The new opportunities that come with the Internet as a worldwide network bring the new threats and risks for private, institutional and corporate users. Therefore, it is important to integrate the security mechanisms into a network environment. Due to the significant increase in computers speed and features of applications, the people are not able any more to make quick and adequate decisions about which security mechanisms should be applied at the moment. In most cases they choose the strongest security level available. Along with the high security this approach brings additional costs and resources consumption and drastically reduces the performance of devices with limited resources. For such devices a trade-off between performance and security should be provided. Most of the time there are no risks and threats to devices since there are not under attacks, and the use of strong security wastes the available resources. A user of computer networks and electronic devices (e.g. PCs, smartphones, PDAs) is faced with a wide range of different security mechanisms. These mechanisms differ in terms costs, complexity of used cryptographic algorithms, types of licence, processing speed, and required resources. The user has to make a decision on which security mechanism to apply. This decision is often based on user's preferences, device capabilities and available resources. While a broad range of security mechanisms has been developed to secure devices and networks, too little attention is given to actual process of making a decision about the required security level with respect to the set of predefined requirements. The main goal of this thesis is the developing of a practical decision making model for dynamic reasoning about an adequate security level providing trade-off between security and performance. The thesis presents the methodology for security metrics identification, selection and quantification. The developed approach is not limited to a particular system or number of metrics. The scheme can be used to select and quantify security metrics for any decision making models and different systems under consideration. This thesis analyses the range of decision making methods for their fitness to fulfil the main goal of this work. Three models are developed based on fuzzy reasoning, simple multi-attribute rating technique (SMART) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) for making decisions about an adequate security level. The models take into consideration the selected metrics (e.g. threat level, location, content, resources), and user's preferences and make a recommendation regarding security level. The models differ in terms number of security metrics used, user's intervention into decision making process, and number of security levels. Finally, the thesis presents the results of the experiment that has been conducted to evaluate a performance of the adaptive approach for selecting an adequate security level. The motivation for this experiment is based on the fact that decision making process requires additional computations, which can lead to increased resources consumption and can make the use of adaptive approach impractical. The results show that with right software design and implementation the computations related to adaptive approach does not decrease the performance of mobile devices. Furthermore, the use of the adequate security level improves the resources utilization for memory and battery life. The improvements are feasible already for small data rates (~3.4 Mb). Thus, for the real life scenarios with the data rates of hundred megabytes, we can expect significant improvements in resources usage by using an adequate security level / E-mail: ssmirnow@msn.com

Dans ce travail, nous nous intéressons à l’interaction champ électrique-particule diélectrique dans les phénomènes diélectrophorétiques, aussi bien d’un point de vue théorique que numérique. L’application à long terme concerne l’électro- manipulation des cellules biologiques. La compréhension de ces phénomènes nécessite une modélisation complète des mécanismes de polarisation qui régissent l’interaction champ-particule, et met en oeuvre des modèles électromécanique et électroci- nétique. Après avoir introduit les différents phénomènes et notions nécessaires, nous abordons la modélisation de la polarisation à l’aide de la théorie du potentiel et proposons une approche pour déterminer numériquement les coefficients de polarisation identifiés. Nous montrons que, si le développement multipolaire peut se réduire au premier ordre pour le cas d’une particule sphérique plongée dans un champ uniforme, les ordres supérieurs sont nécessaires pour les particules non sphériques. Nous montrons également comment un processus d’homogénéisation permet d’étudier les configurations de particules multicouches avec cette approche. Dans le cadre de l’étude électromécanique des phénomènes diélectrophorétiques, nous mettons ensuite en œuvre cette approche multipolaire. Deux applications traitées numériquement sont présentées. Nous y montrons la pertinence de cette approche pour calculer la force et le couple exercés sur une particule dans des situations où le champ appliqué présente de fortes non-uniformités, l’approche dipolaire classique se révélant beaucoup moins performante dans ce cas. La particule et son milieu de suspension étant en réalité deux milieux en contact mais non-indépendants, des phénomènes électrocinétiques se produisent à l’interface. Ces effets interfaciaux sont abordés en vue de les prendre en compte dans le phénomène d’électrorotation d’une cellule biologique. Nous modélisons le problème complet d’une particule sphérique chargée plongée dans un milieu de suspension et soumise à un champ tournant en prenant en compte les effets électroosmotiques. La résolution par éléments finis de ce problème couplé montre la pertinence de l’approche développée, notamment pour les basses fréquences. / In this work, we investigate about the interaction between electrical fields and dielectric particles in the dielectrophoretic phenomena, in theorical and numerical ways. The long-term application are related to electromanipulation and caracterisation of biological cells. Understanding these phenomena requires a complete modeling of polarization mechanisms governing the field-particle interaction and implements electromechanical and electrokinetic models. After introducing the necessary concepts and phenomena, we address polarization modeling using potential theory and suggest an approach for a numerical determination of polarization coefficients. We show that if the multipolar expansion can be reduced to the first order for the case of a spherical particle immersed in a uniform field, the higher orders are needed for nonspherical particles. We show also how a homogenization process allows the study of multilayered particles configurations using this approach. As part of the electromechanical study of dielectrophoretic phenomena, we implement the multipolar approach for two applications numerically treated. We show the relevance of this approach to calculate the force and torque exerted on a particle in situations where the applied field has strong non-uniformities, where the classical dipole approach turn out to be much less efficient. The particle and the suspending medium are in reality two media in contact but not independent as some electrokinetic phenomena occur at the interface. These interfacial effects are addressed in order to be taken into account in the electrorotation phenomenon of a biological cell. The model dealing with the whole problem of a charged spherical particle immersed in a suspension medium and subjected to a rotating field and taking into account the electroosmotic effects is treated. The resolution of the corresponding coupled problem using the finite element method shows the relevance of this approach.

Cette thèse d’arts plastiques s’appuie sur ma pratique personnelle. Toutes deux interrogent les contradictions que soulèvent le concept d’insularité et la conscience d’être sur une île qui détermine la condition insulaire (Bonnemaison, Péron). Le rapport à l’extériorité parait ici primordial. Entre ouverture et enfermement : entre l’ici et l’ailleurs, l’eau qui borde l’île est source de tensions. Par cette apparition d’un lointain si proche soit-il (Benjamin) du lieu ou du non-lieu (Augé), l’insularité relève d’un intervalle qui nous interroge et nous fascine. Dans l’île mais aussi dans l’œuvre d’art, qu’est-ce qui lui donnesa forme, en définitive ? Ma production personnelle qui met en jeu transparences, stratifications et décalages convoque l’intervalité. Elle sous-tend des questionnements que nous développerons à la lumière de théories esthétiques déterminantes. Il s’agit de vérifier l’hypothèse selon laquelle les tensions de l’insularité ouvrent à la création artistique. Nous étudierons des structures insulaires comme celle du désert et du labyrinthe (Jabès, Parmiggiani). Les ruptures et liens rhizomatiques (Deleuze) conditionnent toute démarche créatrice. L’enjeu, à la lumière de théories reposant sur l’étude des entre-deux, qu’ils soient physiques (Lestocart), anthropologiques (Buci-Glucksmann), ou encore psychanalytiques (Winnicott), est de mettre au jour les conditions de manifestation des phénomènes poïétiques. L’élucidation des contradictions insulaires et artistiques représente un itinéraire complexe, reposant sur plusieurs niveaux d’interprétation simultanés. Du champ sémantique proposé émerge alors l’expérience artistique et inversement. A l’instar des réseaux mondiaux, les ramifications de cette réflexion sur l’insularité nous mèneront au dépassement de la conscience rhizomatique de nos conditions d’existence stratifiées par des intervalles ; conscience que nous nommerons « l’espace de conciliation ». / This thesis is based on my personal practice. Both of them interrogate the contradictions triggered by the concept of insularity and the awareness of being on an island, which determines the condition of insularity (Bonnemaison, Péron). Here, the relation to exteriority appears to be essential. Between the here and the elsewhere, between openness and confinement : the water surrounding the island is a source of tension. Withthe apparition of a distance, however near it may be (Benjamin), of a place or a non-place (Augé), the insularity involves an interval that questions and fascinates us. How does the insularity eventually shape the island and the work of art ? My work attempts to answer this question through the use of transparencies, stratifications and displacements, which summons up the concept of intervality. Questionnings stemming from this concept will bedevelopped in the light of decisive aesthetic theories. My attempt is to test the assumption that tensions emerging from insularity enable artistic creation. My study will ponder on insular structures such as the desert and the labyrinth (Jabès, Parmiggiani), and on the ways splits and rhizomatic links influence all artistic process. My goal is to highlight the conditions in which these poietic phenomena may arise, using theories drawing upon thestudy of in-betweens, be they physical (Lestocart), anthropological (Buci-Glucksmann) or psychoanalytical (Lacan). Solving insular and artistic contradictions involves a complex route building on several simultaneous levels of interpretation. Thus the artistic experience emerges from the semantic field set forth, and conversely. In the manner of global networks, the ramifications of this reflection on insularity will lead us to overcome the rhizomatic consciousness of our conditions of existence, which are stratified by intervals. This specific consciousness will here be called “the space of conciliation”.

This research studies the existing relations of electrical energy consumption among the five geographic regions of Brazil. The period analysed comprehends monthly aggregated data from January, 1979 to March, 2014, with a total number of 423 observations for each one of the five regions of Brazil. By means of SIN (Nationa Interconnected System) the transmissions among subsystems from almost the whole country are possible. Brazil is among the ten most electrical energy consuming countries of the world. The series presented an integration order equal too ne with cointegration, so, to measure these influences a VEC (Vector Error Correction) model was used. Throughout the Impulse Response Function (FIR) and Variancy Decomposition Analysis (ADV) it was possible to verify how each region behaves to an abrupt change in the consumption of the other regions, as well as what is the participation of each region in the variance explanation of each series, the regions with minor consumption showed more vulnerable than the others. The conclusions were that there are significative relationships between the demands of electricity in the regions surveyed, their behavior depends basically on the geographic proximity between them and its participation on the national electrical energy consumption. / Esta pesquisa estuda as relações existentes no consumo de energia elétrica entre as cinco regiões geográficas do Brasil. O período de análise compreende dados agregados mensais de janeiro de 1979 até março de 2014 perfazendo um total de 423 observações para cada uma das cinco regiões do Brasil. Por meio do Sistema Interligado Nacional (SIN) são possíveis as transmissões entre subsistemas de praticamente todo o país. O Brasil está entre os dez maiores consumidores de energia elétrica do mundo. As séries apresentaram ordem de integração igual a um com a presença de cointegração, assim, para mensurar essas influências foi utilizado um modelo de Vetor de Correção de Erros (VEC). Por meio da Função Impulso Resposta (FIR) e Análise de Decomposição da Variância (ADV) foi possível verificar como cada região se comporta a uma mudança abrupta no consumo das demais regiões, bem como qual a participação de cada região na explicação da variância de cada série, as regiões de menor consumo se mostraram mais vulneráveis às demais regiões. As conclusões foram de que há relações significativas entre as demandas de energia elétrica nas regiões pesquisadas, o comportamento delas depende basicamente da proximidade geográfica entre as mesmas e da sua participação no consumo nacional de energia elétrica.

Lorsqu'on effectue une tâche, les circuits neuronaux doivent représenter et manipuler des stimuli continus à l'aide de potentiels d'action discrets. On suppose communément que les neurones représentent les quantités continues à l'aide de leur fréquence de décharge et ceci indépendamment les un des autres. Cependant, un tel codage indépendant est inefficace puisqu'il exige la génération d'un très grand nombre de potentiels d'action pour atteindre un certain niveau de précision. Dans ces travaux, on montre que les neurones d'un réseau récurrent peuvent apprendre - à l'aide d'une règle de plasticité locale - à coordonner leurs potentiels d'actions afin de représenter l'information avec une très haute précision tout en déchargeant de façon minimale. La règle d'apprentissage qui agit sur les connexions récurrentes, conduit à un codage efficace en imposant au niveau de chaque neurone un équilibre précis entre excitation et inhibition. Cet équilibre est un phénomène fréquemment observer dans le cerveau et c'est un principe central de notre théorie. On dérive également deux autres règles d'apprentissages biologiquement plausibles qui permettent respectivement au réseau de s'adapter aux statistiques de ses entrées et d'effectuer des transformations complexes et dynamiques sur elles. Finalement, dans ces réseaux, le stochasticité du temps de décharge d'un neurone n'est pas la signature d'un bruit mais au contraire de précision et d'efficacité. Le caractère aléatoire du temps de décharge résulte de la dégénérescence de la représentation. Ceci constitue donc une interprétation radicalement différente et nouvelle de l'irrégularité trouvée dans des trains de potentiels d'actions. / When performing a task, neural circuits must represent and manipulate continuous stimuli using discrete action potentials. It is commonly assumed that neurons represent continuous quantities with their firing rate and this independently from one another. However, such independent coding is very inefficient because it requires the generation of a large number of action potentials in order to achieve a certain level of accuracy. We show that neurons in a spiking recurrent network can learn - using a local plasticity rule - to coordinate their action potentials in order to represent information with high accuracy while discharging minimally. The learning rule that acts on recurrent connections leads to such an efficient coding by imposing a precise balance between excitation and inhibition at the level of each neuron. This balance is a frequently observed phenomenon in the brain and is central in our work. We also derive two biologically plausible learning rules that respectively allows the network to adapt to the statistics of its inputs and to perform complex and dynamic transformations on them. Finally, in these networks, the stochasticity of the spike timing is not a signature of noise but rather of precision and efficiency. In fact, the random nature of the spike times results from the degeneracy of the representation. This constitutes a new and a radically different interpretation of the irregularity found in spike trains.

This work observes the relation between mother-child early contact immediately after birth and emotional tune of mothers in relation to their child. The theoretical part deals with the situation of labor, further development after birth, with an emphasis on very early contact and ways to establish the relationship between a mother and a child. In the end of the theoretical part, the quality of the relationship between a mother and a child and the interactions between them is described. The empirical part examines if the early contact immediately after birth or a general contact between mothers and babies in the hospital, influence emotional tune of a mother to her child. The research was based on interviews with mothers who were describing their child. It was assumed that the emotional tune of mothers is associated with the choice of adjectives describing their child or the whole situation. However, research does not show a significant relation of early contact and emotional tune of a mother to her child. Based on the research results, the conclusion is that the immediate early contact after birth does not have a significant effect on the quality of the relationship between a mother and her child.

1 Maintenance duty between parents and children and ancestors and descendants Resumé The topic of my thesis is the maintenance obligation between parents and children and ancestors and descendants. After the introduction, I addressed the history of maintenance obligation in family law focused on the legal regulation of maintenance obligation. Act No. 265/1949 on Family Law changed the institute of the power of a father to the institute of the power of parents. Father and mother had and have until now the same rights and the same obligations in the upbringing and nutrition of children. First, the law established maintenance obligation for mothers. The said Act did not make difference between a child born to the marriage and a child born outside of marriage. This Act was progressive. The Family Act No. 94/1963 Call. related to the economic change which had an influence on the vast changes of our legal order. The said Act has been amended for several times. Since January1,2014, maintenance obligation has been regulated by the Civil Code, Act No. 89/2012 Coll. into which the family law is incorporated. The Civil Code is a general code of private law which is, in terms of content, not continuous with the previous Civil Code, No. 40/1964, however this does not apply to family law. The Civil Code takes over the...

Abstract This research focuses on spontaneously composed narrative in-between spaces in young children’s everyday life. The study was implemented in home and day care center contexts, and in cooperation between them. The study examines how children’s relations are shaped and reshaped in narrative in-between spaces. The theoretical and methodological approach draws from artistic and narrative childhood research. The narrative ethnography intertwined with visual methods were employed in three different processes to generate the research material. The material was analyzed through a holistic narrative analysis. The study is in line with the recent discussion of childhood research that challenges the simple understandings of children’s participation and voice. The study considers how to construct knowledge together with children, both in educational research and practices, in a critical and diffractive way. The main findings reveal that the spontaneously formed narrative in-between spaces enable children and adults to encounter the unplanned together; call for aesthetic sensitiveness toward others; enhance intergenerational co-agency; and create and maintain caring reciprocity and continuity. These aspects require and promote the confidence between children and adults as well as among adults. The study opens potential perspectives into research with young children through the concepts of narrative in-between space and the aesthetics of listening. The concepts challenge researchers to acknowledge the significance of being present for children and creating spaces for children to narrate in multiple ways. The study points out that the spontaneous narration provides opportunities for children to use different modes of narration and consequently enables their multiple voices to be heard. The study encourages researchers and educators to acknowledge the potential involved in children’s spontaneous narration. The study shows that spontaneously formed narrative in-between spaces create valuable situations to share children’s home stories and other meaningful matters. Finally, the study supports the parents and professionals to strengthen the position of the child in the cooperation practices between day care and home and offers a concrete means of involving children in cooperation. / Tiivistelmä Tässä väitöskirjassa tutkitaan spontaanisti muotoutuneita kerronnan tiloja lasten koti- ja päiväkotiarjessa, sekä niiden välisessä yhteistyössä. Tutkimusaihetta lähestytään kysymällä, miten lasten suhteet taipuilevat kerronnan tiloissa. Tutkimus liittyy kriittisellä ja luovalla otteella lapsuudentutkimuksen kentällä käytävään keskusteluun lapsen äänestä ja osallisuudesta. Tutkimuksen teoreettis-metodologinen viitekehys nojaa taiteelliseen ja kerronnalliseen lapsuudentutkimukseen. Kotona ja päiväkodissa toteutetuissa aineistonkeruuprosesseissa sovellettiin kerronnallista etnografiaa ja visuaalisia menetelmiä. Aineiston tulkinta muotoutui kokonaisvaltaisen kerronnallisen analyysin pohjalta. Tutkimuksessa kietoutuivat yhteen ”sydämellisellä asenteella” oleminen, tulkitseminen ja tekeminen. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että spontaanin kerronnan tiloissa lasten ja aikuisten on mahdollista kohdata yhdessä ennalta suunnittelematonta, herkistyä esteettisesti toisen kerronnan äärelle, lisätä sukupolvien välistä yhteistoimijuutta, sekä luoda ja ylläpitää välittävää vastavuoroisuutta ja jatkuvuutta. Nämä osatekijät vaativat ja edistävät luottamuksen rakentumista niin lasten ja aikuisten välillä kuin aikuisten kesken. Tutkimus avaa uudenlaista tarkastelukulmaa pienten lasten kanssa tehtävään tutkimukseen kerronnan tilan käsitteen avulla; pelkän tarinan sisällöllisen tarkastelun sijaan käsite korostaa kontekstia ja suhteita erottamattomana osana kertomisen prosessia. Käsite haastaa tutkijat huomioimaan kerronnallisen läsnäolon ja monenlaisen kerronnan merkityksen pienten lasten elämässä. Tutkimus osoittaa, että spontaani kerronnan tila tarjoaa mahdollisuuden lapsen toimijuuteen; lapsi voi osallistaa aikuista yhteiseen kerrontaan itselleen luontevilla kertomisen tavoilla. Tutkimus haastaa tutkijat ja kasvattajat huomioimaan lasten spontaaniin kerrontaan sisältyvän potentiaalin. Tutkimus havainnollistaa, että spontaanisti muotoutuneet kerronnan tilat luovat arvokkaita yhdessäolon hetkiä ja mahdollistavat lapselle tärkeiden asioiden jakamisen. Tutkimus kannustaa vanhempia ja ammattilaisia vahvistamaan lapsen toimijuutta myös kodin ja päivähoidon välisissä yhteistyön käytänteissä. Tutkimus tarjoaa tähän konkreettisen esimerkin.

Page 1 of 2 Abstract The diploma thesis deals with the topic of autonomy of the mother's will during childbirth. The main goal of the work is to analyze the legal regulation concerning the provision of healthcare in connection with childbirth and the limits of the autonomy of the patient's will in this situation. The aim of the thesis is to examine the issue of the autonomy of the patient's will according to the valid and effective legal regulation in the Czech Republic, with respect to gradual enforcement of the principle of patient and healthcare provider equality, this issue being related to a relatively specific area of childbirth. There is general legal regulation, relating to the position of the patient, healthcare provider and their mutual relationship outlined in this thesis. This legislation is then subsequently used for the provision of healthcare in relation to childbirths. The case law of both domestic courts and the European Court of Human Rights is then applied to specific problems in this area. One of the described problems is the legal nature of the delivery plan as one of the basic means of expressing the autonomy of the patient's will. In particular, the legal nature of the birth plan is handled as institute which is not regulated by law. Possible legal consequences of the delivery plan as...

Cette thèse, engagée à partir des débats autour du gavage et du foie gras, se propose d’appréhender l’alimentation touristique comme un « laboratoire » de la mondialisation de l’alimentation. Elle place la régulation de l’incertitude inhérente aux relations entre mangeurs et animaux au centre de l’analyse. Ce faisant, la recherche renseigne le renouvellement des régulations de l’alimentation contemporaine, caractérisée par l’internationalisation des marchés alimentaires et les mobilités généralisées des mangeurs. L’investigation est conduite au moyen de dispositifs d’enquête complémentaires. Une étude sociohistorique analyse les débats européens relatifs au gavage et à la consommation de foie gras. Des entretiens sont effectués auprès d’acteurs socio-professionnels et institutionnels impliqués dans la production et la valorisation touristique du foie gras et auprès de touristes-mangeurs. Des observations d’interactions touristiques - notamment de visites de fermes productrices de foie gras - sont conduites. Enfin, un questionnaire est administré auprès de 662 touristes-mangeurs séjournant en Périgord Noir et résidant aux Pays-Bas, au Royaume-Uni et en France. Les analyses effectuées démontrent la prise d’importance des mouvements de la société civile dans la définition des représentations de l’alimentation au niveau global. Ces représentations sont cependant diversement traduites dans les modèles alimentaires locaux. Pour finir, les expériences touristiques, socio-culturellement construites et sensiblement vécues, participent de l’actualisation individualisée des modèles alimentaires. En s’intéressant aux circulations généralisées des aliments, des représentations et des mangeurs, la recherche éclaire les mouvements dialectiques d’uniformisation-diversification de différents niveaux du fait alimentaire. / This thesis is based on issues concerning foie gras, the force-feeding program. From the framework of food tourism, it sheds light on the globalisation of food. It also places the inherent unease that exists within the relationship of the human consumer and animals at the core of the analysis. Thus, the study informs regulations of the contemporary food, characterized by the internationalization of the food markets and the mobility generalized of the eaters. The research was conducted using complimentary investigative methods. A socio-historical study was made analysing European debates concerning force-feeding and the consumption of foie gras. Interviews were conducted with actors and representatives involved in the production of foie gras and developing tourism as well as with tourist eaters. Interactions with tourists were also observed notably during guided tours to farms producing foie gras. Finally, a questionnaire was completed by 662 tourist eaters visiting the Perigord Noir who have come from the Netherlands, The United Kingdom and France. Conclusions from the findings demonstrate an increasing importance by the international civil society in defining representations of food at a global level. What it represents is also diversely translated in local food models. Finally, the tourism experience, socio-culturally constructed and sensitively lived becomes an integral part in the individual updating of food models. When looking at the general circulation of food, what it represents and the consumer, the research clarifies a dialectic movement of standardisation-diversification of food imaginaries and practices.