Sales market in process industry, especially for chemical, pharmaceutical and food industry, is becoming more and more volatile. Furthermore, the global availability of alternative products shortens the product life cycle. At the same time, the requested volumes depend on strong regional and temporal fluctuations, which are increasingly difficult to predict. To be able to bring product innovations successfully to market, rapid series-production readiness of the prototype is needed. However, the competition after successful approval is increasingly getting tougher. As soon as the product has been accepted by the market, the time necessary to reach sufficient product quantities with required product quality is essential for its profitability. By the end of the product life cycle, the production should be close to the largest remaining sales markets, which means that the production can be shifted accordingly. Classical production processes in process industry do not fulfil these requirements jet. Conti-systems are optimized for a certain production quantity per unit of time, which should not be changed for years, if possible. The higher flexibility of conventional batch plants is associated with unproductive times, for example during conversion. However, modularization of process plants with flexible combinatory design would allow faster turnover times and higher productivity. Individual modules realize standardized production steps and can be combined according to the requested product. Changes to the product are achieved by the exchange of modules, the production quantity can be increased by adding more of the same modules. The integration of a module into an upper classic process control system is laborious using the information models and tools available today. Various aspects of automation, such as human machine interfaces, statuses of sequences or interlocks must be added manually for the visualization and guidance of the module in an upper process control system. However, today's control systems are not prepared to provide the required flexibility of a system based on different modules. This drawback requires a modular plug-and-production methodology. Therefore, an outright modeling of information, beginning with modular and function-oriented integrated engineering is needed. On the one hand, this work considers with a selection of integration aspects, a detailed modeling of this aspects in an information carrier and the integration into the process control level. On the other hand, the concrete selection of one or more descriptive formats is analyzed. For this purpose, a uniform integration architecture and an integration process is described, this allows integration into an upper process control system level. This analysis shows that, with the available descriptive formats, a mapping of the individual integration aspects into an information carrier is possible. It is important to distinguish whether a separate mapping is chosen for each aspect, as chosen by GrapML in the second practical implementation, or whether a uniform format is used for the entire information carrier. The evaluation of the description formats suggests for the use in the information carrier AutomationML. The practical implementation and investigation with AutomationML are already in the scope of the Namur MTP developments and couldn’t therefore investigated deeply in this work. For the most important aspects, the human machine interface as well as the process management, detailed information modeling is available and was checked during implementation. Two different possibilities were presented and discussed for the selection of description formats. To allow flexible extensibility, it is advantageous to choose a description means in which the integration aspects are described separately from each other, independently of the specifically chosen format. A uniform interface within automation systems is required for the needs of the so-called industry 4.0 for the networking and consistency of all components involved throughout the entire life cycle. This work provides the first building blocks of this approach and enables application in process industry but also manufacturing industry.

Hållbar utveckling och Corporate Social Responsibility är två aktuella koncept vars popularitet har ökat de senaste årtiondena. Till följd av utvecklingen kommunicerar många företag hållbarhet i syfte att skapa legitimitet. Det krävs dock att organisationerna på ett genuint vis integrerar hållbarhet i verksamheten för att kunna bidra till en hållbar utveckling. Det är därför aktuellt att ta stöd i ekonomistyrningen som är en central del i organisationers strategiskapande. Studien avser därför att undersöka hur fastighetsföretag implementerar hållbarhet genom sin ekonomistyrning och hur dessa hållbara styrmedel uppfattas och påverkar de anställdas beteende i praktiken. För uppfyllandet av studiens syfte har problemområdet studerats utifrån Management Control Systems Package och huruvida modellens inkluderade styrverktyg går att applicera på en hållbar ekonomistyrning. Vidare har studien en kvalitativ metod där både ledning och anställda har intervjuats från fem svenska fastighetsföretag. Genom att intervjua två perspektiv syftar studien till att fånga in kunskap och upplevelser från flera nivåer av en organisation. Studiens resultat tyder på att hållbarhet kommer till uttryck genom samtliga delar av Management Control Systems Package. Planeringsverktyg tillämpas både genom lång- och kortsiktig planering samt målskapande. Cybernetiska styrverktyg används i samband med budgeteringsprocesser och vid uppföljning av måluppfyllelse. Av de presenterade styrverktygen var belöning sällsynt förekommande för att styra mot hållbarhet. Det var samtidigt flera av de studerade fastighetsföretagen som uttryckte intresse för att eventuellt utveckla tydliga belöningssystem kopplat till hållbarhetsarbetet. Mindre tydliga belöningssystem var dessutom redan förekommande i form av erkännande och uppmuntrande ord. Fortsättningsvis var olika administrativa styrverktyg det som tillämpades mest frekvent i form av bolagsstyrning, organisationsstruktur, policys och andra styrdokument. Utöver administrativa styrverktyg var även kultur ett betydelsefullt styrverktyg i förhållande till hållbarhetsarbetet som kom till uttryck genom starka värderingar, rekryteringsprocesser och symboler. Vidare påvisade forskningsresultatet att attityden bland de anställda är att hållbarhet är en naturlig del av arbetsuppgifterna. Styrverktygen genererade ökad motivation samt incitament och vägledning till hållbara beslut. / Sustainable development and Corporate Social Responsibility are two contemporary concepts whose popularity has increased during recent decades. As a result of these developments many companies are communicating sustainability in order to create legitimacy. However, the organization is required to genuinely integrate sustainability into their operations in order to contribute to a sustainable development. It is therefore relevant to apply management accounting, which is considered a central part of the strategy making process. The study therefore intends to research the implementation of sustainability through management accounting in real estate companies and how sustainable controls are perceived and affect employee behavior in practice. To fulfill the purpose of the study, the problem has been studied through the model of Management Control Systems Package and it has been questioned whether its included control tools can be applied to sustainable management accounting. Furthermore, the study has a qualitative method where both management and employees have been interviewed from five Swedish real estate companies. Since interviewing two perspectives the study aims to capture knowledge and experiences from several levels of an organization. The results of the study indicate that sustainability is indeed expressed through the Management Control Systems Package. Planning tools are applied through both long- and short-term planning and creating of objectives. Cybernetic control tools are used in relation to the budgeting process and the monitoring of objectives. Rewards were identified as a rarely used control tool. There was however several of the studied real estate companies who expressed interest in possibly developing a reward system linked to sustainability work. In addition, less distinct reward systems were already existing in terms of recognition and encouragement. Furthermore, administrative control were the most frequently used tools and was expressed through corporate governance, organizational structure, policies and other governing documents. Lastly, culture was also an important control tool in relation to sustainability work, which was expressed through strong values, recruitment processes and symbols. In regard to employees, the research results show that sustainability is considered a natural part of their work. In addition, the control tools generated increased motivation as well as incentives and guidance for sustainable decisions.

Modulare Prozessanlagen bestehen aus einfach austauschbaren Prozess- und Funktionseinheiten, deren Konfiguration (Aufbau) und Rekonfiguration (Umbau) neue Möglichkeiten der flexiblen Prozessrealisierung eröffnen. Die Wandelbarkeit der Anlagen stellt aus Perspektive der funktionalen Sicherheit eine Herausforderung dar, da bestehende Methoden und Vorgehensweisen auf den verhältnismäßig statischen Betrieb von konventionellen Anlagen optimiert sind. Um den Zielkonflikt zwischen Flexibilität und Sicherheit abzumildern wurde ein Konzept zur Orchestrierung von verteilten Sicherheitssystemen entwickelt und in einer Demonstrationsanlage erfolgreich erprobt. Der Konzeptentwurf integriert sowohl technische als auch menschliche Anforderungen, mit dem Ziel, Operateure durch eine geschickte Systemgestaltung zur Beherrschung der Re-Konfiguration zu befähigen. / Modular process plants consist of easily exchangeable process and functional units whose configuration (assembly) and reconfiguration (modification) open up new possibilities for flexible process implementation. The changeability of the plants poses a challenge from the perspective of functional safety, since existing methods and procedures are optimized for the relatively static operation of conventional plants. To mitigate the trade-off between flexibility and safety, a concept for orchestrating distributed safety systems was developed and successfully tested in a demonstration plant. The concept design integrates both technical and human requirements, with the goal of enabling operators to master reconfiguration through smart system design.

Within the Master’s program in mechanical engineering at Linköping University, this thesis project unfolds in collaboration with Metso Sweden, specifically at their Sala factory. Focused on addressing challenges in packaging processes for Metso’s VASA-line slurry pumps, the project endeavors to devise a concept that not only meets global shipping requirements but also enhances factory output. The research unfolds with an exploration of the background, emphasizing the complexities of manufacturing large-scale pumps for heavy-duty industries. Operating in 45 countries with a workforce of approximately 16,000 employees, Metso’s site in Sala specializes in pump production, particularly for the mining industry. The unique nature of slurry pumps, designed to handle liquid solutions containing solid particles, necessitates a tailored approach to packaging. The identified problem lies in the high variation of pump configurations, demanding flexibility in production and packaging. Currently, custom-made packages are crafted by experienced operators, who are lacking feedback on their performance. The packaging process involves standard pallets or custom-made packages, with the latter lacking standardization and documentation, introducing uncertainties in transport. This study aims to improve overall efficiency at Metso by addressing bottlenecks and knowledge gaps in packaging, focusing on the VASA-line slurry pumps. The goal is to present a concept that aligns with global shipping requirements and has the potential to significantly increase factory output. The findings, supported by production analysis and a detailed implementation plan, estimating a 3.38-fold increase in current production capacity. The thesis utilizes production analysis methods in supporting product development and optimizing packaging processes. It further highlights the influence of global shipping requirements on production dynamics, necessitating additional steps in package assembly. With a focus on time rather than costs, this thesis positions itself as a practical guide for enhancing production efficiency within a constrained time frame. In summary, this thesis unfolds as an exploration of packaging challenges, offering tangible insights for product development in a production setting and package development, especially in the context of global shipping.

This study was divided into four sections: the literature review; the mechanism by which a package defect becomes a leak; and the imposed pressures generated within a package during distribution; comparison of the threshold leak size to the critical leak size and their effect on loss of package sterility; and the relationships between microorganism characterisitics and the threshold leak size, and their effect on the critical leak size. Section II. The mechanism by which a package defect converts to a leaker in an effort to develop a relationship between the threshold leak size and loss of package sterility was studied. The threshold leak size is the hole size at which the onset of leakage occurs. The threshold pressure is that which is required to initiate a leak. Leak initiation was studied in terms of the interaction between three components: liquid attributes of liquid food products, defect size, and pressures required to initiate liquid flow. Liquid surface tension, viscosity, and density were obtained for sixteen liquids. The imposed pressures (Po) required to initiate flow through microtubes of IDs 0, 2, 5, 7, 10, 20 or 50 m, were measured using 63 test cells filled with safranin red dye, tryptic soy broth, and distilled water with surface tensions of 18.69 mN/m, 44.09 mN/m, and 64.67 mN/m, respectively. Significant differences were found between observed threshold pressures for safranin red dye, tryptic soy broth, and distilled water (p < 0.05). Liquids with small surface tensions such as safranin red dye required significantly lower threshold imposed pressures than liquids with large surface tensions such as distilled water (p < 0.05). An equation was developed to quantify the relationship between liquid surface tension, threshold imposed pressure, and defect size. Observed threshold pressures were not significantly different (p > 0.05) than those predicted by the equation. Imposed pressures and vacuums generated within packages during random vibration and sweep resonance tests were measured for brick-style aseptic packages (250 ml), metal cans size 76.2-mm x 114.3-mm (425 ml), quart gable top packages (946 ml), one-half gallon gable top packages (1.89 L) and one-gallon milk jugs (4.25 L). Significant differences were found between packages for observed generated pressures during vibration testing (p < 0.05). An equation to calculate the threshold like size based on liquid surface tension and imposed pressure was established. Section III. The onset of liquid flow through a defect as a result of imposed positive pressures or vacuum were linked to the sterility loss of a package. Five-hundred sixty-three test cells, each with microtubes of 0, 2, 5, 7, 10, 20 or 50 m, manufactured to simulate packages with defects, were biochallenged via an aerosol concentration of 106 cells/cm3 of Pseudomonas fragi Lacy-1052, under conditions of imposed positive pressure or vacuum of 20.7, 13.8, 6.9, 0, -6.9, -13.8, -20.7 kPa, respectively and temperatures of 4 , 25 and 37 C. A statistically significant relationship between loss of sterility due to microbial ingress in test cells and the initiation of liquid flow were found (p < 0.05). Microbial ingress was not found in test cells with microtube IDs of 2 m. Leak sizes critical to the sterility maintenance were found to be different based on the liquid surface tension, and imposed package pressures. The threshold leak size where the onset of liquid flow was initiated, and the critical leak size at which loss of sterility occured were not significantly different (p > 0.05). Section IV. The effects of microorganism size and motility, and the imposed pressure required to initiate liquid flow, on the leak size critical to the sterility of a package were measured. Pseudomonas fragi Lacy-1052, Bacillus atrophaeus ATCC 49337, and Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 29007 were employed to indicate loss of package sterility. One hundred twenty-six microtubes with interior diameters (I.D.s) of 5, 10, and 20 m and 7 mm in length were used as the manufactured defects. Forty-two solid microtubes were used as a control. An equation was used to calculate imposed pressures sufficient to initiate the flow of tryptic soy broth through all defects. No significant differences were found for loss of sterility as a result of microbial ingress into test cells with microtube ID sizes of 5, 10, and 20 m between the test organisms (p > 0.05). Interactions between the initiation of liquid flow as a result of imposed pressures, and the sterility loss of test cells were significant (p < 0.05). / Ph. D.

This study aims to further develop research, from a management approach, by studying how MCS packages change when an organization undergoes an initial public offering. Furthermore, it aims to use Malmi and Brown’s (2008) management control system package in order to categorize and analyze the complexity of organizational change brought on by an initial public offering. This study draws on interviews with top managers in a high technological firm, which has recently been listed on the stock exchange. The results of this study imply that an initial public offering can change the MCS package in a number of different ways. Public companies do not necessarily become short-term, an initial public offering can affect a company’s external focus and measurements without affecting its internal measurements, in order for companies to become suitable for the stock market they formalize policies and appoint an independent board and listed companies can experience changes to their culture.

Kurs: Ämnesfördjupande arbete i logistik och ekonomistyrning, 4FE18E och 4FE19E  Författare: Therese Jakobsen och Matilda Magnussen Handledare: Peter Berling Examinator: Fredrik Karlsson Titel: Styra och planera, ordning och reda?  Bakgrund: Denna uppsats är genomförd på uppdrag av ett tillverkningsföretag som är aktivt inom plastbranschen. I dagsläget upplever företaget svårigheter med planering och prognostisering vilket skapar ett ojämnt produktionsflöde och leder till svårigheter vid funktionsstyrning och resulterar i en bristande lagerstyrning. Presenterad problematik verkar bottna i otydliga direktiv och osynkroniserad verksamhetsstyrning och funktionsstyrning. Uppdraget som följer är att undersöka och utreda de bakomliggande faktorerna till de upplevda svårigheterna och presentera förslag för förbättring.    Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att förbättra Plastföretagets funktionsstyrning med avseende på lagerstyrning genom att definiera den process som kommer krävas för att skapa en fungerande funktionsstyrning. I ett första skede syftar vi till att skapa förståelse för problematiken utifrån ett verksamhetsperspektiv. Genom en kartläggning av Plastföretagets verksamhetsstyrning ämnar vi urskilja nuvarande direktiv samt beslut för att förstå varför nuvarande styrningsprocess brister. I studiens andra del utvärderas nuvarande lagerstyrningsprocesser i syfte att urskilja brister på funktionsnivå och lösa Plastföretagets problematik. Genom studiens tudelade angreppsvinkel skapas förståelse för problematiken sett utifrån ett helhetsperspektiv vilket skapar möjlighet att urskilja samt definiera vilka brister som kan härledas till verksamhetsstyrningen alternativt funktionsstyrningen. På så vis ämnar vi redogöra för de förbättringar som krävs på de olika nivå samt tydliggöra hur de påverkar varandra med ambitionen att finna en varaktig lösning på problemet.   Metod: Studien applicerar en flerfaldig strategi med både kvalitativa och kvantitativa inslag och är genomförd som en fallstudie vid det uppdragsgivande företaget.   Slutsats: Oklara direktiv och riktlinjer vid verksamhetsstyrning påverkar funktionsstyrningen negativt, varje funktion ser till sitt eget bästa och utveckling uteblir. Avsaknad av ett helhetsperspektiv av verksamheten leder till funktionsinriktade funktioner och ett sämre slutresultat. För att förbättra funktionsstyrningen med avseende på lagerstyrningen krävs det en styrningsprocess med beslut och direktiv kring…

由於產品微型化的趨勢，與近十年「系統單晶片」(System-on-Chip，SoC)的發展方向截然不同地，「系統構裝晶片」(System-in-Package，SiP) 技術成為為近年新興產業技術，更已成為未來半導體及封測產業重點發展方向。近年來國內外已陸續發表針對「系統構裝晶片」的技術論文或期刊，但大多數的研究文獻僅著重於「系統構裝晶片」的技術，少有對「系統構裝晶片」產品開發者如何進行市場推廣的深入探討。 本研究將從半導體產業現況來說明「系統構裝晶片」的未來發展潛力；接著以「交易成本理論」以及「策略行銷4C架構」做為理論基礎，分析「系統構裝晶片」的產品特性，並進而歸納出「系統構裝晶片」產品的市場行銷策略，以期對於有志從事「系統構裝晶片」產品市場銷售推廣之業者有所助益。 本研究並以「交易成本理論」為根據，指出半導體產業因「系統構裝晶片」的興起而導致可能的演變，以期對於從事產業分析及觀察之有志之士提供一些未來研究觀察之可能方向。 / As a result of the microminiaturization's tendency, with in the recent ten years “System-on-Chip” (SoC) development, “System-in-Package” (SiP) technology which is entirely different for the recent years emergent industry technology, has become the future prioritize direction of the semiconductor and package-and-testing industry. In recent years domestic or foreign paper or the periodical has published one after another aims at “SiP” the technology, however the majority research literature only emphatically on “SiP” techniques, how to explore the market of “SiP” product is still rare to be seen. This research will deviate the future industry development potential of “SiP” from the present situation of semiconductor industry; Then take the “4C framework of Strategic Marketing” as well as the “Transaction Cost Theory” as the rationale to analysis the characteristic of “SiP” product, and then induces the marketing strategy of “SiP” product, hence to provide some guideline of marketing or promotion to those entrepreneurs of “SiP” industry. This research also takes the “Transaction Cost Theory” as the basis, points out the possible evolution of semiconductor industry because of the emerging “SiP” technology, hence to provide some possible direction to those who are devoted to future industry observation and research.

Pakuotės lapelis, tai įstatymu reglamentuota informacija apie konkretų vaistą, skirta pacientui ir esanti vaisto pakuotės viduje. Pagrindinis reikalavimas pakuotės lapeliui – gyventojams jis turi būti aiškus ir suprantamas. Pakuotės lapelis kaip ir kiti rašytiniai šaltiniai iš esmės yra svarbi priemonė pacientams sveikatos švietimo klausimais. Jie skirti tam, kad papildytų ir sustiprintų žinias po konsultacijų ir didintų gydymo efektyvumą. Tikslas. Įvertinti visuomenės vaistinės pacientų požiūrį į kartu su vaistu gaunamą pakuotės lapelį. Tyrimo metodas. Tiriami buvo vaistinės pacientai perkantys vaistus Lietuvos vaistinėse. Tyrimo metu buvo apklausta 360 pacientų skirtingose Lietuvos vietovėse. Apklausos buvo vykdomos Lietuvos didmiestyje, miestuose ir kaimo regionuose. Tyrimui atlikti buvo naudojama anoniminė anketinė apklausa. Tyrimo anketa buvo sudaryta iš 17 klausimų. Trys klausimai apie vaistus, vienas klausimas apie informacinius šaltinius, kuriais pacientas naudojasi, penki klausimai apie pakuotės pakuotės lapelį ir aštuoni asmeniniai klausimai apie respondentą. Tikslinamajam tyrimui atlikti buvo naudojama anoniminė anketinė apklausa. Jo metu apklausti 33 pacientai, norint patikrinti duomenis, gautus pirmojo tyrimo metu. Apklausos buvo atliekamos skirtingose Kauno vaistinėse. Apklausoje buvo orientuojamasi į pacientų nurodomus pakuotės lapelių trūkumus, bei į informacijos naudingumo tyrimą, įvertinant tai, ką pacientai lapelyje mano esant svarbiausia. Rezultatai. 9... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Package leaflet is regulated by the law with the neccessary information about a particular drug and contained inside the package of drug. The main requirement of the package insert - it must be clear and understandable. Leaflet as well as other written sources of the substance is an important tool for patient education. They are designed to complement and enhance the knowledge and effectiveness of treatment. Objective: To evaluate pharmacy patients approach on drug- derived package leaflets. Methods: 360 pharmacy patients in different locations of Lithuania. Survey was made in three types of areas: big city, town and rural area. The survey was carried out using an anonymous questionnaire. The study questionnaire consisted of 17 questions. Three questions about the drugs, a question about information sources, five questions on the package leaflet and eight personal questions about the respondent. Control study was carried out using an anonymous questionnaire.. During the 33 patients interviewed, in order to verify the data obtained in the first study. Survey has been carried out in Kaunas in different pharmacies. The survey was tailored to patients' leaflet usefulness of the information, assess what the patient considers most important. Results: The public recognizes the leaflet as a key of written drug information source. 97 percent of surveyed patients were satisfied with the idea of package leaflet. Survey of patients revealed that the leaflet was always read by 78.9 per... [to full text]

Darbe nagrinėjama produkto pakuotės svarba marketingo sprendimuose. Baigiamojo darbo tikslas – išanalizavus įvairių produktų grupių pakuočių įtaką Lietuvos gyventojams ir Lietuvos gamintojų skiriamą dėmesį produktų pakuotėms, pateikti pakuotės kūrimo modelį ir sukurti pakuotės kūrimo taisykles atsižvelgiant į pakuotės kaip marketingo objekto literatūrinę analizę. Produkto pakuotės svarba marketingo sprendimuose analizuojama nagrinėjant produkto pakuotės kaip marketingo objekto teorinius aspektus, atliekant analizę bei pateikiant pasiūlymus pagal gautas teorines ir tyrimo analizės išvadas. Teorinėje darbo dalyje analizuojamos autorių nuomonės apie pakuotės svarbą ir vietą marketingo sprendimuose, kiek pakuotė svarbi vartotojo pirkimo sprendimui. Analitinėje baigiamojo darbo dalyje pateikiami ir analizuojami tyrimo rezultatai, kuris atlikto apklausus (271) respondentų anketavimo būdu ir ištyrus Lietuvos gamintojų atskirų produktų grupių pakuotėms skiriamą dėmesį. Projektinėje darbo dalyje suformuoti tokie sprendimai: produkto pakuotės kūrimo modelis ir taisyklių bei rekomendacijų rinkinys. / In this thesis is analyzing the importance of product packaging in marketing decisions. The purpose of final job – set the model which shows how to package product in the best way and create the rules of good packaging according to the theoretical analysis of package like marketing object. Thos purpose is done after empirical analysis of influence various product package on Lithuanian and analysis of Lithuanian producers’ attitude to product package. The importance of product packaging is being analyzed by studying theoretical aspects and state of packaging state in marketing studies. The big influence of packaging is proved by getting results from research and therefore is formulized suggestions of good product packaging. In theoretical part of thesis is analyzed opinions of various marketing’s authors, how they shows importance of product packaging and its state in marketing decisions. In analytical part is set the result of research, which is done by questioning Lithuanian respondents and Lithuanian manufacturers is explored what attitude they pay to packaging. The project-based part includes the solutions: product packaging model and the rules and recommendations how to represent product trough the package in the best way.