No / This study examines resinous deposits from the interior surfaces of sherds of imported Canaanite amphorae and locally produced bowls from the 18th Dynasty site of Tell el-Amarna, Egypt. Archaeological evidence indicates that the Canaanite amphorae were used for resin transport, whilst the bowls are associated with burning resin as incense. A number of characteristic triterpenoids identify all the resinous deposits from both vessel types as Pistacia spp. No other resins were observed and there was no evidence of mixing with oils or fats. The composition of the archaeological resins is more complex than that of modern pistacia resin, due to degradation and generation of new components. Experimental heating alters the relative abundance of the triterpenoid composition of modern pistacia resin. One component, the triterpenoid 28-norolean-17-en-3-one, is produced by such heating; however, an increase in its relative abundance in ancient samples is not matched by the archaeological evidence for heating. It is therefore not possible to use this component reliably to identify heated resin. However, additional unidentified components with a mass spectral base peak at m/z 453 have been associated with seven (out of 10) bowls and are not observed in resins associated with Canaanite amphorae. It is proposed that these components are more reliable molecular indicators of heating.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第24153号 / 地環博第231号 / 新制||地環||44(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 梶井 克純, 教授 高野 裕久, 准教授 田中 周平 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

CP47,497 and other synthetic cannabinoid compounds were incipiently synthesized as research tools to investigate the mechanisms by which marijuana affects the brain and to aid in the development of therapeutic agents. Recently, these cannabinoid compounds have resurfaced in the designer drug market, marketed as “herbal incense products” (HIPs). Their popular use has resulted in an alarming rate of reported adverse effects and toxicities. Current legislation classified CP47,497 and several other synthetic cannabinoids compounds as Schedule I agents, but abuse of these compounds persists with serious consequences to public health and safety. In vivo studies examining the behavioral consequences of abused synthetic cannabinoids are limited. As a result, the goals of this research were to elucidate the acute and chronic pharmacological effects of CP47,497 and to develop a bioanalytical method for CP47,497 drug detection in mice. Cannabimimetic effects were evaluated in well-established in vivo models, the tetrad paradigm and drug discrimination assay. The tetrad test is comprised of four outcome measures sensitive to the primary psychoactive cannabinoid present in marijuana, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): catalepsy (bar test), antinociception (tail withdrawal latency), hypothermia, and decreases in spontaneous locomotor activity. While many pharmacological agents can produce one or a subset of these tetrad effects, drugs that activate CB1 receptors produce characteristic effects in all four parameters. An HPLC/MS/MS method was developed and confirmed the presence of CP47,497 in brain. We investigated whether CB1 receptors mediate the pharmacological effects of CP47,497. Cumulative dose-response experiments determined CP47,497 is more potent than THC in vivo in using multiple behavioral assays. Complementary pharmacological (CB1 receptor antagonist, rimonabant) and genetic (CB1 (-/-) mice) approaches were used to investigate whether CB1 receptors mediate the effects of CP47,497. Rimonabant (3 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg, depending on independent measure) blocked all cannabinoid-like pharmacological effects of CP47,497. Supporting these findings, CB1(-/-) mice were resistant to cannabimimetic effects of CP47,497. CP47,497 fully substituted for THC in the drug discrimination assay, with a potency of more than 5 times that of THC. Collectively, these results indicate that CP47,497 is markedly more potent (i.e. 5-8 fold) than THC, and its repeated administration produces tolerance to the cataleptic, antinociceptive, hypothermic and hypolocomotor effects in mice, with significant presentation of somatic withdrawal signs (paw flutter and head shakes) upon drug cessation. These findings are consistent with the high incidence of adverse events in humans abusing synthetic cannabinoids.

La composition de l'air intérieur est complexe et fortement influencée par les activités humaines. Celles-ci engendrent notamment l'émission de composés organiques et de particules. Les inquiétudes grandissantes quant à la qualité de l'air intérieur et à son impact sanitaire ont contraint les pouvoirs publics à prendre des mesures pour mieux assurer son suivi. Parmi les activités humaines fréquemment soupçonnées de contribuer à la contamination de l'air intérieur, on retrouve l'utilisation de parfums d'ambiance de types encens et bougies. De récentes études ont montré que cette pratique pouvait entraîner l'émission de composés organiques volatils (COV) et de particules. Une des carences liées à ces études résulte dans le fait qu'il n'existe pas de protocole de prélèvement et de mesures normalisés pour ce type de pratique, rendant l'exploitation et l'inter comparaison des résultats sujette à beaucoup de controverses. Les industriels français ont dès lors souhaité réagir, par la mise en place d'une méthodologie commune de mesure des émissions induites par la combustion des parfums d'ambiance. Le but de ce travail est de développer et de valider un dispositif expérimental permettant de mieux contrôler la combustion et les paramètres environnementaux qui l'influencent, afin de disposer d'un protocole expérimental calibré et reproductible. Ainsi, après avoir étudié les types de polluants et les possibilités de prélèvements et d'analyses associées, l'étude a été conduite en trois étapes. La première a été réalisée dans une pièce laboratoire simulant en taille réelle la pièce d'un logement. Elle a permis de déterminer le type de composés émis (COV et particules) par la combustion de parfums d'ambiance et les niveaux de concentrations associés. La seconde étape consistait en la réalisation d'un plan d'expériences complet dans une enceinte d'essais d'émissions pour déterminer l'influence de la température, de l'humidité relative et du taux de renouvellement d'air sur les niveaux émissions. Enfin, dans le cadre de la dernière étape, la méthode et les connaissances acquises précédemment ont été transférées à une enceinte d'essai climatique de faible volume, afin de permettre la réalisation d'analyse en routine. / The indoor air composition is complex and widely influenced by human activities. These practices generate organic compound and particles. Growing concerns about indoor air quality and its impact on health have forced the government to make more studies. Among the human practices, recent studies shown that incense and candle combustion could result in the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and particles. However, there is no standard sample protocol for measuring these emissions. The results comparison is then largely controversy. French manufacturers want to develop a methodology for emissions controlling due to the combustion of incense and candle processes. Through this experimental system, they want to learn much more about these processes and emissions control to anticipate the new law. Thus, after studying about the types of pollutants and sampling/analysis protocol associated, three types of studies were conducted. The first study was carried in a room of a house, to determine which kind of compounds were emitted (VOCs and particulate matter) and their concentration levels. The second study was to apply a full factorial design in a chamber emission test, to determine temperature, relative humidity and air exchange rates emissions influences. Finally, in a last study, the method and the knowledge acquired previously were transferred to a climate test chamber of small volume, allowing manufacturers to make routine analysis.

Xie, Shaohua = 室內燃香與香港華人的鼻咽癌發病風險 : / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 124-153). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese; appendixes includes Chinese. / Xie, Shaohua = Shi nei ran xiang yu Xianggang Hua ren de bi yan ai fa bing feng xian :

Submitted by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-10-03T17:25:05Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Laís Lima Nabuco Araújo - 2014.pdf: 1037857 bytes, checksum: c46e9ea58576efaed7579fbccc51c41e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-10-03T20:37:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Laís Lima Nabuco Araújo - 2014.pdf: 1037857 bytes, checksum: c46e9ea58576efaed7579fbccc51c41e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-03T20:37:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Laís Lima Nabuco Araújo - 2014.pdf: 1037857 bytes, checksum: c46e9ea58576efaed7579fbccc51c41e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-26 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / MORPHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS, PRODUCTION AND COMPOSITION OF ESSENTIAL OIL IN LEAVES OF Tetradenia riparia (Hochst) Codd-LAMIACEAE CULTIVATED AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SHADING. Tetradenia riparia ( Hochst ) Codd- Lamiaceae, popularly known as incense, is used for diseases like malaria, angina, gastroenteritis , headaches , bronchitis , among other diseases. Its essential oil contains approximately 200 components. The diterpenoids have antimicrobial, antispasmodic and antitricomonas activity. Considering the importance of light on plant growth and development the present study aims to evaluate morphological and physiological characteristics and production and composition of essential oil of Tetardenia riparia cultivated at different levels of shading. For this, seedlings were propagated by stem cuttings and grown in mini-greenhouses completely covered with black polyethylene screens produced to provide 30%, 50% and 80 % of levels shading and also grown under open sky. Leaves were evaluated after 150 days of treatment. The plants under open sky had greater foliar blade thickness. Shaded plants had higher leaf area. There were no significant differences in stomata and trichomes in the abaxial epidermis. The highest oil yield occurred in plants grown with 30 % and 50 % shading treatments. The major component of the essential oil, regardless of the treatment, was the sesquiterpenic hydrocarbon 14 - hydroxy -9 - epi - (E) - caryophyllene. Many chemical compounds of the essential oil alter its content according to treatments and other compounds were only observed at specific levels of shading. The total content of chlorophyll, chlorophyll “a” and carotenoids was higher in 50% and 80% treatment shading. The levels of chlorophyll “b” and a / b ratio did not change in different treatments. The different treatments did not change values of ash. The lipid content was lower in the treatment of 80% and increased protein and nitrogen content in 50% and 80% treatment shading. / CARACTERÍSTICAS MORFOFISIOLÓGICAS, PRODUÇÃO E COMPOSIÇÃO DE ÓLEO ESSENCIAL EM FOLHAS DE Tetradenia riparia (Hochst) Codd- LAMIACEAE CULTIVADA EM DIFERENTES NÍVEIS DE SOMBREAMENTO. Tetradenia riparia (Hochst) Codd- Lamiaceae, conhecida popularmente como incenso, é uma planta empregada para doenças como malária, angina, gastroenterites, dores de cabeça, bronquite, dentre outras doenças. Seu óleo essencial contém aproximadamente, 200 componentes. Os diterpenóides apresentam atividade antimicrobiana, antiespasmódica e antitricomonas. Considerando a importância da luz sobre o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas, o presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar características morfofisiológicas, produção e composição de óleo essencial de Tetradenia riparia cultivada em diferentes níveis de sombreamento. Para isso, as mudas foram propagadas por estaquia e cultivadas em mini-casas de vegetação completamente cobertas com telas de polietileno pretas produzidas para proporcionar níveis de sombreamento de 30%, 50% e 80% e também a pleno sol o que corresponde aos tratamentos. Folhas foram avaliadas após 150 dias de tratamento. As plantas submetidas a pleno sol tiveram maior espessura do limbo foliar. As plantas cultivadas à sombra tiveram maior área foliar. Não houve diferenças significativas na densidade de estômatos e tricomas na epiderme abaxial. O maior rendimento de óleo essencial ocorreu nas plantas cultivadas nos tratamentos de 30% e 50% de sombreamento. O componente majoritário do óleo essencial das folhas, independente dos tratamentos a que as plantas foram submetidas foi o hidrocarboneto sesquiterpênico 14-hidróxi-9-epi-(E)- cariofileno. Muitos compostos químicos do óleo essencial alteraram o seu teor em função dos tratamentos e outros compostos só foram observados em níveis específicos de sombreamento. O teor de clorofila “a”, total e carotenoides foram maiores nos tratamentos de 50% e 80% de sombreamento. Os teores de clorofila “b” e razão a/b não sofreram alterações nos diferentes tratamentos. Os diferentes níveis de luminosidade não alteraram valores de cinzas. O teor de lipídios foi menor no tratamento de 80% e o teor de proteínas e nitrogênio aumentou com 50% e 80% de sombreamento.

The ancient Egyptians were famous for their exotic and luxury perfumes in the ancient world, even having cities that specialised in perfume production in the Ptolemaic Period, when they exported these perfumes all over the Mediterranean. They produced these perfumes, and other scented preparations, from aromatic plants, fats and oils. The deities were fragrant beings, imbued with the divine essence, and perfume was considered by the Egyptians to be the sweat of the god Ra. Some deities were specially linked to perfume, one of the most important being Nefertem, god of perfume and of the primordial fragrant blue lotus flower. Incense was to the Egyptians the ‘eye of Horus’, burnt as an offering to the deities in temples. Aromatic plant material was stored in perfume/unguent ‘laboratories’, and perfumers’ workshops produced the precious perfumed oils and unguents, used in the funerary context, rituals, ceremonies, festivals and banquets. / History / M.A.

The ancient Egyptians were famous for their exotic and luxury perfumes in the ancient world, even having cities that specialised in perfume production in the Ptolemaic Period, when they exported these perfumes all over the Mediterranean. They produced these perfumes, and other scented preparations, from aromatic plants, fats and oils. The deities were fragrant beings, imbued with the divine essence, and perfume was considered by the Egyptians to be the sweat of the god Ra. Some deities were specially linked to perfume, one of the most important being Nefertem, god of perfume and of the primordial fragrant blue lotus flower. Incense was to the Egyptians the ‘eye of Horus’, burnt as an offering to the deities in temples. Aromatic plant material was stored in perfume/unguent ‘laboratories’, and perfumers’ workshops produced the precious perfumed oils and unguents, used in the funerary context, rituals, ceremonies, festivals and banquets. / History / M.A. (Ancient Near Eastern Studies)

No abstract available / Dissertation (MA (Theology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Church History and Church Policy / unrestricted