O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de desenvolver uma teoria dos direitos sociais, com base na Filosofia e na Economia. São analisadas as teses de autores como Cass Sunstein, Robert Nozick, John Stuart Mill, Michael Sandel, Michael Walzer, John Rawls, Bruce Ackerman e Jürgen Habermas, construindo-se um modelo pautado pela ação comunicativa e pela participação democrática, onde o mínimo existencial ocupa lugar de destaque. São estruturadas pautas interpretativas que podem auxiliar o intérprete no seu mister, indo-se de encontro às teses expansivas que focam na exaustão orçamentária. Deve-se entender que as prestações sociais encartam-se nas complexas relações receita-despesa, o que, no Estado contemporâneo, significa que um conjunto de pessoas contribuirá, involuntariamente, para que o Poder Público aja no sentido de melhorar a situação de outras, independentemente dos motivos que levaram àquele quadro de desigualdade. O ponto é complexo, não podendo ser construído sem considerações de justiça e, particularmente, sem que todos os argumentos sejam acessíveis ao cidadão, base da construção do próprio processo democrático, que move a sociedade. / The present work aims to develop a theory of social rights, based in philosophy and economics. It analyzes the theories of authors like Cass Sunstein, Robert Nozick, John Stuart Mill, Michael Sandel, Michael Walzer, John Rawls, Bruce Ackerman and Jürgen Habermas, building a model based in communicative action and democratic participation, where the social minimum occupies a prominent place. The work structures interpretive guidelines that can assist the interpreter in his job, always against the expansive theories, which focus on the budget exhaustion. It must be understood that social benefits are part of the complex relationships revenue-expenditure, which, in the contemporary state, means that a number of people contribute, unwittingly, that the Government act to improve the situation of others, regardless of the reasons that frame of inequality. The point is complex and can not be built without considerations of justice and, particularly, without all the arguments are accessible to the citizen, the basic construction of the democratic process itself, which moves society

O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de desenvolver uma teoria dos direitos sociais, com base na Filosofia e na Economia. São analisadas as teses de autores como Cass Sunstein, Robert Nozick, John Stuart Mill, Michael Sandel, Michael Walzer, John Rawls, Bruce Ackerman e Jürgen Habermas, construindo-se um modelo pautado pela ação comunicativa e pela participação democrática, onde o mínimo existencial ocupa lugar de destaque. São estruturadas pautas interpretativas que podem auxiliar o intérprete no seu mister, indo-se de encontro às teses expansivas que focam na exaustão orçamentária. Deve-se entender que as prestações sociais encartam-se nas complexas relações receita-despesa, o que, no Estado contemporâneo, significa que um conjunto de pessoas contribuirá, involuntariamente, para que o Poder Público aja no sentido de melhorar a situação de outras, independentemente dos motivos que levaram àquele quadro de desigualdade. O ponto é complexo, não podendo ser construído sem considerações de justiça e, particularmente, sem que todos os argumentos sejam acessíveis ao cidadão, base da construção do próprio processo democrático, que move a sociedade. / The present work aims to develop a theory of social rights, based in philosophy and economics. It analyzes the theories of authors like Cass Sunstein, Robert Nozick, John Stuart Mill, Michael Sandel, Michael Walzer, John Rawls, Bruce Ackerman and Jürgen Habermas, building a model based in communicative action and democratic participation, where the social minimum occupies a prominent place. The work structures interpretive guidelines that can assist the interpreter in his job, always against the expansive theories, which focus on the budget exhaustion. It must be understood that social benefits are part of the complex relationships revenue-expenditure, which, in the contemporary state, means that a number of people contribute, unwittingly, that the Government act to improve the situation of others, regardless of the reasons that frame of inequality. The point is complex and can not be built without considerations of justice and, particularly, without all the arguments are accessible to the citizen, the basic construction of the democratic process itself, which moves society

This study aims at investigating the managerial imperatives of teen motherhood in public secondary schools in the Mamaila circuit, Limpopo province. The focus is on the managerial imperatives of teen mothers that principal must fulfil; the experiences of principals that have teen mothers in their school; the ability of the principals to fulfil these managerial imperatives; and the kinds of support principals give teen mothers. The study was informed by the legal framework entrenched in Chapter 2 (Bill of Rights) of the Constitution of South Africa, especially such concepts as equality, human dignity, security, the interest of the child, the right to basic education and the safety of learners. In South Africa it is illegal to expel pregnant girls in terms of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (hereafter Constitution) (RSA, 1996a). Schoolgirls who become pregnant are allowed to return to school after giving birth (Kaufman, De Wet and Stadler, 2001:147). The learner pregnancy policy (DoBE, 2007) puts obligations to principals to deal with each case confidentially (i.e. to respect the human dignity of the learner); to support the learner by encouraging her to continue with education prior to and after the delivery of the baby; to put in place appropriate mechanisms to deal with unfair discrimination, hate speech or harassment that may arise. The findings have revealed that most of the principals are not aware of the departmental policy on learner pregnancy, but they acknowledge that it is unconstitutional to expel a pregnant learner. Principals find it difficult to liaise with learners who are on maternity leave in terms of giving them school tasks as advocated by the learner pregnant policy (DoBE, 2007). Learners who are entitled to receive a child-support grant disrupt school on the social grant payday by queuing for permission to go to local pay points. Principals also experience late-coming and absenteeism from teen mothers due to a lack of reliable people to care for their babies during the school day. The performance of teen mothers deteriorates due to the household chores of taking care of the baby and having no time to attend extralessons or afternoon study sessions at school. The study has also revealed that principals engage the local clinics officials to present pregnancy awareness with the learners as a way of educating them. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Education Management and Policy Studies / unrestricted

Traditionally, much criminological research has focused on male complexities of confinement, sidelining the experiences of federally and especially provincially incarcerated women in Canada. This thesis seeks to capture some of the experiences and challenges faced by incarcerated women as they attempt to negotiate agency and maintain choice and control over their health and bodies while inside correctional institutions. In order to do so, this study draws from Foucaultian-inspired concepts of discipline, governance, regulation, power, and resistance as a means to theoretically analyze the daily, often strategic, actions of women prisoners. This research is qualitative, and emerges from the data secured through in depth interviews with twelve previously incarcerated women, who were asked to speak of their experiences inside Canadian prisons with respect to issues of choice and control over hygiene, diet, exercise, and access to over-the-counter medication. The data were coded and organized into three substantial themes: opportunity for choice or learned dependence, the ‘layering’ of punishment, and creating space for agency. The analysis revealed that incarcerated women attempt to manage and maintain control over their health but meet ongoing punitive carceral responses when making decisions about their bodies that conflict with institutional mandates, discourses, or goals. Without the opportunity to perform culturally accepted norms of health and femininity, women in prison fail to achieve a positive or ‘good’ womanly status, which comes to impact their self-worth, self-esteem, and identity. These findings create direct implications for Corrections, as they inevitably produce docile and institutionally dependent women rather than responsible and productive citizens, the stated rehabilitational goal of correctional services.

[pt] Transformação Digital deveria estar na pauta de praticamente todas as discussões estratégicas das empresas hoje em dia. Não se trata apenas de tecnologia da informação, mas também de um tema multidisciplinar que, sob a ótica da estratégia empresarial, face às profundas mudanças nas relações com clientes, fornecedores e concorrentes, muitas vezes resulta em ações inovadoras e, em muitos casos, até mesmo na reinvenção do próprio negócio da empresa. Nesse contexto, essa pesquisa qualitativa visou identificar o estágio de maturidade de transformação digital de uma empresa nacional de tecnologia, de acordo com uma série de fatores e direcionadores propostos por modelos teóricos da literatura pesquisada, tais como: a intensidade do uso de tecnologias digitais, o grau de digitalização dos concorrentes, o comportamento digital do cliente, as estratégias dos gestores, a estrutura organizacional, a cultura organizacional, o grau de investimento em novas tecnologias, entre outros. Foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade com roteiro semiestruturado, que nortearam o estudo de caso, com 12 colaboradores que ocupavam cargos distintos em diferentes posições hierárquicas na companhia. O material das entrevistas foi submetido à análise de conteúdo e discutido com a literatura pesquisada. Concluiu-se que os modelos teóricos considerados e a pesquisa de campo realizada mostraram-se adequados à realidade da empresa, ajudando a diagnosticar sua situação atual e sugerindo caminhos de continuidade na sua jornada de transformação digital. / [en] Digital Transformation should be on the agenda of virtually every strategic discussion in companies today. It is not just about information technology, but also about a multidisciplinary issue that, from the perspective of business strategy, in the face of profound changes in relationships with customers, suppliers and competitors, often results in innovative actions and, in many cases, even in the reinvention of the company s own business. In this context, this qualitative research aimed to identify the stage of digital transformation maturity of a middle-sized brazillian national company, according to a series of factors and drivers proposed by theoretical models of the researched literature, such as: the intensity of the use of digital technologies , the degree of digitalization of competitors, the customer s digital behavior, the manager s strategies, the organizational structure, the organizational culture, the degree of investment in new technologies, among others. In-depth interviews were carried out with a semi-structured script, which guided the case study, with 12 employees who occupied different positions in different hierarchical levels in the company. The material from the interviews was submitted to content analysis and discussed with the researched literature. It was concluded that the theoretical models considered and the field research carried out proved to be adequate to the company s reality, helping to diagnose its current situation and suggesting paths for continuity in its digital transformation journey.

The political history of South Africa, especially that of the apartheid years, has affected the structuring and functioning of business in the country profoundly. In general, White business is highly developed and formal, with access to financial and infrastructural support. Black business is often subsistence-based, informal and struggles for access to support mechanisms. These structural inequities have had a depressing impact on the economy that will continue if they are not resolved. Following the 1994 elections, policies and legislation have been introduced aimed at redressing structural imbalances. There is thus both a political and an economic imperative to bridge the gaps that have arisen between Black and White business. The study proposes Black/White joint ventures as a mechanism to this end. The history of Black/White relationships means that these enterprises are likely to face many problems. A model has been developed through the study for the formulation, structuring and operation of Black/White joint ventures that takes into account the factors that are likely to impact on these ventures and affect their success potential. The process of applying the model in practice is directed towards results that are not prejudiced by the background of the parties to the venture. The study expands the concept of joint ventures within the South African context to incorporate initiatives along a continuum ranging from extensions to employment to full joint ventures. Depending on its nature and objectives, a venture may be placed and remain at any stage along the continuum, or may progress along it. Case studies of Black/White joint ventures were investigated in depth and analysed in terms of the application of the model, in order to determine the relevance of the model. In all cases, the success or failure of the venture under scrutiny could be ascribed to the way in which the presence of various elements identified as being components of the model had been accommodated in practice within the venture. The use of the model when applied to formulating, structuring and operating a Black/White joint venture can contribute to its success potential. / Business Management / DBL

The dialectics of globalization and multiculturalism is encountered everywhere and is an inescapable world reality. It has also become a major factor affecting teacher education. As a meeting ground and intercept for educational programs, teacher education provides an interface for both global imperatives and local identities. Ethiopia has pronounced achievements in most education programs at all levels, although official documents indicate variance in the quality of attainment across the levels (ESDP IV, 2011). Local studies (Ambisa, 2008; Amaliraj, 2008) also found that teacher education suffers from a lack of relevance and poor quality. Moreover, the demand for qualified teachers who are competent to shape the young generation through balancing the glocal context is increasing. This study investigated how local identities and global imperatives are integrated in contemporary Ethiopian teacher education at all levels. Critical theory was employed as the paradigm for the study. This epistemological view underpinned a discussion of the effect of globalization and multiculturalism on the world’s functioning. The research approach in the empirical study was qualitative and an interpretive case study method was employed. The units of analysis were literatures, such as The Lexus vs. the Olive Tree; McWorld vs. Jihad; The Clash of Civilization: The West vs. the Rest; and Demonstrating Common World Culture of Education (CWCE) or Locating A Globally Structured Agenda for Education (GSAE); and the contemporary Ethiopian teacher education programs (the PGDT and TESO programs). Data collection tools were basic dialectical questions under Eemeren’s (1986) established ‘system of norms’, observation, interviews and focus group discussions. Confidentiality, anonymity, informed consent, resolution of conflict of interest and intellectual ownership were considered in the study. The dialectical analysis investigated the four quadrant glocal relationships model and described the role players in each quadrant where nations may locate themselves. Moreover, the comparative analysis indicated that globalization has not yet become an issue in contemporary Ethiopian teacher education, while multicultural practices are fragmented and are addressed only in response to ethnic demands for accommodation. To this end, Ethiopian teacher education should redefine its programs in order to adjust to global understanding in an endeavor to produce competent teachers for the global market. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / D. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)

The dialectics of globalization and multiculturalism is encountered everywhere and is an inescapable world reality. It has also become a major factor affecting teacher education. As a meeting ground and intercept for educational programs, teacher education provides an interface for both global imperatives and local identities. Ethiopia has pronounced achievements in most education programs at all levels, although official documents indicate variance in the quality of attainment across the levels (ESDP IV, 2011). Local studies (Ambisa, 2008; Amaliraj, 2008) also found that teacher education suffers from a lack of relevance and poor quality. Moreover, the demand for qualified teachers who are competent to shape the young generation through balancing the glocal context is increasing. This study investigated how local identities and global imperatives are integrated in contemporary Ethiopian teacher education at all levels. Critical theory was employed as the paradigm for the study. This epistemological view underpinned a discussion of the effect of globalization and multiculturalism on the world’s functioning. The research approach in the empirical study was qualitative and an interpretive case study method was employed. The units of analysis were literatures, such as The Lexus vs. the Olive Tree; McWorld vs. Jihad; The Clash of Civilization: The West vs. the Rest; and Demonstrating Common World Culture of Education (CWCE) or Locating A Globally Structured Agenda for Education (GSAE); and the contemporary Ethiopian teacher education programs (the PGDT and TESO programs). Data collection tools were basic dialectical questions under Eemeren’s (1986) established ‘system of norms’, observation, interviews and focus group discussions. Confidentiality, anonymity, informed consent, resolution of conflict of interest and intellectual ownership were considered in the study. The dialectical analysis investigated the four quadrant glocal relationships model and described the role players in each quadrant where nations may locate themselves. Moreover, the comparative analysis indicated that globalization has not yet become an issue in contemporary Ethiopian teacher education, while multicultural practices are fragmented and are addressed only in response to ethnic demands for accommodation. To this end, Ethiopian teacher education should redefine its programs in order to adjust to global understanding in an endeavor to produce competent teachers for the global market. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / D. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)

韓(1999)提出祈使句是指句中主要動詞是祈使情態(imperative mood)的句子，與其他句型相較下，在其他語言中祈使句具有特別的動詞構詞或句法表現；然而，中文祈使句並無任何構詞或句法機制以表現祈使情態，因此，中文祈使句的句法表現和直述句相似。本論文動機為觀察到中文祈使句與其他語言祈使句的相異處，進而研究中文如何區別中文祈使句與其他句型的差異。同時，前人對於中文祈使句的研究多從描述性觀點出發，缺理論辯證，以致分析上產生缺失；因此，本文試從衍生句法的觀點分析中文祈使句的句法結構。 本論文主要有三個研究目的: 首先，本論文研究中文祈使句的句法特徵。其次，本論文研究如何區別中文祈使句與其他句型的差異，並發現中文的附加問句可以用來區別祈使句與直述句。並且，本論文發現中文的否定祈使句“別”字句與義務性情態詞“要/不要”在句法表現上雖有相同處，但亦表現出多方面的句法相異處。再者，本論文從衍生句法的觀點研究中文祈使句的句法結構。因為中文缺乏句法標記與構詞變化，因此無法從句法層面看出中文祈使句的話語效力 (force)與情態(mood), 但藉由時制定位(tense anchoring)與祈使句的關係，本論文提出中文祈使句結構中具有祈使算子(imperative operator)。 / Han (1999) proposes imperatives are sentences whose main verbs are in the form of the imperative mood. Imperative sentences possess a distinct morphology within the verb or may be distinguished by their syntactic realization from other clause types. However, Chinese imperatives do not demonstrate verb-inflection nor do they impose morphological mechanisms to indicate mood; thus, it seems that imperatives in Chinese are similar to declaratives. This thesis observes the differences between imperatives in Chinese and in other languages, and these differences lead us to conduct a study on how Chinese distinguishes imperatives from other clause types. Moreover, this thesis finds that the previous analyses of Chinese imperatives lack theoretical grounds, as several problems and wrong prediction arise under those analyses. Thus, this study researches on the structure of Chinese imperatives from the perspective of generative grammar. The thesis has three main goals. First, this thesis investigates the syntactic characteristics of Chinese imperatives. Second, this thesis seeks to discern how Chinese distinguishes imperatives from other clause types. This study utilizes tag questions to distinguish imperatives and declaratives. Furthermore, this study finds that the imperatives bie1 and deontic Modalsobligation yao sentences are alike in some ways, but different in other ways. Third, from a generative perspective, this thesis proposes a syntactic structure of imperatives in Chinese. Although it seems difficult to find syntactic evidence of the imperative force and mood as well as a structure of imperatives because Chinese imperatives lack a morpho-syntatic strategy, this thesis proposes that Chinese possesses an imperative operator in imperatives, by examining the evidence from tense anchoring and imperatives.

The political history of South Africa, especially that of the apartheid years, has affected the structuring and functioning of business in the country profoundly. In general, White business is highly developed and formal, with access to financial and infrastructural support. Black business is often subsistence-based, informal and struggles for access to support mechanisms. These structural inequities have had a depressing impact on the economy that will continue if they are not resolved. Following the 1994 elections, policies and legislation have been introduced aimed at redressing structural imbalances. There is thus both a political and an economic imperative to bridge the gaps that have arisen between Black and White business. The study proposes Black/White joint ventures as a mechanism to this end. The history of Black/White relationships means that these enterprises are likely to face many problems. A model has been developed through the study for the formulation, structuring and operation of Black/White joint ventures that takes into account the factors that are likely to impact on these ventures and affect their success potential. The process of applying the model in practice is directed towards results that are not prejudiced by the background of the parties to the venture. The study expands the concept of joint ventures within the South African context to incorporate initiatives along a continuum ranging from extensions to employment to full joint ventures. Depending on its nature and objectives, a venture may be placed and remain at any stage along the continuum, or may progress along it. Case studies of Black/White joint ventures were investigated in depth and analysed in terms of the application of the model, in order to determine the relevance of the model. In all cases, the success or failure of the venture under scrutiny could be ascribed to the way in which the presence of various elements identified as being components of the model had been accommodated in practice within the venture. The use of the model when applied to formulating, structuring and operating a Black/White joint venture can contribute to its success potential. / Business Management / DBL