Este trabalho teve por objetivo principal estudar as relações sociais e simbólicas de gênero na pré-história brasileira, com base no estudo dos rituais funerários e remanescentes ósseos humanos de populações horticultoras do noroeste de Minas Gerais, que de 1540 anos a.C. a 1540 d.C. ocuparam de forma sazonal e constante a Gruta do Gentio II para a realização de seus rituais funerários. Nosso estudo foi dividido em duas partes, com base na análise de variáveis relacionadas ao ritual funerário (tratamento dado ao corpo, posição, orientação, direção da face, características da cova, distribuição temporal e espacial, acompanhamentos funerários) e aos remanescentes ósseos e dentários propriamente ditos (sexo, idade, fraturas, doenças, linhas de Harris, facetas suplementárias da tíbia, degeneração das superfícies articulares do esqueleto axial e apendicular, além de cáries, abrasão dentária, hipoplasia, doença periodontal, cálculos, abcessos dentários e perda ante-mortem). Dentro de uma perspectiva teórico-interpretativa simbólica, com base na arqueologia de gênero, pós-processualismo e arqueologia cognitiva, e nos métodos analíticos bioarqueológicos, acreditamos que foi possível compreender parte dos papéis sociais, desempenhados principalmente por homens e mulheres, além de adolescentes e crianças, no contexto arqueológico da Gruta do Gentio II, Unaí, Minas Gerais. / The aim of this work is to investigate the social and symbolic relations of gender in Brazilian prehistory, based on the study of human funerary rituals and bone remains of horticulturist populations in the northeast of Minas Gerais state who in a seasonal and constant form, in the period 1540 BC to 1540 AC, used the caverns at Gruta do Gentio II to perform their funerary rituals. Our study is divided in two parts based on the variables related to the funerary ritual (handling, position and orientation of the corpse, direction of the face, grave characteristics, distribution in space and time, grave goods) and to the bone and teeth remains respectively (sex, age, fractures, illnesses, Harris lines, supplementary tibia facets, joint surfaces degeneration of the axial and appendicular skeleton, and also caries, dental abrasion, hypoplasia, periodontal illness, calculus, dental abscesses and ante-mortem tooth loss). In a symbolic theoretical-interpretative perspective based on the gender archaeology, postprocessualism and cognitive archaeology, as well as the bioarchaeological analytic methods, we believe that it is possible to understand part of the social roles performed mainly by men and women but also by children and teenagers in the archaeological context of Gruta do Gentio II, Unaí, Minas Gerais.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo principal estudar as relações sociais e simbólicas de gênero na pré-história brasileira, com base no estudo dos rituais funerários e remanescentes ósseos humanos de populações horticultoras do noroeste de Minas Gerais, que de 1540 anos a.C. a 1540 d.C. ocuparam de forma sazonal e constante a Gruta do Gentio II para a realização de seus rituais funerários. Nosso estudo foi dividido em duas partes, com base na análise de variáveis relacionadas ao ritual funerário (tratamento dado ao corpo, posição, orientação, direção da face, características da cova, distribuição temporal e espacial, acompanhamentos funerários) e aos remanescentes ósseos e dentários propriamente ditos (sexo, idade, fraturas, doenças, linhas de Harris, facetas suplementárias da tíbia, degeneração das superfícies articulares do esqueleto axial e apendicular, além de cáries, abrasão dentária, hipoplasia, doença periodontal, cálculos, abcessos dentários e perda ante-mortem). Dentro de uma perspectiva teórico-interpretativa simbólica, com base na arqueologia de gênero, pós-processualismo e arqueologia cognitiva, e nos métodos analíticos bioarqueológicos, acreditamos que foi possível compreender parte dos papéis sociais, desempenhados principalmente por homens e mulheres, além de adolescentes e crianças, no contexto arqueológico da Gruta do Gentio II, Unaí, Minas Gerais. / The aim of this work is to investigate the social and symbolic relations of gender in Brazilian prehistory, based on the study of human funerary rituals and bone remains of horticulturist populations in the northeast of Minas Gerais state who in a seasonal and constant form, in the period 1540 BC to 1540 AC, used the caverns at Gruta do Gentio II to perform their funerary rituals. Our study is divided in two parts based on the variables related to the funerary ritual (handling, position and orientation of the corpse, direction of the face, grave characteristics, distribution in space and time, grave goods) and to the bone and teeth remains respectively (sex, age, fractures, illnesses, Harris lines, supplementary tibia facets, joint surfaces degeneration of the axial and appendicular skeleton, and also caries, dental abrasion, hypoplasia, periodontal illness, calculus, dental abscesses and ante-mortem tooth loss). In a symbolic theoretical-interpretative perspective based on the gender archaeology, postprocessualism and cognitive archaeology, as well as the bioarchaeological analytic methods, we believe that it is possible to understand part of the social roles performed mainly by men and women but also by children and teenagers in the archaeological context of Gruta do Gentio II, Unaí, Minas Gerais.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att diskutera hästens kön i en gravkontext och som våtmarksoffer. Detta är en komparativ studie baserad på textuellt källmaterial. De teoretiska begreppen som kommer att användas är genusteori, kunskapsteori, agens och personlighetsteori, för att på så sätt närma sig frågan om valacken, hästens tredje kön.   Hästen har haft en betydande roll för människan och detta går att utläsa i de olika kontexterd är skelettmaterial av häst påträffats. Fyra kontexter under järnåldern behandlas i denna uppsats, båtgravar i Uppland, kammargravar på Björkö, ryttargravar på Gotland och våtmarksoffer på Öland och Gotland. Det är inte bara hästen som är viktig, utan även utrustning som återfanns i gravarna, som kan berätta om hästens sociala roll i samhället. När hästar påträffats i gravar har större vikt lagts på den mänskliga individen och artefakterna de fick med sig, men hästen är inte ett föremål och kan därför inte klumpas ihop med analysen av dessa. Utifrån denna uppsats kan man tyda en preferens för det manliga könet på hästen, men det behöver inte betyda att alla varit hingstar. / The aim of this study is to discuss the gender of the horse in a funerary context and as a wetland sacrifice. This is a comparative study based on textual source material. The theoretical concepts that will be used are gender theory, epistemology, agency and personhood, in hope to approachthe question of the gelding, the horse's third gender. The horse has had a significant role for humans, and it’s possible to interpret this in the different contexts in which skeletal remains of horses can be found. Four contexts from the Iron Age are examined in this essay, boat graves in Uppland, chamber graves on Björkö, equestrian graves on Gotland and wetland sacrifices on Öland and Gotland. It is not only the horse that is important, but also the equipment that was deposited, which can reveal the horse's social role in society. When horses are found in graves, more emphasis has been placed on the person and the artifacts they brought with them. But the horse is not an object and therefore cannot be lumped together with the analysis of these. Based on this essay, a preference for the male gender of the horse can be concluded, but this does not necessarily mean that they all have been stallions.

The ancient Egyptians were famous for their exotic and luxury perfumes in the ancient world, even having cities that specialised in perfume production in the Ptolemaic Period, when they exported these perfumes all over the Mediterranean. They produced these perfumes, and other scented preparations, from aromatic plants, fats and oils. The deities were fragrant beings, imbued with the divine essence, and perfume was considered by the Egyptians to be the sweat of the god Ra. Some deities were specially linked to perfume, one of the most important being Nefertem, god of perfume and of the primordial fragrant blue lotus flower. Incense was to the Egyptians the ‘eye of Horus’, burnt as an offering to the deities in temples. Aromatic plant material was stored in perfume/unguent ‘laboratories’, and perfumers’ workshops produced the precious perfumed oils and unguents, used in the funerary context, rituals, ceremonies, festivals and banquets. / History / M.A.

La recherche menée dans cette thèse porte sur les restes archéobotaniques mis au jour dans le Cimetière I de Pachacamac par le Projet Ychsma ainsi que ceux découverts par Díaz et son équipe dans le cimetière 22 de Octubre d’Armatambo. Les contextes funéraires de ces deux sites correspondent à la culture Ychsma (10ème-15ème siècles). Cette recherche carpologique a pour but de répondre à trois questions de recherche: 1) Peut-on établir un modèle type de trousseau archéobotanique? Qu’en est-il des végétaux participant à la réalisation du paquet funéraire? 2) Quel(s) est (sont) le(s) critère(s) ayant pu avoir une influence sur les offrandes botaniques et les végétaux entrant dans la composition des paquets funéraires? A quel(s) niveau(x) se marque cette influence? 3) Qu’en est-il de la présence de taxons exogènes, particuliers ou présents dans un seul enterrement? Pour ce, j’ai analysé les restes archéobotaniques des deux sites de façon séparée et suivant les angles syn- et diachroniques. J’ai donc effectué des analyses en termes de présence/ absence et de fréquence des taxons dans les contextes funéraires en considérant les enterrements dans leur ensemble mais aussi en les séparant selon divers critères (âge, sexe et rang social relatif). Par la suite, j’ai comparé les résultats obtenus pour les deux sites. Je ne détaille pas ici les résultats de chaque analyse. Je me contente de mentionner les points principaux qui en sont ressortis, à savoir 1) qu’il ne semble pas y avoir eu une taxon-offrande type; 2) que des offrandes alimentaires apparaissent dans toutes les catégories établies; 3) d’autres facteurs (entre autres le rapport affectif aux défunts, la possible manipulation idéologique de ceux-ci par les vivants, le symbolisme des taxons, etc.) ont exercé une influence sur la présence des taxons; 4) que Gossypium barbadense était un élément type dans la réalisation des paquets funéraires. Cette recherche a eu pour conséquence l’apparition de nouvelles questions de recherche qui pourront être abordées ultérieurement sur base notamment d’un travail statistique et regroupant des échantillons de divers sites de la culture Ychsma. / The present investigation focuses on the archeobotanical remains discovered in Pachacamac’s Cemetery I by the Projet Ychsma, and Cemetery 22 de Octubre in Armatambo excavated by Díaz and her team. The funerary contexts of both sites pertain to the Ychsma culture (10th-15th centuries). The aim of this carpological investigation is to answer three questions: 1) Is it possible to establish a model of archaeobotanical grave goods? What about the plants that were used in the realisation of the bundles? 2) What is (are) the criterion (criteria) that could have influenced the archaeobotanical grave goods and the plants used in the making of the bundles? At what level(s) is this influence leaves its mark? 3) What about the presence of exogenous taxa or particular taxa or taxa which appear only in one tomb? In order to answer these questions, I analysed the archaeobotanical remains of each sites separately, using a syn- and diachronic perspective. I realised analyses in terms of presence/ absence, as well as frequency of taxa in the funerary contexts, by taking into account the burials as a whole, but also by separating them according to various criteria (age, sex, relative social ranking). Thereafter, I compared the results of both sites. I would not discuss the research results in detail here, but I will limit myself to mentioning the main conclusions: 1) it seems that there was no typical grave good taxon; 2) alimentary offering appear in all the categories; 3) other factor (among others the emotional connection to the deceased, the possible ideological manipulation of the dead by the living and the symbolism of the taxa) influenced the presence of taxa; 4) Gossypium barbadense was a typical taxon among the plants participating in the realisation of funerary bundles. This research has led to the appearance of new questions. By conducting statistical investigations and by gathering samples from various Ychsma sites, it will be possible to treat these new questions in the future. / Doctorat en Histoire, histoire de l'art et archéologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The ancient Egyptians were famous for their exotic and luxury perfumes in the ancient world, even having cities that specialised in perfume production in the Ptolemaic Period, when they exported these perfumes all over the Mediterranean. They produced these perfumes, and other scented preparations, from aromatic plants, fats and oils. The deities were fragrant beings, imbued with the divine essence, and perfume was considered by the Egyptians to be the sweat of the god Ra. Some deities were specially linked to perfume, one of the most important being Nefertem, god of perfume and of the primordial fragrant blue lotus flower. Incense was to the Egyptians the ‘eye of Horus’, burnt as an offering to the deities in temples. Aromatic plant material was stored in perfume/unguent ‘laboratories’, and perfumers’ workshops produced the precious perfumed oils and unguents, used in the funerary context, rituals, ceremonies, festivals and banquets. / History / M.A. (Ancient Near Eastern Studies)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In the Amazon the burial practices carried out by prehistoric peoples are explored and studies of bone and traces of the contexts involved even less discussed. The study of funerary contexts are made later excavations of the site, and this hinders understanding of the contexts involved in addition to making more difficult the analysis and interpretation of the collected material associated with the burials. In this context, this study aims to identify places with funerary contexts in the lower tapajós, specifically the area comprising the city of Aveiro in the State of Pará, focusing the burials in urns tradition related item-dotted encountered during the archaeological survey of the site Paraná de Arau-is-man in 2009 carried out under the technical supervision of archaeologist Dr. Denise Pahl Schaan. And from the study of these burials using methods proposed by Arqueotanatologia and Bioarqueologia this paper sought to identify and understand the funerary contexts present in the place of Paraná de Arau-é-pá. / Na Amazônia as práticas funerárias realizadas por povos pré-históricos são pouco exploradas e os estudos dos vestígios ósseos e dos contextos envolvidos ainda menos debatidos. Os estudos de contextos funerários são feitos posteriormente as escavações do sítio, e isso dificulta a compreensão dos contextos envolvidos além de tornar mais difícil a análise e interpretação do material coletado associado aos sepultamentos. Neste âmbito, este trabalho tem como objetivo a identificação de sítios com contextos funerários na região do baixo tapajós, especificamente a área que compreende o município de Aveiro no estado do Pará, tendo como foco os sepultamentos em urnas ligados à tradição inciso-ponteada encontrados durante o levantamento arqueológico do Sítio Paraná de Arau-é-pá em 2009 realizado sob a supervisão técnico-científico da arqueóloga Dra. Denise Pahl Schaan. E a partir do estudo destes sepultamentos utilizando métodos propostos pela Arqueotanatologia e Bioarqueologia este trabalho procurou compreender os contextos funerários presentes no sítio Paraná de Arau-é-pá.