Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-02-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:30:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sibut_rer_me_botfm.pdf: 718335 bytes, checksum: 3fed66d59981f5b2fd0fb7c6e6c0caa0 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual de Maringa / Com o objetivo de analisar a prevalência da imunização contra a hepatite B entre os servidores municipais que atuam em ambiente de risco de transmissão ocupacional na Secretaria Municipal de Saúde (SMS) de Maringá, foi utilizado um questionário semi-estruturado autoexplicativo, com questões pertinentes à situação do esquema de vacinação e ao conhecimento e aplicação das condutas de biossegurança pelos servidores da área da saúde, em seu ambiente de trabalho. Participaram desta pesquisa 152 servidores das equipes de enfermagem, odontologia, análises clínicas e médica. O software SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences versão 12.0) foi utilizado para análise estatística. Quanto aos resultados obtidos, verificou-se que 99,3% dos servidores da amostra receberam a vacina contra a hepatite B, o que é considerado um resultado significativo, visto que o profissional de saúde faz parte do grupo de risco e o PNI Programa Nacional de Imunização do Ministério da Saúde recomenda a vacinação de todos que compõem esse grupo. Verificamos que 63,2% dos servidores desenvolvem suas atividades profissionais somente na Secretaria Municipal de Saúde (SMS) de Maringá. Dentre os profissionais com atividades de risco de transmissão ocupacional desenvolvidas fora da SMS de Maringá observamos que 15,1% desses servidores pertencem à equipe médica, 13,8% à equipe de enfermagem, 7,2% à equipe de odontologia e somente um profissional (0,7%) à equipe de análises clínicas. Em relação à orientação recebida para se vacinar contra a hepatite B, 93,4% dos servidores referiram tê-la recebido. A maioria dos servidores (98,7%) relataram ter conhecimento das medidas de prevenção contra risco de transmissão ocupacional e 92,8% dos servidores identificam risco de contato com sangue durante o desenvolvimento de suas atividades profissionais... / This study aimed to analyzing the prevalence of hepatitis B immunization of among the city workers that work in environments with risk for occupational transmission in the City Health Care Secretary (CHCS) of Maringá. So, It was used a self-explaining and semi-structured questionnaire, with questions related to the situation of vaccination system and to the knowledge and application of biosecurity attitudes by health field professionals, in their workplace. Workers, in an amount of 152 individuals, took part in this survey and they were from nursing, odontology, clinic and medical analysis teams. The SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) 12.0- version software was used for the statistical analysis. Concerning the obtained results, it was possible to verify that 99.3% of the sample workers received the hepatitis B vaccine, what is considered a meaningful result, since the health professional is part of the risk group and the NIP- National Immunization Program of the Health Ministry recommends the vaccination of every member from such group. We could verify that 63.2% of the workers perform their professional activities only in the City Health Care Secretary (CHCS) of Maringá. We could also observe that among the professionals with activities of risk for occupational transmission accomplished out of the CHCS of Maringá, 15.1% of these employees belong to the medical team, 13.8% are from the nursing one, 7.2% from the odontology group and only one professional (0.7%) is from the clinic analysis team. Concerning the received orientation to be vaccinated against hepatitis B, 93.4% of the employees said they had received it. Most of them (98.7%) said they knew the prevention measures against risk for occupational transmission and 92.8% of the workers identified contact risk with blood during the performance of their professional activities... ( Complete abstract, click eletronic address below)

Orientador: Gervásio Henrique Bechara / Coorientador: Gilson Pereira de Oliveira / Banca: Rosimeri de Oliveira Vasconcelos / Banca: Pablo Henrique Nunes / Resumo: A imunização dos hospedeiros contra carrapatos tem sido considerada como uma alternativa promissora. Vacinas contendo o antígeno Bm86 (Gavac®, TickGard®) foram desenvolvidas originalmente para controlar infestações de Rhipicephalus Boophilus microplus. Como recentes estudos filogenéticos mostraram que o gênero Rhipicephalus inclui todas as cinco espécies de Boophilus, o papel protetor do antígeno Bm86 em cães imunizados e desafiados com carrapatos Rhipicephalus sanguineus foi testado previamente neste laboratório. Dando continuidade, o presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever o componente celular inflamatório no local de fixação do carrapato em cães imunizados com o antígeno Bm86 e desafiados com carrapatos adultos R. sanguineus. Para tanto, cães SRD (n=8), foram distribuídos em dois grupos (não vacinado e vacinado) e receberam duas doses de 50 g do antígeno Bm86 (Hebercan®) ou placebo, com 21 dias de intervalo. Cada animal foi desafiado com 55 carrapatos adultos 15 dias após a última dose e biopsias da lesão de fixação dos carrapatos foram coletadas as 48, 96, 144 e 192 horas após sua fixação. Os fragmentos foram então processados histologicamente e as secções coradas com hematoxilina-eosina e Giemsa. Nos animais vacinados predominaram neutrófilos, eosinófilos e mastócitos na 48ª hora PF, enquanto que nos não vacinados houve predomínio de eosinófilos, neutrófilos e linfócitos. Com o decorrer da infestação, observou-se um infiltrado celular mais intenso a partir de 96h PF, atingindo as camadas mais profundas da derme, sendo composto principalmente por neutrófilos e linfócitos nos vacinados, e eosinófilos, linfócitos e neutrófilos nos não vacinados. Concluiu-se que o antígeno Bm86 administrado em cães interfere na resposta inflamatória induzida por R. sanguineus / Abstract: Immunization of hosts against ticks has long been considered as a promising alternative. Vaccines containing the Bm86 antigen (e.g. Gavac®, Heber-Biotec, Cuba) have been developed to control Rhipicephalus Boophilus microplus infestations. As recent molecular phylogeny studies showed that the Rhipicephalus genus includes all five Boophilus species, the protector role of Bm86 antigen in immunized dogs challenged with adult Rhipicephalus sanguineus was investigated first at this lab. This study aimed to evaluate the inflammatory cells at the attachment site of ticks in dogs immunized by the Bm86 antigen against infestations of adults of Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks. Mongrel dogs (n=8), were divided into two groups (non-vaccinated and vaccinated). It was given twice 50 g of Bm86 antigen (Gavac®, Heber-Biotec, Cuba) or placebo, at 21 days interval. Each animal was challenged with 55 adult ticks 15 days after the last dose. Biopsies of tick feeding lesions taken 48, 96, 144 e 192 hours post-attachment (PA) were processed through routine histology and sections 4μm thickness stained with H.E. and Giemsa for general features and cell counts, respectively. There was an inflamed dermis including an inflammatory cell infiltrate constituted overwhelmingly by neutrophils, eosinophils and mast cells in vaccinated dogs at first and eosinophils, neutrophils and lymphocytes in non-vaccinated hosts. After 96h PA, a dense and diffuse cell infiltrate reached into deep dermis, constituted overwhelmingly by neutrophils and lymphocytes in vaccinated dogs and eosinophils, lymphocytes and neutrophils in non-vaccinated dogs. It's been concluded that antigen Bm86 administered to dogs interferes on the Rhipicephalus sanguineus induced inflammatory cell influx / Mestre

Orientador: Angela Maria Moraes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universadade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T23:28:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sacchetin_PriscilaSoaresCosta_M.pdf: 5223039 bytes, checksum: 51dddf156f0471fcebe8aebb1852182e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A imunização oral destaca-se por sua praticidade, custo moderado e ao baixo estresse que provoca nos animais. Esta técnica possui como principal entrave a dificuldade de proteger o agente de imunização dos processos digestivos e da decomposição por enzimas às quais este é submetido durante a passagem pelo trato gastrointestinal. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo propiciar ao agente antigênico um sistema de proteção frente à ação de degradação no trato gastrointestinal. Para isso, propôs-se a incorporação de um antígeno-modelo (células inativadas de Flavobacterium columnare) em partículas de alginato e de quito sana recobertas com alginato preparadas por métodos passíveis de escalonamento baseados na formação de emulsões. Aspectos como a temperatura, o uso de diferentes impelidores, a alteração na concentração dos biopolímeros no diâmetro e na forma das micropartículas produzidas foram avaliadas. O comportamento in vitro destes sistemas microestruturados, sua estabilidade e o perfil de liberação do agente antigênico foram também analisados. Micropartículas com diâmetros médios inferiores a 50 µm foram obtidas. As micropartículas de alginato foram capazes de encapsular praticamente 100% das células inativadas, enquanto que as de quito sana incorporaram até 84% do agente antigênico. As partículas produzidas resistiram às condições gastrointestinais simuladas de tilápia do Nilo, liberando um máximo de 4% do antígeno em pH estomacal e de 9% em pH intestinal. As partículas produzidas poderiam, desta forma, ser eficientemente empregadas, hipoteticamente, no controle de columnariose em tilápias do Nilo / Abstract: Oral immunization is a practical and low cost fish vaccination method with the advantage of causing low stress to the animals. The main concern regarding oral vaccination is related to protecting the immunizing agent from exposure to the digestive processes and enzymatic decomposition when crossing the gastrointestinal tract. In this context, the goal of this work was to provide a protection system to the antigenic agent when facing degradation action in gastrointestinal conditions. Thus, the incorporation of a model antigen (inactivated Flavobacterium columnare cells) in alginate micropartic1es and also in chitosan micropartic1es coated with alginate was evaluated, using methods suited to up-scaling based on emulsion formation. Aspects such as temperature, the use of distinct impellers and the variation on the biopolymers concentration in the diameter and shape of the produced micropartic1es were analyzed. The microstructured system behavior in vitro, its stability and the antigenic agent release profile were also evaluated. Microparticles with less than 50 µm in average diameter were produced. The alginate microparticles were capable of encapsulating almost 100% of the inactivated cells, while the chitosan micropartic1es incorporated up to 84% of the antigenic agent. The produced partic1es were resistant to Nile tilapia simulated gastrointestinal conditions, releasing at most 4% of the cells in stomach pH and less than 9% in intestinal pH. The produced partic1es, in this way, could be successfully employed, hypothetically, to control Nile tilapia columnariosis / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Biotecnologicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Orientadores: Pedro Eduardo de Felicio, Expedito Tadeu Facco Silveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T20:01:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gomes_CarolinaLugnani_M.pdf: 12587746 bytes, checksum: decd1485e670c2f0e740de9d76122236 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Odor sexual é um cheiro que está presente na carne de suínos machos não castrados, considerado repugnante e inaceitável por muitos consumidores, que é causado pelos compostos androstenona e escatol. A técnica mais comum para evitar o odor sexual é a castração cirúrgica realizada em leitões de 3 a 5 dias de idade. A vacinação contra o fator de liberação de gonadotrofinas, mais conhecida como imunocastração, é uma alternativa à castração cirúrgica, para reduzir os compostos androstenona e escatol e, ainda, aproveitar os efeitos anabolizantes naturais produzidos pelos testículos dos machos não castrados. O objetivo da pesquisa foi comparar amostras de costela suína de machos castrados imunologicamente com as de castrados cirurgicamente, por meio da avaliação sensorial da intensidade de odor e sabor de androstenona e escatol, com provadores treinados, e de aceitação e preferência com consumidores, no município de Campinas, SP. Foram usadas amostras de costela desossada de um total de 50 animais, entre eles suínos castrados cirurgicamente (realizada em leitões de 3 a 5 dias de idade) e imunocastrados (aplicação de duas doses de vacina da marca Pfizer, Vivax®, na 8ª e 4ª semanas antes do abate), obtidos de três matadouros-frigoríficos, de raças Large White, Landrace, e cruzados Danbred e Agroceres. Nas análises com provadores treinados, para o atributo odor de escatol, não foi encontrada diferença entre os tratamentos (P>0,05), enquanto que para os atributos odor e sabor de androstenona e sabor de escatol, foram observadas diferenças (P?0,05), com médias de maior intensidade destes compostos nas amostras de imunocastrados. No Teste Afetivo laboratorial realizado com 46 provadores para a avaliação de aroma, sabor e aceitação global houve diferença significante (P?0,05) entre os tratamentos. Entretanto no Teste Afetivo de localização central realizado com 135 provadores não foram encontradas diferenças (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos para a média de aceitação. Concluiuse que, do ponto de vista sensorial, a imunocastração produz resultados equivalentes em testes de localização central, podendo diferir em termos de intensidade dos compostos de odor, no teste com provadores treinados, e de aceitação no teste laboratorial / Abstract: Sexual odor is an objectionable off flavor that can be present in the meat of non-castrated male pigs, which is considered repugnant and unacceptable by many consumers. It is caused by the compounds androstenone and skatole. The most common method to control the taint is the surgical castration of the piglets from 3 to 5 days old. Vaccination against GnRF - gonadotropin releasing factor, known as immunocastration, is an alternative to surgical castration to reduce the mentioned compounds and still take advantage of the natural anabolic effects produced in by the testes of non-castrated male. The objective of this study was to compare the samples of pork rib from males submitted to immune or surgical castration through the sensory evaluation of the intensity of odour and flavour of androstenone and skatole, with trained sensory panel, and sensory evaluation of acceptability and preference, with consumers in Campinas, SP. Samples of boneless ribs from a total of 50 animals, including pigs surgically castrated (performed in piglets from 3 to 5 days old) and immunocastrated (two shots of Pfizer¿s Vivax ® vaccine at 8th and 4th weeks before harvesting), obtained in three hogs slaughterhouses, from breeds Large White, Landrace, and Danbred and Agroceres crossbreds. In the sensory analysis with the trained panel there was no difference between treatments (P> 0.05) for the odor of skatole, while for the odor and flavor of androstenone, and for flavor of skatole there were differences (P< 0. 05), with higher means or greater intensity (P<0.05) of the two compounds in samples of the imunocastrated pigs. In affective laboratory tests with 46 consumers, there were differences (P<0.05) between treatments for aroma, flavor and overall acceptability between treatments. However, in the affective tests of central location with 135 consumers, no significant differences (P>0.05) were detected between treatment means for acceptability. From the sensory viewpoint it was concluded that the immunocastration and the surgical method produce results in central location tests that are equivalent, although they may differ in terms of odor intensity of the compounds in the trained taste panel, and also in the laboratory acceptance tests / Mestrado / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Introdução: As ações de imunização merecem destaque mundial pelo grande impacto do uso de vacinas na prevenção das doenças imunopreveníveis. A necessidade de um diagnóstico da prevalência de perdas vacinais constitui uma etapa fundamental para o gerenciamento de vacinas no município, permitindo organizar adequadamente o sistema, evitando assim desperdícios dos recursos públicos. Objetivo: Diagnosticar e caracterizar as perdas vacinais das Unidades Básicas de Saúde da Região Oeste do município de São Paulo. Método: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, quanti-qualitativo, no qual foi utilizado como abordagem metodológica o estudo de caso. A partir dos registros de movimentação de imunobiológicos e relatórios de doses aplicadas do ano de 2015, foi calculada a taxa total das perdas, prevalência das perdas técnicas, prevalência de perdas físicas e os motivos das perdas físicas, prevalência das perdas não categorizadas e a razão das doses aplicadas por doses utilizadas. Foram realizadas entrevistas com os funcionários das salas de vacina, das UBSs da Região Oeste do município de São Paulo. Resultados: A taxa total de perdas foi de 71,3 %, a prevalência de perda técnica 18,6% e a prevalência de perda física 28,4 %. Dentre os motivos das perdas físicas, obteve-se destaque para a falta de energia elétrica, representando 18,4 % das mesmas; as perdas não categorizadas totalizaram 24,2 %. Quanto à razão de doses aplicadas, por doses utilizadas, a vacina que apresentou o maior percentual de perdas foi a vacina BCG, visto que para cada dose aplicada foram perdidas 4,86 doses. Nas entrevistas realizadas com os profissionais que trabalham nas salas de vacina, observou-se que 60% deles acreditavam que a maior causa de perda vacinal em sua unidade se devia à perda técnica. Já 36,67 % referiram que a maior causa de perda se deveu às perdas físicas, causada por falta de energia elétrica. Os profissionais apontaram sugestões para minimizar as perdas vacinais; 50 % dos entrevistados relataram que a presença de vacinas unidoses amenizaria as perdas, 46,67 % dos profissionais sugeriram a existência de gerador elétrico e 16,67 % sugeriram o agendamento de vacinas com maior percentual de perda técnica. Conclusão: Os resultados demonstraram que a taxa total de perdas vacinais na Região Oeste do município de São Paulo foi de 71,3 % e na avaliação da prevalência de perdas, obteve-se uma maior prevalência de perdas físicas. Já na opinião dos profissionais entrevistados, a maior causa de perdas deveu-se às perdas técnicas. O presente trabalho propiciou a realização de uma cartilha educativa, que propõe ações que visem diminuir as perdas vacinais nas UBSs da Região Oeste do município de São Paulo. Essa cartilha será apresentada aos órgãos da Secretaria Municipal da Saúde de São Paulo, a saber: Coordenadoria de Saúde da Região Oeste (SUVIS Oeste) e Gerência de Imunização (COVISA). / Introduction: Immunization actions deserve worldwide focus due to the great impact of the use of vaccines in the foresight of immune preventable diseases. The need of prevalence of vaccine losses diagnosis constitutes a fundamental step for the vaccines management in the city, allowing the system adequate organization, therefore avoiding public resources waste. Objective: To diagnose and feature the vaccine losses at the basic health units of Sao Paulo\'s Western Area. Method: This is a descriptive, retrospective, quantitative-qualitative study, where the case study was used as a methodological approach. The total loss rate, the technical losses prevalence, the physical losses prevalence and the physical losses reasons proportion, the unclassified losses prevalence and the dose ratio applied by the doses used were calculated from the immune-biological records movement and dose reports for the year 2015. Interviews were carried out with the employees of the basic health units\' vaccine rooms of Sao Paulo\'s Western Area. Results: The total losses prevalence was of 71.3%, the technical loss prevalence was of 18.6%, the physical loss prevalence was of 28.4%. Of the reasons for physical loss, the lack of electricity represents 18.4%. Non-categorized losses totaled 24.2%. Regarding the dose ratio applied by doses used, the vaccine that presented the highest percentage was the BCG vaccine, for each applied dose there is a loss of 4.86 doses; regarding Yellow Fever vaccine, for each applied dose, 1.63 doses are lost; as for the Triple Viral vaccine, for each applied dose, 1.31 doses are lost. From the interviews with vaccine rooms employees, it was observed that 60% of them believe that vaccine loss greatest reason in their unit is due to technical loss, and 36.67% reported that the greatest cause of loss, it is due to physical loss caused by lack of electricity. The employees gave suggestions to minimize vaccine losses; 50% of the interviewees reported that the presence of unit dose vaccines would reduce losses, 46.67% of the employees suggested the need of an electric generator, and 16.67% suggested scheduling vaccines which have a higher percentage of technical loss. Conclusion: The results showed that the vaccine losses total rate in São Paulo\'s Western Area was of 71.3%, and that in the losses prevalence evaluation, a higher prevalence of physical losses was obtained, as for the opinion of employees interviewed, the greatest cause of loss is due to technical losses. Vaccine losses monitoring is important in order to find new alternatives for the production and distribution of immune-biological agents in order to reduce losses without missing the opportunity to vaccinate. The present work led to the realization of an educational booklet, which will propose actions aimed at reducing vaccine losse at the Health Basic Units of Sao Paulo\'s West Region. This booklet will be presented to Sao Paulo\'s City Health Department agencies, namely: Western Region Health Coordination (SUVIS Oeste) and Immunization Management (COVISA).

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No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DissertaçãoParcial (Int.,Rev.,Just.) - Aline Souza - PPGBIOTEC.pdf: 996817 bytes, checksum: ab2d84012767909adcae12c010d3c2ea (MD5) Reprodução Não Autorizada.pdf: 47716 bytes, checksum: 0353d988c60b584cfc9978721c498a11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-15 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / Shigellosis is a diarrheal disease that mainly affects children under 5, caused by a Gram-negative and enteroinvasive bacterium called Shigella. Mice are among the most commonly used animal models for assessing the immune response of this pathogen, due to their similarity to intestinal responses when they are subjected to infection. As no shigellosis vaccine is available yet, synthetic peptide vaccines are proposed as an alternative, which are produced from amino acid sequences of bacterial proteins and are synthesized in the laboratory. Thus, this study aimed to immunize mice from the BALB/c line through the intraperitoneal route with synthetic peptides that were designed from immunodominant epitopes of the outer membrane surface proteins of Shigella spp., called OmpC, OmpA and FimH, and then subjected them to challenge infection with a lethal dose of a virulent bacterial strain - S. flexneri 5a M90T, to estimate the protective capacity of the peptides, thus simulating the idea of a vaccine. The production of anti-peptide antibodies was analyzed by means of the Indirect ELISA immunoenzymatic assay, and the evaluation of the recognition of these antibodies in the native proteins present in the Shigella species was performed by Flow Cytometry. After challenge infection, the mice were observed for weight and survival, and the post-challenge cytokine secretion pattern was assessed by CBA (Cytometric Bead Array). The results demonstrated that all groups of peptides tested showed to be immunogenic in the first step of immunization with them in mice, as well as recognition of the antibodies in S. flexneri, S. boydii and S. dysenteriae proteins before and after challenge with M90T. All mice belonging to the selected peptide groups survived after the challenging infection, but the mice in the Peptide 1 and Pool- groups did not recover the initial weight. The peptide 2 group stood out among the others in the evaluation of the post-challenge cytokines by the equilibrium observed among them, thus suggesting a regulation of the immune system of the mice. Thus, among all the peptides tested in this study, P2 is indicated as the most effective in the intraperitoneal route, because it has been shown to be both immunogenic and an effective protector in Shigella infection, which favors it being a good vaccine candidate for shigellosis. / Shigelose é uma doença diarreica que afeta principalmente crianças menores de 5 anos, causada por uma bactéria Gram-negativa e enteroinvasiva denominada Shigella. Os camundongos estão entre os modelos de animais utilizados mais comuns para avaliação da resposta imune desse patógeno, devido sua similaridade com as respostas intestinais quando são submetidos à infecção. Como não está disponível ainda nenhuma vacina contra shigelose, propõe-se como alternativa as vacinas de peptídeos sintéticos, que são produzidas a partir de sequências de aminoácidos de proteínas da bactéria e são sintetizadas em laboratório. Assim, este estudo objetivou imunizar camundongos da linhagem BALB/c pela via intraperitoneal com peptídeos sintéticos que foram desenhados a partir de epítopos imunodominantes das proteínas de superfície da membrana externa de Shigella spp., denominadas OmpC, OmpA e FimH, e posteriormente submetê-los a infecção desafio com uma dose letal de uma cepa virulenta da bactéria – a S. flexneri 5a M90T, para estimar a capacidade de proteção dos peptídeos, simulando assim a idéia de uma vacina. A produção de anticorpos anti-peptídeos foi analisada por meio do teste imunoenzimático ELISA Indireto, e a avaliação do reconhecimento desses anticorpos nas proteínas nativas presentes nas espécies de Shigella foi realizada por Citometria de Fluxo. Após a infecção desafio, os camundongos foram observados em relação ao peso e sobrevivência, e o padrão de secreção de citocinas pós-desafio foi avaliado por CBA (Cytometric Bead Array). Os resultados demonstraram que todos os grupos de peptídeos testados demonstraram ser imunogênicos na primeira etapa de imunização com eles nos camundongos, assim como houve reconhecimento dos anticorpos nas proteínas de S. flexneri, S. boydii e S. dysenteriae antes e após o desafio com a M90T. Todos os camundongos pertencentes aos grupos de peptídeos selecionados sobreviveram após a infecção desafio, porém os camundongos dos grupos do peptídeo 1 e do Pool- não conseguiram a recuperação do peso inicial. O grupo do peptídeo 2 se destacou entre os demais na avaliação das citocinas pós-desafio pelo equilíbrio observado entre elas, sugerindo assim uma regulação do sistema imune dos camundongos. Assim, entre todos os peptídeos testados neste trabalho, indica-se o P2 como o mais efetivo na via intraperitoneal, por ter demonstrado ser tanto imunogênico como um protetor eficaz na infecção por Shigella, o que favorece que ele seja um bom candidato vacinal para shigelose.

A neurocisticercose é a forma mais severa relacionada ao complexo teníase-cisticercose, causada pela Taenia solium. Diversas medidas de controle já foram propostas, ressaltando a profilaxia via hospedeiro intermediário com o desenvolvimento de vacinas contra a cisticercose suína, que podem ser previamente avaliadas em um modelo experimental intraperitoneal com cisticercos de Taenia crassiceps, em camundongos Balb/c, constituindo a cisticercose murina. No presente trabalho foram avaliados: a resposta imune humoral pela pesquisa de anticorpos IgG anti-T. crassiceps por teste ELISA e Imunoblot, relação IgG1/IgG2a e, análise dos índices de avidez; a resposta imune celular, de acordo com os resultados de proliferação celular, dosagem de citocinas e teste de hipersensibilidade tardia (HTT) e; o índice de proteção (IP) induzido por antígeno bruto (LV-total) e purificado (18/14) de T. crassiceps, com ou sem o auxílio de adjuvantes, sob protocolos de imunização ativa por via subcutânea e oral. Paralelamente à análise de imunização ativa, houve avaliação do protocolo de imunização passiva com anticorpos monoclonais (AcMo) anti-T. crassiceps. Foram analisados 19 grupos experimentais divididos em três protocolos de imunização ativa por via subcutânea. No protocolo I foram avaliados três grupos experimentais imunizados com 10&#181;g de 18/14, uma dose, e auxílio dos adjuvantes PSS/DDA, Al(OH)3 ou sem o auxílio destes. Os grupos apresentaram IP entre 24,9% e 51,8%. No protocolo II foram analisados nove grupos imunizados com 5, 10 ou 20&#181;g de 18/14 e diferentes esquemas de adjuvantes: DODAB (IP entre 90,3% e 100,0%), PSS/DDA (IP entre 63,6% e 70,1%) ou Al(OH)3 (IP entre 60,7% e 100,0%). Comparando as concentrações antigênicas, os grupos apresentaram maiores IP quando imunizados com 5 ou 10&#181;g de 18/14. No protocolo III foram analisados sete grupos imunizados com 20, 40 e/ou 60&#181;g de 18/14, com duas ou três doses, em diferentes esquemas de adjuvantes: PSS/DDA e Al(OH)3 ou sem adjuvantes, com IP entre 63,5% e 100,0%. A avaliação da resposta imune humoral dos grupos imunizados por via subcutânea demonstraram a presença de anticorpos IgG por teste ELISA em todos os grupos imunizados, sem correlação dos índices de reatividade (IR) com os IP. Por imunoblot, foram reconhecidas, pelo menos, as proteínas de 14 e 18 kDa após 15 (T15), 30 (T30) e/ou 60 (T60) dias contados a partir da 1ª dose de imunização. Os grupos imunizados por via subcutânea que apresentaram IP> 90,0% tiveram relação IgG1/IgG2a >1,0 no T30 e <1,0 no T60. Quanto à avaliação da resposta imune celular, 10 dos 12 grupos avaliados por ensaios de proliferação de células obtidas de linfonodos induzidas por 18/14 apresentaram índices de estimulação (IE) positivos, enquanto que o antígeno L-Vtotal demonstrou-se imunossupressor nestes experimentos. A análise de dois grupos imunizados de forma ativa, por via subcutânea, com IP=100%, mostrou o predomínio de citocinas com polarização Th1 (IFN-&#947;) no T60 e Th2 (IL-4) no T120. Não houve correlação dos IP com os resultados obtidos com HTT, porém, os resultados foram variáveis de acordo com o perfil antigênico e o adjuvante utilizado pela via subcutânea. Sequencialmente foram analisados seis grupos imunizados de forma ativa, por via oral, com 10, 20 ou 30&#181;g de LV-total, uma ou duas doses, com o auxílio de Al(OH)3 que apresentaram IP entre 48,3% e 100,0%, sem diferença significativa entre os grupos, exceto com o grupo imunizado com duas doses de 30&#181;g, o qual apresentou 100,0% de IP. No T15 e T30 os IR obtidos em teste ELISA para pesquisa de anticorpos IgG anti-T. crassiceps foram entre 0,9 e 2,4, enquanto que no T60 entre 2,6 e 5,1. Por Imunoblot, foram reconhecidas as proteínas de 14, 18, 30 e >40kDa no T60. A relação IgG1/IgG2a foi <1,0 no T30 e no T60, enquanto que HTT foi apresentado <40,0% no T30 e T60. Adicionalmente aos ensaios de imunização ativa, seis grupos de camundongos Balb/c imunizados de forma passiva com anticorpos monoclonais anti-T. crassiceps apresentaram IP até 93,0%. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, antígenos bruto e purificado de T. crassiceps foram considerados promissores para imunização murina, principalmente o 18/14 quando utilizado com DODAB ou hidróxido de alumínio pela via subcutânea. Os mecanismos protetores não foram totalmente elucidados, porém, demonstram polarização para resposta Th1 e proteção parcial dependente de IgG, demonstrada pelos ensaios de imunização passiva. / Neurocysticercosis is the most severe form of infection related to the complex taeniasis-cysticercosis, caused by Taenia solium. Several control measures have been proposed, emphasizing the prophylaxis via intermediate host through the development of vaccines against porcine cysticercosis, which may be previously evaluated in an intraperitoneal experimental model using cysticercus of Taenia crassiceps, in Balb/c mice, constituting the murine cysticercosis. In this study were evaluated: the humoral immune response by search of anti-T. crassiceps IgG antibody by ELISA and Immunoblot assays, IgG1/IgG2a ratio and, analysis of avidity indices; the cellular immune response by proliferation assay, cytokine maeasurements and delayed hypersensitivity assay (DHA) and; protection index (PI) induced by crude antigen (total-VF) and purified (18/14) of T. crassiceps, with or without adjuvants, through active immunization protocols by subcutaneous and oral administration. In parallel to the active immunization was performed the evaluation of passive immunization protocol with anti-T. crassiceps monoclonal antibodies (AcMo). Were analyzed 19 experimental groups, divided into three active immunization protocols by subcutaneous via. In I Protocol were evaluated three experimental groups which were immunized with 10&#181;g of 18/14 antigen, one dose, with or without PSS/DDA, Al(OH)3 adjuvants. These groups showed PI between 24,9% and 51,8%. In II Protocol were evaluated nine experimental groups which were immunized with 5, 10 or 20&#181;g of 18/14 antigen, using different schemes of adjuvants: DODAB (PI between 90,3% and 100,0%), PSS/DDA (PI between 63,6% and 70,1%) or Al(OH)3 (PI between 60,7% and 100,0%). Comparing the concentrations antigenic, groups had higher IP when immunized with 5 or 10&#181;g of 18/14 antigen. In III Protocol were evaluated seven groups immunized with 20, 40 and/or 60&#181;g of 18/14 antigen, with two or three doses, using also different schemes of adjuvants: PSS/DDA and Al(OH)3 adjuvants or without them, showing PI between 63,5% and 100,0%. The evaluation of humoral immune response of all subcutaneous immunizated groups demonstrated the presence of IgG antibodies by ELISA in all immunized groups, without correlation between reactivity indices (RI) and PI. By immunoblot, were recognized at least the 14 and 18 kDa proteins after 15 (T15), 30 (T30) and/or 60 (T60) days from the first dose immunization. The groups immunized subcutaneously that showed PI > 90,0% had IgG1/IgG2a ratio >1,0 in T30 and <1,0 at T60. About the cellular immune response evaluation, 10 among 12 groups evaluated by proliferation assays using lymphonodes stimulated with 18/14 antigen showed indices of stimulation (IS) positive, while the VF-total antigen was shown immunosuppressive in these experiments. The analysis of two groups actively immunized subcutaneously with PI equal to 100%, showed predominance of cytokines tending to Th1 (IFN-&#947;) in T60 time and Th2 (IL-4) in T120 time. There was no correlation between PI indices and the results obtained from the DHA, however, the results varied according to the antigenic profile and the adjuvant subcutaneously used. Sequentially were analyzed six groups actively immunized by oral via, with 10, 20 or 30&#181;g of LV-total, one or two doses, supported by Al(OH)3 adjuvant which showed PI between 48,3% and 100,0%, with no significant difference between the groups, except the group immunized with two doses of 30&#181;g, which had PI of 100,0%. In T15 and T30 times the reactivity indices obtained by ELISA test for the detection of IgG anti-T. crassiceps antibodies were between 0,9 and 2,4, while in T60 time they were between 2,6 and 5,1. By Immunoblot, were recognized the 14, 18, 30 and > 40kDa proteins in T60 time. The IgG1/IgG2a ratio was <1,0 in T30 and T60 time, while DHA was presented <40,0% in T30 and T60. In addition to the active immunization assays, groups of six Balb/c mice were passively immunized with anti-T. crassiceps monoclonal antibodies and they showed PI up to 93,0%. According to the obtained results, crude and purified antigens of T. crassiceps were considered promising for murine immunization, especially when 18/14 antigen was used together with DODAB or aluminum hydroxide subcutaneously. The protective mechanisms have not been fully elucidated, however, showed trend towards Th1 response and dependent partial protection of IgG, as demonstrated by passive immunization assays.

Magister Public Health - MPH / This study sought to explore and describe factors that influence parents’ decisions on childhood immunizations at Kumasi Metropolis in Ghana. Based on the Health Belief Model used as the theoretical framework guiding this study, immunization decision making is influenced by one’s knowledge on immunizations, perception on immunizations and sociodemographic factors. With an exploratory descriptive quantitative cross-sectional survey, a sample of 303 parents was obtained from five district hospitals in Kumasi metropolis. This was done through convenience sampling of participants at immunization sessions. Structured questionnaires were developed in line with the study’s objectives, literature review and theoretical framework. Data obtained from the survey were analysed with the computer-based facility of SPSS version 21 software. This enhanced the application of descriptive and inferential measures to present the results in graphs and tables. Findings from the study showed that most parents were aware of immunization but had limited knowledge on vaccines and immunization schedule. It also revealed that antenatal nurses constituted the most accessible source of information. Furthermore, the study established a high percentage of complete immunization, influenced by parents’ fear of their children contracting vaccine preventable diseases. However, the few parents who could not complete the immunization schedule for their children referred to challenges such as forgetfulness and lack of personnel or vaccine at the centre. Whereas the socio-demographic variables considered did not influence their decision on immunization, it was established that the percentage of complete immunization increased with increasing schooling level of parents. It was higher among Christians than Muslims. The study concluded that knowledge on immunization could not influence immunization decisions. However, the main factors that influence parents’ decision on childhood immunizations in Kumasi metropolis were parents’ fear of vaccine preventable diseases, awareness on the benefits of immunizations and sources of vaccine information

Theileria species (sable) causes significant mortalities in roan (Hippotragus equinus), and to a lesser extent, sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) yearly. Treatment of the condition and an ‘infect and treat’ vaccination method using a tick-derived stabilate both rely on the availability of buparvaquone, a naphthoquinone with anti-theilerial activity. As buparvaquone is a controlled drug which is not commercially available in South Africa, a viable commercial alternative prevention or treatment method is necessary to control this disease. This study explores the effectiveness of an alternative vaccination method using Theileria sp. (sable) infected in vitro cultured leukoblasts. A Theileria sp. (sable) containing cell line was initiated from lymph node biopsy material of an infected roan antelope and the parasite was successfully propagated in vitro. Attenuation is believed to have been achieved by 16 cycles of passage. Real time PCR suggests that the parasite was successfully transmitted via subcutaneous inoculation with this cell line to two naïve roan antelope. These two inoculated animals remained clinically unaffected by challenge with a tick stabilate used in the ‘infect and treat’ vaccination method. In contrast, the two unvaccinated control animals became clinically ill and required buparvaquone treatment after challenge. This pilot study provides enough evidence to encourage further investigation in the use of Theileria sp. (sable) infected cells as a potential vaccine. A field study involving more animals which are challenged by natural infection after inoculation is the proposed next step. / Dissertation (MMedVet)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Paraclinical Sciences / unrestricted

This thesis examined the evidence, policy decision-making, and implementation of HPV vaccination in Canada as a case study to explore normalization versus individualized decision making in public health programs. Mixed methods were used: a systematic review, content analyses and policy document analysis. Overall, the scientific evidence supported an effect of vaccination against HPV infection and precancerous cervical lesions, but evidence regarding cervical cancer incidence or mortality is lacking. Scientific and medical communities appeared optimistic about the vaccine, but cautious about its readiness for routine implementation. Policy decision-making was initially cautious, but shifted towards active program implementation, possibly related to the availability of federal funding. The educational materials and media coverage both sent clearly normalizing messages about HPV vaccination. The discussion suggests that HPV vaccination might be more suited to an individualized than population approach, but many factors coincided to promote its implementation, in Canada, within a traditional public health model.