology. Our analysis resulted in a few patterns: need of control from the perpetrator and assault. Our conclusion is that both the court and the prosecutor before the increased penalty took the honour-related motive into account because they saw the crime as especially ruthless.

For over two decades, the inclusion of trans women in women’s spaces and organizations such as transition houses has been discussed and debated by women-only organizations, feminists, trans activists, and the broader public. Drawing on an interpretive description approach, my research examines the experiences of transition house counsellors (“counsellors”) who have worked with trans women accessing residential support. My research topic and questions emerged from my experience as a counsellor and are informed by a desire to better meet the needs of trans women affected by intimate partner violence (“IPV”), and to help fill gaps in available research, information, and practical resources to help service providers meet the needs of trans women affected by IPV. Specifically, my research questions are: (1) what challenges, opportunities, and insights do counsellors experience when working with trans women clients, and (2) how do counsellors adjust and adapt their practices in response to these challenges, opportunities, and insights when working with trans women accessing transition house support? Using purposive sampling, I recruited nine counsellors who have worked with trans women accessing transition house support. Data collection involved semi-structured in-depth-interviews of these participants to gain an understanding of their experiences and perspectives related to working with trans women accessing transition house support. Consistent with an interpretive description approach to research, I analyzed my data by drawing on both my experience as a counsellor and through thematic qualitative analysis. My research finds that participants unanimously supported the inclusion of trans women in transition house settings. While the majority of participants emphatically stated that they did not respond to trans women any differently than they did to cis women, my findings show that how participants responded to trans women was informed by how well they perceived a trans client’s gender expression to match her gender identity. As such, my analysis reveals that participants’ responses to trans women was mediated by their unconscious adoption of a broader dominant heteronormative cisgenderist IPV framework that operates at both an individual and institutional level. My research therefore highlights some of the limitations that affect trans women accessing transition house support when counsellors and organizations respond to IPV through a heteronormative cisgenderist framework. / Graduate

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur offer och förövare beskrivs och framställs av programledarna för ett urval av svenska true crime-podcasts, utifrån teorin om ideala offer samt genusteori. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys av tematisk karaktär genomfördes på olika avsnitt av poddarna “Spöktimmen” och “Mord Mot Mord”, i vilka fyra teman kunde urskiljas; ”oskyldiga offer”, ”starka offer”, ”galna förövare” samt ”osannolika förövare”. Resultatet visade att sättet som offer och förövare framställdes i poddarna till stor del överensstämde med stereotypa föreställningar av offer och förövare samt män och kvinnor, men att dessa stereotyper i vissa fall också utmanades. Vidare framställdes kvinnliga och manliga offer respektive förövare på ett sätt som bekräftade tidigare forskning. Vår slutsats var att stereotypa föreställningar om offer och förövare samt män och kvinnor var vanligt förekommande i våra valda podcast-avsnitt, men att kontext spelade en avgörande roll för hur offren och förövarna framställdes av programledarna. / The purpose of this study was to examine how victims and offenders are portrayed by the hosts of Swedish true crime podcasts. Through a thematic analysis of different episodes of the podcasts "Spöktimmen" and "Mord Mot Mord", and by applying Christie’s theory of the ideal victim as well as a gender theoretical perspective, four themes could be identified; "innocent victims", "strong victims", "mad offenders", and "unlikely offenders". The result showed that the way they were portrayed largely corresponded to stereotypical representations of both victims and offenders as well as men and women, but that these stereotypes in some instances were challenged. Furthermore, female and male victims and offenders were portrayed in a way that confirmed previous research. Our conclusion was that stereotypical representations were common in our chosen podcast episodes, but that context played a central role in the way the victims and offenders were portrayed by the podcast hosts.

Abstract This study aims to describe and analyse how victims and credibility are constructed in the government bill and verdicts concerning the new sexual offence law in Sweden that became effective 1 July 2018. A qualitative content analyse has been used to answer the purpose of the study and the result has been analysed using Christies theory of the ideal victim. The results show that the construction of the victim is not consistent with Christies theory of the ideal victim. If the victim has acted with resistance is no longer considered significant. The perpetrator is described to have responsibility to assure that the victim participated with free will. However, victim reactions after the assault are described as important for the victims credibility. The victim is constructed as more credible if acting with sadness, crying and being jumpy. Results also show that it is important for the credibility that the victim leaves a consistent, truthful story and make a clear distinction of what is a clear memory and what is unsure. The main finding is that there has been a change in how the victim is constructed and what is needed for the victim to seem as credible.

Most women with substance-abuse problems are also subjected to violence, constituting a serious societal challenge. The social support they receive has been found insufficient and a need to strengthen knowledge/skills within social services has been highlighted. Using Christies (1986) ’ideal victim’ theory as a framework, the purpose of this study was to describe social workers self-perceived competence in relation to female clients subjected to violence, and to explore their attitudes regarding women with substance-abuse problems. Social workers managing female substance-abuse cases were recruited from all municipalities of Dalecarlia, Sweden. The study was conducted based on a quantitative approach and questionnaires were used for data collection. Participants’ responses indicated that the majority perceived their competence to be good. Furthermore, participants tended to endorse non-ideal victim descriptors of women with substance-abuse problems, and while the largest proportion (47,4%) agreed with the statement that violence should be considered secondary to substance-abuse, a similar proportion (42,1%) disagreed. These findings suggested that inadequate competence within social services does not serve as an explanation for the insufficient social support. Instead the study highlights attitudes and organizational conditions within social services in relation to the women. / Våldsutsatthet hos kvinnor med missbruks- eller beroendeproblematik är ett utbrett samhällsproblem. Stödet till dessa tycks vara bristfälligt och behovet av ökad kompetens inom socialtjänsten har lyfts. Syftet med denna studie var att mot bakgrund av Christies (1986) teori om det idealiska offret beskriva missbrukshandläggare i Dalarnas kompetens i relation till våldsutsatta kvinnliga klienter samt att undersöka deras uppfattningar gällande kvinnor med missbruk/beroende. Studien utgick ifrån en kvantitativ ansats och datainsamlingen genomfördes via en enkätundersökning. Handläggarnas svar indikerar att majoriteten upplevde sig ha en god kompetens. Vidare tenderade handläggarna att kategorisera kvinnliga klienter som icke-idealiska offer, och medan den största andelen (47,4%) instämde på påståendet att våldsutsatthet är sekundär till missbruk/beroende hos klienter tog en liknande andel (42,1%) avstånd. Resultatet indikerar att bristande kompetens inom socialtjänsten inte är förklaringen till ett bristfälligt stöd och lyfter istället uppfattningar samt socialtjänstens organisatoriska förutsättningar i relation till målgruppen.

Tidigare forskning har visat samband mellan språkanvändning och den uppfattning som kvinnor själva och samhället har om våld och övergrepp. Kvinnor som har blivit utsatta för våld och övergrepp möter ofta misstro och skuldbeläggande från omgivningen, vilket leder till att de inte blir trodda och att förövaren i många fall inte döms. I detta arbete undersöks hur en viss språkanvändning framställer våld och övergrepp på ett sätt som bland annat skuldbelägger offret, och vilka konsekvenser den språkanvändningen får. Metoden för arbetet är diskursanalys, och består av en textgranskning av domar från en svensk tingsrätt. Resultaten visar att rätten beskriver våld och övergrepp på ett sätt som leder till konsekvenser som att våldet döljs, förövarens ansvar minskas samt att offret skuldbeläggs. Resultatet leder till förslag på hur rätten istället ska beskriva våld och övergrepp, för att undvika ovan nämnda konsekvenser. Resultatet mynnar också ut i ett förslag till förändring av svensk lagstiftning, men det konstateras även att denna lagändring möjligtvis måste föregås av en samhällelig förändring i stort. / Earlier research has demonstrated a link between language and the view that women themselves and society have of violence and abuse. Women who have experienced violence and abuse often face suspicion and blame from society, which leads to that they are not believed and that the perpetrator in many cases, is not convicted. This study focuses on how the language used in a Swedish court describes violence and abuse in ways that leads to the blaming of the victim, and the further consequences of that specific use of language. The method used in this thesis is discourse analysis, and the empirical study consists of a text review of court judgements by a Swedish court. Findings are that the court describes violence and abuse in a way that leads to that violence is hidden, the perpetrator's responsibility is reduced and the victim gets blamed. The result leads to suggestions on how the court could describe violence and abuse differently, in order to avoid these negative consequences. The result also points towards a proposal for a change in Swedish law, although this change in the law might possibly be preceded by a change in society in general.

This thesis explores how the Swedish legal system, specifically the police and district courts, understand and construct cases of human trafficking for sexual purposes and procuring with under-age victims. It draws on police investigative interviews and court decisions in 22 pronounced district court sentences, involving 36 female youths. Theoretically the thesis primarily builds on social constructionism and the sociology of childhood. Methodologically it builds on coding of forensic interviews, narrative analysis and discourse analysis. Study I explores the informativeness of 24 of the 36 adolescents when interviewed by the police. It shows that the adolescents were informative yet evasive, specifically when asked open questions. Experiences of violence and force as well as interviews conducted soon after the police intervention further contributed to evasiveness. Also evasiveness seemed intimately connected to circumstances in each unique case. Study II scrutinises the image of the ideal trafficking victim by asking how the issue of responsibility is handled when police interviews turn to prostitution. It also analyses which interactive and narrative conditions, related to agency and stake, apply for talk in this specific institutional setting. The findings suggest that in order to sort out the ‘real’ victims, the interrogator needs to pull apart the two categories ‘victim’ and ‘prostitute’ even if there may be problems with this clear-cut distinction since the categories tend to blend together. Further, in this institutional setting to talk about sex can be problematic as it may undermine the victim narrative instead creating a subject with interests. Study III explores how Swedish district courts assess the credibility of alleged victims of human trafficking for sexual purposes and the reliability of their testimonies. The findings indicate that the judges base their assessments on the Swedish Supreme Courts’ criteria of how to understand reliability and credibility but they seemed also to be influenced by extra-legal factors relating to victims’ behaviour. Further, the findings imply that the judges used the Supreme Court’s criteria to argue both for and against credibility. By so doing, their arguments supported the decision reached irrespective of how the adolescents reported or what impression they made. In brief this thesis can be said to point to a legal dilemma when law on paper is applied in practice as each unique adolescent must be recognized by the authorities as fitting the administrative category ‘victim’. When put into practice, categories are rarely neat and clear hence such categorizing becomes a phenomenon negotiated in interaction. Also, this legal context sets up limits and possibilities for the adolescents’ agency and this too can be said to have a bearing on if she is, or is not, constructed as a victim. In short, this thesis shows certain conditions of victimhood. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Submitted.</p><p>Forskningsfinansiär: Brottsoffermyndigheten genom Brottsofferfonden.</p> / Människohandel/koppleri med barn och unga för sexuella ändamål Vad går att lära av rättsväsendet och brottsoffrens erfarenheter?