This study is an attempt to define more clearly the Sabbath institution as it is presented in Exodus 20:8-11. It begins by describing the big-picture contours of the Sabbath institution as it has been depicted by various scholars during the last century. Many of these studies focus on delineating what proper Sabbath observance entails or describing how Sabbath rest mirrors God’s rest on the seventh day of creation. However, little investigation has been conducted into the relationship between the fourth commandment in Exodus 20 and the shape of humanity’s task and relationship with God on the seventh day. The study then examines the nature of God’s rest in the first creation account, describing what “rest” entailed for God, and the work from which he rested. It suggests that this “rest” is from the creational activity of the first six days and that it continues on into the present. It also discusses the relationship between the concept of rest offered by the first creation account and the concept of rest in the understanding of the Ancient Near East and Israel. Humanity’s role in the created order is also examined. While humans share some qualities with other creatures, such as an embodied existence, they are also distinct from the rest of creation. Only humans are created in the image of God. As such, they are given tasks unique to their status: subduing the earth, exercising dominion over the creatures of the earth, and expanding the borders of the garden as they multiply and fill the earth. These form the heart of their God-given task that they will carry out as God enjoys his seventh-day rest. Next, the study investigates the particulars of Exodus 20:8-11 and suggests a reading of these particulars against the backdrop of the seventh day as it is described in chapters 3-4. While the rationale for the Sabbath commandment is grounded in the events of the first creation account, the commandment itself also needs to be understood in the context of the Decalogue and, in turn, in the context of the law’s reception at Sinai. The law, and hence the fourth commandment, are central to the calling and purpose of Israel. As Israel fulfils its mandate to be a light to the nations, it will reflect the ideals of the seventh day as they are encapsulated in the law. Far from simply mirroring God’s rest, the fourth commandment reflects the relationship between God and humanity and humanity’s role on the seventh day of creation. The study concludes by drawing together various pieces of the argument and makes suggestions for further research. / MTh (Old Testament), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Syftet med studien är att belysa och diskutera hur vila och återhämtning betraktas och ges utrymme i förskolan. Detta genomförs genom att undersöka verksamma förskollärares syn på vila och återhämtning i förskolans vardag. Metoden som används är kvalitativa intervjuer med fem stycken förskollärare. Resultatet visar att förskollärarna i studien betraktar vila och återhämtning som en viktig del av förskolans uppdrag. Det framkommer att vilan ses som en del av helheten i förskolans uppdrag och integreras i den dagliga verksamheten. Förskollärarnas förhållningssätt och förmåga till såväl flexibilitet som individanpassning framstår som viktiga delar för att tillgodose barns behov av vila och återhämtning. / The purpose of this study is to illuminate and discuss how rest and recovery are considered and given space in preschool. This is done by examining active preschool teachers views of rest and recovery in the everyday life of preschools. The method which is used are qualitative interviews with five preschool teachers. The result shows that preschool teachers in the study consider the rest and recovery as an important part of preschool assignments. It appears that rest and recovery is seen as a part of the whole of preschool assignments and integrated into daily operations. The preschool teachers approach and ability for both flexibility and personalization appears as important parts to meet the childrens need for rest and recuperation.

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that 60 days continuous head down bed rest (HDBR), an Earth-based analogue of the effects of space flight, would elevate factors that increase vasoconstriction and would increase markers of vascular inflammation. The study incorporated countermeasures consisting of treadmill running within lower-body negative pressure and resistive "flywheel" exercise (exercise countermeasure, EX) or an increased protein intake of 0. 6 g/kg body weight/day (dietary countermeasures, DIET) to determine whether these interventions might prevent the vasoconstrictor and inflammatory responses when compared to a control (CON) group. Markers of vascular health measured in the study include the vasoactive molecules angiotensin II (Ang II), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and nitric oxide metabolites (NO_met); and markers of inflammation including C-reactive protein (CRP), and the adhesion molecules E-selectin (E-sel), intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM). Twenty four women were housed at the MEDES clinic in Toulouse, France, as part of a large international study (Women International Space Simulation for Exploration, WISE) in which various experimental protocols and countermeasures were integrated into a single experimental design completed during two campaigns. Each 100 day campaign included 20 days of pre-testing (pre-HDBR), 60 days of bed rest (HDBR), and 20 days of post-testing (post-HDBR). The experimental countermeasures were applied only during the 60-day HDBR period. Following 60 days of HDBR, many changes occurred in the concentrations of the measured molecules. Specifically, the concentration of Ang II significantly increased in the CON and DIET groups (52. 9%, p = 0. 014; and 124. 4%, p <0. 0001 respectively), but not in the EX group. Also, NO_met decreased in all groups, with reductions in the EX and DIET groups (p = 0. 013, and p = 0. 056 respectively). Markers used to assess vascular inflammation increased following the HDBR. The increase in CRP in the CON and DIET groups and the decrease in the EX group from pre- to post-HDBR were not significant; however, the directional changes resulted in an interaction between group and HDBR (p = 0. 052). The adhesion molecule E-sel was significantly increased in the DIET group (p = 0. 003), and VCAM was significantly increased in the CON group (p = 0. 016) with a smaller increase in the DIET group (p = 0. 08). No changes in adhesion molecules were observed in the EX group. This study demonstrated that 60 days of HDBR by young, healthy, women caused changes in several different molecules that are beginning to emerge as risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Further, it was observed that regular, vigorous exercise during HDBR prevented these changes. These results suggest that future studies of this kind should directly monitor the effects of simulated space flight on vascular health in men and women to obtain a greater understanding of the adaptations that might occur during long term space exploration missions. HDBR can be considered an extreme model of physical inactivity and could be used to provide insight into mechanisms of disease processes associated with the sedentary lifestyle that is prevalent in Western society.

In this thesis there is a set of waste disposal facilities, a set of customers at which waste is collected and an unlimited number of homogeneous vehicles based at a single depot. Empty vehicles leave the depot and collect waste from customers, emptying themselves at the waste disposal facilities as and when necessary. Vehicles return to the depot empty. We take into consideration time windows associated with customers, disposal facilities and the depot. We also have a driver rest period. The problem is solved heuristically. A neighbour set is defined for each customer as the set of customers that are close, but with compatible time windows. This thesis uses six different procedures to obtain initial solutions for the problem. Then, the initial solutions from these procedures are improved in terms of the distance travelled using our phase 1 and phase 2 procedures, whereas we reduce the number of vehicles used using our vehicle reduction (VR) procedure. In a further attempt to improve the solutions three metaheuristic algorithms are presented, namely tabu search (TS), variable neighbourhood search (VNS) and variable neighbourhood tabu search (VNTS). Moreover, we present a modified disposal facility positioning (DFP), reverse order and change tracking procedures. Using all these procedures presented in the thesis, four solution procedures are reported for the two benchmark problem sets, namely waste collection vehicle routing problems with time windows (VRPTW) and multi-depot vehicle routing problem with inter-depot routes (MDVRPI). Our solutions for the waste collection VRPTW problems are compared with the solutions from Kim et al (2006), and our solutions for the MDVRPI problems are compared with Crevier et al (2007). Computational results for the waste collection VRPTW problems indicate that our algorithms produce better quality solutions than Kim et al (2006) in terms of both distance travelled and number of vehicles used. However for the MDVRPI problems, solutions from Crevier et al (2007) outperform our solutions.

Introduction: Isokinetic testing is used in rehabilitation settings on a regular basis, yet there is a lack of consistency in rest period usage among protocols. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish an optimal rest period that would allow reproducibility of strength during a common isokinetic strength-test. Methods: Twentyseven healthy college-aged males underwent isokinetic strength testing to determine peak torque at 60, 180 and 300 deg/sec, respectively. Work:rest ratios of 1:3, 1:8 and 1:12 were counterbalanced between sets. A 3 X 3 repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the data. The p < .05 level of significance was used for all tests. Results: There was no significant difference in either knee extension or knee flexion peak torque when comparing work:rest ratios. Conclusion: These findings suggest that a 1:3 work:rest ratio is sufficient during a common isokinetic strength test.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Johannesburg, 1995 / A different class of mesothermal gold deposit at Sabie-Pilgrim’s Rest is described which is probably associated with the Bushveld igneous event in South Africa. Pressure and temperature estimates indicate that the ore-fluids of the Sabie-Pilgrim's Rest Goldfield, which occurs within the early Proterozoic Transvaal Supergroup, were similar to those of mesothermal gold deposits. [Abbreviated abstract. Open document ot view full version]

The goal with this assignment has been to study the product Spotalike and develop a new version to make the product more attractive. The studying of the product was done with the help of user data, such as how Spotalike is being used, what target audience it has, why it's being used, etc. The new version of Spotalike was planned by making design sketches and prototypes which were created as a first step in order to get a better picture of what the result would be. The new version is not available to the public, but it is fully functional and works locally. The solution that was concluded was to develop a music player which is built on the founding principles of the old Spotalike. The music player is developed with React and is powered by Spotify. Besides the old functions there are also new functions that has been implemented, and the interface has been redesigned. There is currently no new user data available to determine the result of the development, since the new version of Spotalike hasn't been made public yet. / Målet med detta projektarbete har varit att granska produkten Spotalike och utveckla en ny version som gör produkten mer eftertraktad. Problemgranskning har gjorts med analysering av användardata – hur Spotalike används, av vem, varför den används, osv. Den nya versionen av Spotalike planerades med hjälp av designskisser och prototyper som togs fram som första steg för att få en bättre bild av slutresultatet. Den nya versionen är inte tillgänglig publikt, men är fullt funktionell lokalt. Lösningen som togs fram var att skapa en musikspelare som bygger på de grundprinciper gamla Spotalike har. Musikspelaren är bygd med React och använder Spotify i bakgrunden som motor. Utöver de redan befintliga funktionerna så har även nya funktioner tagits fram och gränssnittet har redesignats. Någon ny användarstatistik för att se om lösningen har gynnat bra resultat i form av användarupplevelse finns inte tillgänglig då tjänsten ännu inte har hunnit bli tillgängligt publikt.

Vários estudos analisando a taxa de metabolismo de repouso (TMR) contribuíram com equações cuja proposta era estabelecer padrões que pudessem ser genericamente utilizadas para se estimar a TMR. A equação de Harris-Benedict (HB), permanece como o método mais comumente utilizado para estimar a TMR. Porém, em indivíduos obesos o uso de equações preditivas da TMR pode levar a resultados conflitantes. Indivíduos obesos submetidos a dietas hipocalóricas podem apresentar uma diminuição da TMR e do gasto energético total. Isto pode ser a causa da redução na velocidade da perda de peso durante o tratamento. Outros estudos mostram que a TMR, quando corrigida para a massa livre de gordura (MLG), apresenta pouca variabilidade e propõem uma correlação entre MLG e TMR. Porém ainda existem dificuldades em se afirmar ou não se a redução de massa corporal também reduz a TMR. O presente estudo teve como objetivos determinar a TMR de indivíduos com obesidade grau III (IMC > 40 kg/m2) do sexo feminino obtida por meio de calorimetria indireta (CI) e comparar com a TMR estimada por meio da equação de HB utilizando-se peso atual e peso ideal. Relacionar a TMR medida por CI com a composição corporal e validar a relação entre a TMR e a MLG nestes indivíduos antes e após a perda de peso. As pacientes foram internadas na Unidade Metabólica da Divisão de Nutrologia do Departamento de Clínica Médica do HCFMRP-USP, durante um período de 8 semanas. No início e no final do estudo foram realizadas: avaliação nutricional incluindo antropometria, bioimpedância e calorimetria indireta. As pacientes foram submetidas a uma dieta hipocalórica durante a internação. A TMR medida por calorimetria indireta (CI) no início e final do estudo foi de 2540 ± 417 e 1924 ± 275 kcal/dia, respectivamente (p<0,05). Quando calculado pela equação de HB utilizando-se peso atual, os valores encontrados foram 2074 ± 214 e 1941 ± 190 kcal/dia (p<0,05). Utilizando-se o peso ideal a TMR calculada foi de 1343 ± 59 kcal/dia. A TMR medida por CI foi, em média, 18 % maior que a calculada por HB pelo peso atual e 47 % maior que a calculada por HB utilizando-se o peso ideal no início do estudo. No final do estudo estes valores passaram para 1% e 30% respectivamente. Comparando-se a TMR medida por CI e calculada por HB usando peso atual tem-se, no início do estudo uma diferença significante (p<0,05) que não se repete no final do estudo (p>0,05). A TMR, quando corrigida para massa livre de gordura no início e no final do estudo foi de 46 ± 6 e 35 ± 5 kcal/d/MLG (p<0,05) respectivamente e quando corrigida para a gordura corporal (GC) foi de 33 ± 6 e 30 ± 5 kcal/d/GC (p<0,05) respectivamente. Os dados encontrados no presente estudo não permitem afirmar que o uso da equação de HB possa estimar a TMR de maneira confiável em indivíduos obesos grau III do sexo feminino. Porém os dados sugerem que logo após submeter esses indivíduos à dieta hipocalórica, com conseqüente perda de peso a equação de HB se torna confiável para estimar a TMR. Pacientes obesos ingerindo dieta livre deveriam ter a TMR obtida por meio da equação de HB corrigida por um fator de 20% a mais. / Studies analyzing resting energy expenditure (REE) have contributed with equations that were intended to establish a pattern that could be used generally to estimate the REE. Harris Benedict’s (HB) equation remains as the most used in estimating the REE. But in obese subjects, the use of predictive equations can lead to conflicting results. Obese individuals undergoing a hypo caloric diet may have a reduction in the REE and in the total energy expenditure. These are the most probably cause of the slowing on weight loss during the treatment. Some studies show that when the REE is relative to the fat free mass (FFM) there is less variability and their proposal is a correlation between FFM and REE. But it is difficult to confirm if a reduction in total body mass also can diminish the REE. The objective of this study was to define the REE of female subjects with grade III obesity (body mass index (BMI) > 40 kg/m2) using indirect calorimetry (IC) and to compare this REE with the one estimated with HB equation using real body weight and ideal body weight, and try to correlate the REE obtained by IC with the body composition, validating the relation between REE and FFM in these individual before and after weight loss. The patients were under hospital regimen in the Metabolic Unit of the Nutrology Division of the Internal Medicine Department of the HCFMRP-USP, for an 8 weeks period. At the beginning and at the end of the study, nutritional assessment was realized, including anthropometry, bioimpedance and indirect calorimetry. The patients were undergoing a hypo caloric diet during the 8 week period. The REE obtained by indirect calorimetry (IC) at the beginning and at the end of the study was 2540 ± 417 e 1924 ± 275 kcal/day, respectively (p<0,05). When estimated with the HB equation using real weight the values were 2074 ± 214 e 1941 ± 190 kcal/day (p<0,05). Using the ideal weight, the calculated REE was 1343 ± 59 kcal/day. At the beginning of the study, REE obtained by IC was 18 % greater than the REE calculated with HB equation using the real weight and 47 % greater than the one calculated using the ideal body weight. At the end of the study these values changed to 1% e 30% respectively. There is a significant difference (p<0,05) when comparing the REE obtained by IC with the one calculated using the HB equation with real weight at the beginning of the study, but this does not happen at the end of the study (p>0,05). The REE corrected by the FFM at the beginning and at the end of the study was 46 ± 6 e 35 ± 5 kcal/d/FFM (p<0,05) respectively and the REE corrected by the fat mass (FM) was 3 ± 6 e 30 ± 5 kcal/d/FM (p<0,05) respectively. The data found in this study does not allow affirming that the use of HB equation to predict REE in female grade III obese subjects is reliable. But the data suggest that immediately after using a hypo caloric diet, the REE calculated using HB equation and real weight is reliable. When calculating the REE of female grade III obese patients undergoing a free diet using HB equation, the obtained value should be increased in 20 %.

In today's interconnected world, we as users constantly demand more information to be accessible from the web. Not only should the data be accessible but a crucial factor is that load times should be fast. With the internet expanding to more devices of different types such as smartphones, tablets, IoT devices and more, this factor becomes even more important. The most commonly used service today for serving data between clients and a server is REST, which has been the leading service used for this purpose for many years. This research paper focuses on identifying the differences in performance between RESTful services and Facebook's GraphQL. These two technologies are the two most commonly used and talked about solutions when it comes to serving data between clients and servers as of today, with more developers moving towards the newer GraphQL.

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do uso de duas estratégias de manejo do pastejo com adubação nitrogenada no capim Marandu, buscando possíveis vantagens na adoção de tais práticas no ecótono Cerrado-Amazônia. O experimento avaliou características morfogênicas, estruturais, agronômicas e produtivas do capim Marandu. Este fora conduzido em delineamento em blocos casualizados em arranjo com parcelas subdivididas 4x2 com 4 blocos. Os tratamentos consistiram de combinações entre dois períodos de descanso e quatro doses de nitrogênio, sendo os períodos de descanso de 28 dias (PD28dias) e altura de 40 cm (PD40cm) e as doses de nitrogênio de 0, 150, 300 e 450 kg de N.ha-1.ano-1, aplicadas na forma de sulfato de amônio. Permitiu-se verificar através das variáveis morfogênicas e estruturais que os melhores índices para o PD40cm foram obtidos quando houve aplicação na faixa de 280 a 333 kg de N.ha-1, enquanto a dose de 450 kg de N.ha- 1 foi a que obteve mais resultados desejados para PD28dias. Também se verificou que a estratégia de uso com PD40cm promoveu a redução de respostas em decorrência da senescência, impulsionado pelo aumento da adubação nitrogenada, demonstrados pela redução da TSF, NFM e aumento da DVF. O uso de altura para definir o período de descanso possibilitou a redução do intervalo de dia para a entrada dos animais para alimentação quando houve uma aplicação maior de nitrogênio. A altura de 40 cm mostrou-se que pode ser acima do ponto ideal para coleta do capim Marandu, sendo recomendado avaliações com alturas menores para ecótono Cerrado-Amazônia. / This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the use of two grazing management strategies with nitrogen fertilization in Marandu grass, looking for possible advantages in adopting such practices in ecotone Cerrado-Amazon. The experiment evaluated morphogenesis, structural, agronomic and productive Marandu grass. This was conducted in a randomized block design in a split plot arrangement with 4x2 with 4 blocks. The treatments consisted of combinations between two rest periods and four doses of nitrogen, with rest periods of 28 days (PD28days) and height of 40 cm (PD40cm) and nitrogen doses of 0, 150, 300 and 450 kg N.ha-1.year-1, applied in the form of ammonium sulfate. Allowed to check through the morphogenetic and structural variables that the best rates for PD40cm were obtained when there was application in the range 280-333 kg N.ha-1, while the dose of 450 kg N.ha-1 was which obtained more desired results for PD28days. It was also found that the use of strategy PD40cm promoted the reduction of responses because of senescence, driven by increased nitrogen fertilization, demonstrated by the reduction of TSF, NFM and increased DVF. The use of height to set the rest period has reduced the day interval for the entry of animals for food when there was a greater application of nitrogen. The height of 40 cm was shown to be above the ideal point for collecting Marandu grass is recommended ratings with lower heights to ecotone Cerrado-Amazon.