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Production of muesli is an energy intensive process which consumes enormous amount of energy invarious forms. In this study, energy flow accounting tool has been employed which is a valuable tool for mapping and quantifying the energy flows within a specific system such as a nation, city or factory. Thistool aids in highlighting the pathways of energy throughout the system and identifies the sources ofenergy loss. Furthermore, to support identification and assessment of CP measures the energy flowaccounting method was integrated within the CP assessment methodology framework. Energy balance established with the help of energy flow accounting method, also highlights different energy inflows andoutflows in the process such as steam, oil, gas and raw material. The utmost energy consuming subprocesses in muesli production are cleaning, rolling, air blowers, husk removal, extruder and mothermachine. Since Läntmannen Cerealia at Järna generates steam, hot water and district heating from removed husk, along with recovering the steam loss in form of condensate, the overall efficiency of their system is approximately 90%. Moreover, an attempt to establish extensive energy balance at the plant has not been undertaken. This factor serves as the stimulus for the study project as it promises futurework in this domain. This comprehensive report demonstrates a nearly accurate picture of the energybalance of muesli production at Läntmannen Cerealia. The energy losses in different manifestation ofenergy during various sub processes have also been presented in the report. Additionally, suggestions for improvement have been furnished to reduce the energy losses during the process of production. However, feasibility analysis is recommended before the implementations of these measures. Implementation of the aforementioned measures could potentially decrease the energy losses in production of muesli and can boost the environmental performance of the entire process.

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Yes / BACKGROUND: Provision of care and support for people with dementia and family carers is complex, given variation in how dementia manifests, progresses and affects people, co-morbidities associated with ageing, as well as individual preferences, needs, and circumstances. The traditional service-led approach, where individual needs are assessed against current service provision, has been recognised as unfit to meet such complexity. As a result, people with dementia and family members often fail to receive adequate support, with needs remaining unmet. Current research lacks a conceptual framework for explaining variation in satisfaction of care needs. This work develops a conceptual framework mapped onto the care delivery process to explain variations in whether, when and why care needs of people with dementia are met and to expose individual-, service-, system-level factors that enable or hinder needs satisfaction. METHODS: Data collected through 24 in-depth interviews and two focus groups (10 participants) with people with dementia and family carers living in the North East of England (UK) were analysed thematically to develop a typology of care needs. The need most frequently reported for people with dementia (i.e. for support to go out and about) was analysed using themes stemming from the conceptual framework which combined candidacy and discrepancy theories. RESULTS: The operationalisation of the framework showed that satisfaction of the need to go out was first determined at the point of service access, affected by issues about navigation, adjudication, permeability, users' resistance to offers, users' appearance, and systems-level operating conditions, and, subsequently, at the point of service use, when factors related to service structure and care process determined (dis)satisfaction with service and, hence, further contributed to met or unmet need. CONCLUSION: The conceptual framework pinpoints causes of variations in satisfaction of care needs which can be addressed when designing interventions and service improvements. / We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Health Foundation (grant number 1274233).

Range improvements for livestock were analyzed for the Curlew National Grassland and Saddle Creek Allotment. Increases in aum's which were a result of range improvements were calculated and valued at $4.00 each. Internal rates of return for both study areas were computed with a 15-year project life span for estimated grazing capacity and permitted grazing. Rate of return was then set at 10 percent to calculate project life span for both permitted grazing and estimated grazing capacity for the two areas. Effects of range improvements for livestock on wildlife habitat were studied. Due to a lack of quantitative data, values could not be placed upon benefits and detriments which improvements for livestock had on wildlife. Positive and negative effects which range improvements for livestock had on wildlife are given for both study areas. An alternative grazing policy is suggested for both study areas. Internal rates of return for permitted grazing are calculated for a 15-year project life span. Internal rate of return was then set at 10 percent to calculate project life span necessary to provide that rate of return.

The demand for healthcare services is currently growing worldwide with an ever increasing pace.Healthcare institutions need to adapt to the changing demographics in order to satisfy the demand. Meanwhile, many hospitals and care units have limited economic means to find appropriate solutions. A concept from the manufacturing industry that is considered to fulfill these criteria’s is called Theory of Constraints (ToC). This concept is focusing on streamlining processes by coordinating the activities and ensuring an efficient stream the production flow. This study has investigated the ability of the concept to support medical and administration staff in the department’s overall objective to decrease overall lead time.The investigation has been realized by conducting a case study at one of the largest emergency hospitals in Stockholm, Sweden. The hospital is one of the leading hospitals within Swedish medicine and receives and treats over 300000 patients annually. The case design consisted of three methods all linked to qualitative data collection, the three methods consisted of interviews, observations and shadowing.The results suggest that the application of ToC revealed little resistance to change among the participants. The concept was able to identify and resolve minor constraints in the case setting; the department of obstetrics and gynecology and also display promising characteristics in terms of solving more complex and intricate constraints. ToC as a concept were able to identify constraints in a healthcare department with a simple yet apparent cause and effect linkage. Finally, the findings indicate that ToC complements the concept of working with Continuous Improvements (CI) within the healthcare.The conclusions from this study have implications both in a theoretical perspective and a practical perspective. The findings provide additional empirical data to a field that is currently dominated by theories. In a practical aspect, the results of this study provides hospitals insights of ToC, a potentially valuable tool to improve efficiency and decrease lead times while working long-term towards an approach with CI. / Det nuvarande behovet för sjukvård ökar med en allt snabbare takt världen över. Sjukhus och andravårdinstitutioner behöver anpassa sig och göra förändringar för att hantera de demografiska förändringar som sker. Samtidigt så har många sjukhus och vårdcentraler mycket begränsade resurser för att hitta lämpliga lösningar. Ett koncept från tillverkningsindustrin som betraktas som en lämplig lösning för denna situation är ett koncept som heter Theory of Constraints (ToC). Detta koncept fokuserar på att effektivisera processer genom att koordinera de aktiviteter som ingår i en process för att i sin tur säkerställa ett effektivt produktionsflöde. Denna studie har undersökt detta koncepts möjligheter att stödja medicinsk och administrativ personal i arbetet med att försöka minska ledtider i en vårdmiljö.Utredningen har genomförts praktiskt genom en fältstudie på ett av Stockholms största sjukhus. Sjukhuset är ett av de ledande inom svensk medicin och tar emot och behandlar uppemot 300 000 patienter årligen. Fältstudiens utformning bygger på tre metoder, intervjuer, skuggningar och observationer vilket alla är sammankopplade med kvalitativ datainsamling.Resultaten indikerar att tillämpandet av konceptet ToC har påvisat litet förändringsmotstånd av de som har deltagit i förändringsarbetet samt att konceptet har haft förmågan att identifiera och lösa mindre restriktioner inom sjukhusavdelningen för Obstetrik och Gynekologi. Detta har i huvudsak gjorts genom att kartlägga olika aktiviteter med en tydlig orsak och verkan samband. Utöver detta så har konceptet initialt påvisat intressanta framsteg för att eventuellt lösa mer komplexa restriktioner som begränsar produktionsflödet i en sjukhusmiljö. Vidare så framgår det att konceptet ToC i viss utsträckning kompletterar filosofin att arbeta med kontinuerliga förbättringar (Continuous Improvements/CI).Slutsatserna för denna studie har implikationer för både ett teoretiskt och praktiskt perspektiv. Utifrån ett teoretiskt perspektiv, så förser resultaten från studien med ytterligare empiriska data i ett område som för närvarande är uppbyggt av teori och litteratur. Utifrån en praktisk synvinkel ger resultaten för denna studie sjukhus och vårdinstitutioner värdefulla insikter om konceptet ToC, ett potentiellt värdefullt verktyg för att förbättra effektiviteten och minska ledtider samtidigt som det stödjer ett långsiktigt arbete med kontinuerliga förbättringar.

An initial review of literature concerned with commercial and industrial office design indicated the need to research and develop a method for the design of the management systems of offices with the purpose of improving the operational effectiveness and alignment to strategy. In particular the literature review indicated that the application of lean methods, in non-manufacturing areas is comparatively rare. A critical review of the literature identified that Value Stream Mapping has been used to map mechanistic task activities, however, a need was identified for a new generation of Value Stream Mapping to map mixed mechanistic and organic task activities. To complement the literature survey and discover if there were significant variables (e.g. task uncertainty, interdependence, task complexity, mechanistic / organic structures, risk, task analysability etc) influencing office design, pilot studies were carried out in a mechanistic and organic office. Several additional variables were identified. From the pilot studies combined with the literature review a conceptual model was formulated which provides guidelines for managers enabling them to design the management systems fully taking all the variables into account. The conceptual model was then tested using a multiple case study design of two small consulting type offices that exhibited mixed mechanistic and organic characteristics. This resulted in an improved version of the model which was then further validated. This validation based upon the opinions of office managers focused mainly on identifying the practical usefulness of the model from an industrial perspective. Following the validation a final form of the model has been proposed in this research. It remains for future researchers to fully test the model by applying it in a wider range of offices. This study makes an explicit contribution to the redesign of offices as well as the utilisation of Value Stream Mapping to the mechanistic and the organic task activities within commercial and industrial offices.

Idag säger många organisationer att de arbetar med Lean. De organisationer som har lyckats med sitt arbete inom Lean har inte tagit till sig helheten av Lean på en gång, utan hela processen genomfördes gradvis. Organisationskulturen är en betydande faktor i processen med att börja använda sig av och implementera Lean på ett lyckat sätt. Ledarskapet är en annan viktig faktor, som handlar om att få med sig medarbetarna i processen. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka ledares syn på sin roll, i organisationens förbättringsarbete. Intervjuer genomfördes med inom kommun och landsting, som framgångsrikt har lyckats med sitt arbete inom Lean. Frågor ställdes om kulturen i organisationen, hur ledaren anser sitt arbete påverka medarbetarna, samt hur ledaren inspirerar och motiverar sina medarbetare. En kvalitativ undersökning har genomförts med ett abduktivt arbetssätt, där intervjuerna har hållits öppna med en halvstrukturerad intervjuguide. Studien visar att ledarna delar många uppfattningar om hur ett väl fungerande ledarskap bör vara. Ledarna är alla öppna, positiva och ser sig själva som människor som inte är perfekta, och kan göra fel. Avslutningsvis visar denna studie att organisationernas ledare arbetar med alla de delar som räknas till offensiv kvalitetsutveckling; planera, göra, studera och analysera. / Today, many organizations say that they work with Lean. The organizations that have succeeded in their work in Lean did not embrace the concept as a whole at the beginning, but rather gradually during an extended process. Organizational culture is one important factor in the process of successfully adopting and implementing Lean. Leadership is another important factor, which is about getting the employees to take part in the process. The purpose with this study was to examine leaders view on their role, in the organizations improvements. Interviews had been made with leaders in the municipality and county council that we know about have been successful in their work with Lean. Questions was asked about the culture of the organization, the leaders opinion of how their work affects the employees, and how they inspire and motivate their employees. A qualitative study has been made with help from using an abductive approach, where the interviews were held open with a half-structured interview guide. The study shows that the leaders share many perceptions of what a well-functioning leadership should be like. The leaders are all open, positive and see themselves as imperfect people who can make mistakes. In conclusion, this study shows that the organizations leaders work with all of the parts, which are included in TQM; plan, do, study and analyze.

Background and problems: ​In a market with increased competitiveness, it's important for companies to achieve superior performance. Thus by being quick at meeting new market conditions and customer needs. To achieve superiority, kaizen is a suitable tool to use. The kaizen-philosophy comprises to constantly make improvements in everyday work and require commitment from all parties in a company. Some improvements work advantageously occasionally while others give good and long lasting effects. It may be difficult for organizations to maintain the results of kaizen improvements and the effects may diminish some time after implementation. Generally for companies that work according to the philosophy is that some improvements are implemented without adequate guidance and resources. This results in frustration since the improvements do not remain successful. Whether a kaizen-improvement implementation is successful has many influencing factors. In order to investigate this problem, Scania has been studied in regard of the company's good experience in applying the kaizen-philosophy. Previous research and literature have been investigated in order to support and analyze the topic. Thus, this study's research question is "What factors affect success and survival in implementation of a kaizen-improvement?". 5 Purpose:​ The purpose with this case study is to create a profound understanding of underlying factors which are critical for implementing kaizen-improvements and its further survival. Thus to understand what characterizes an successful implementation of kaizen-improvements. By successful kaizen improvement is meant an improvement that is standardized and becomes a beneficial part of the company. Method: ​This thesis is based on a qualitative research strategy. The research design is a single case study with semi-structured interviews as a method for the empirical material that has been collected. Conclusion: ​In the implementation process ten successfactors were identified in three different areas where Scania experienced difficulties with kaizen. In the first area, difficulties were due to cheating in the preparation stage. Here, the following successfactors were identified: An accurate and favourable current situation analysis, communication of the current situation and a good competence assessment. The second area was due to difficulties in implementing new working methods. Here, the following successfactors were identified: Communication of goals, employee training and favourable follow-up. The last area was due to difficulties in motivation employees. Here, the following successfactors were identified: Commitment and participation, responsibility, avoiding guilt and good leadership.

The diploma thesis presents the procedure for calculating the value of the technical improvements of building owner for accounting registration and taking account of another way to use of the building. In this work are explained the concepts related to technical improvements of building. The practical part deals with the practical example revitalization of the block of flats in which it is applied methodology for the technical improvements.