This thesis analyses the activity of the agency CzechTourism. The CzechTourism agency has also representation abroad ? 26 branch offices are located around the world. This thesis focuses on the branch office in Italy (Milano). This office has the main aim to introduce the Czech Republic to Italian clients and to awake their needs to travel to our country for a vacation or for a short visit. This branch office has four main segments of support ? golf tourism, scholar tourism, religious tourism and caravanning. Author´s own survey was carried out between October 2010 and February 2011 which analyzed the relation between Italian participants of tourism and the Czech Republic as an important tourism destination in the middle of Europe.

Historicamente, o papel do Estado está sempre se alterando, contudo ele é sempre essencial. As mudanças necessárias recentes no papel do Estado relacionam-se a um conjunto de transformações do final do século XX, tanto no cenário político quanto econômico. A primeira questão que surge no debate sobre a revisão do papel do Estado é o tamanho de suas necessidades de financiamento para promover a estabilidade, o crescimento e o bem-estar. A arrecadação tributária constitui a principal fonte de recursos utilizados no financiamento de programas governamentais e, por meio delas, o governo custeia suas despesas, suas necessidades de investimento e implanta políticas públicas. No Brasil, a reforma do Estado de 1995 buscou criar novas instituições legais e organizacionais que visavam sua modernização e aumento de eficiência. Neste sentido, a Receita Federal do Brasil, instituição que tem como objetivo arrecadação fiscal, vem aumentado sua receita tributária para que o governo estruture e implemente políticas públicas e sociais. Assim, este trabalho busca verificar a eficiência na arrecadação dos recursos pelo governo federal como forma de promover o desenvolvimento e, conseqüente, bem-estar. Para avaliar a eficiência foi aplicada a técnica de Análise Envoltória de Dados. Os resultados indicam que apenas uma das dez regiões fiscais apresentou eficiência em todos os períodos, e outras duas apresentaram eficiência em pelo menos um período. Com relação à eficiência, o estudo revelou a formação de quatro clusters, em que são agrupadas as regiões fiscais. Os resultados sugerem a utilização da região fiscal eficiente como benchmark. / Historically, the role of the State is always changing, however it is always essential. The necessary changes in the recent role of the State are related to a number of changes to the end of the twentieth century, both the political scene as economic. The first question that arises in debate on the review of the role of the State is the size of your funding needs to promote stability, growth and welfare. The incoming tax is the main source of resources used in the financing of government programs and, through them, the government funds their expenses, their for investment and deploy public policies. In Brazil, the reform of the State in 1995 sought to create new organizational and legal institutions that aimed at its modernization and increased efficiency. In this way, the Federal Incoming Office of Brazil, an institution that aims to tax collection, has increased its incoming tax to the government structure and implement social and public policies. Therefore, this paper checks the efficiency in collection of resources by the federal government as a way of promoting development and, consequently, welfare. To assess the efficiency it was applied the Data Envelopment Analysis technique. The results indicate that only one of ten regions tax presented efficiency at all times, and two others had efficiency by at least one period. With respect to efficiency, the study revealed the formation of four clusters, which are grouped in the regions tax. The results suggest the use the efficient region tax as a benchmark.

Le climat du bassin méditerranéen est caractérise par un fort impact du déficit hydrique sur la croissance de la végétation. Dans ces régions fréquemment affectées par les sècheresses, l'humidité des sols est un facteur essentiel des processus hydrologiques et de la croissance de la végétation. Des études climatiques récentes ont montré qu'il est probable que le changement climatique accroitra encore l'impact des sècheresses et la pression sur les ressources en eau. Le bassin méditerranéen peut donc être qualifié de "point chaud" du changement climatique. Dans ce contexte, il est important de construire des synergies entre les systèmes d'observation satellitaire et in situ des surfaces continentales et les plateformes de modélisation. Cette thèse a été réalisée en lien avec le programme international HyMEX (Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment), consacré à l'étude du cycle de l'eau et de la prévisibilité des risques hydro- étéorologiques en Méditerranée, notamment des sècheresses. Une climatologie des variables biogéophysiques (humidité du sol, indice foliaire de la végétation ou LAI -Leaf Area Index-) et des débits des cours d'eau a été construite sur la période 1991-2008, sur une zone couvrant l'Europe, le Moyen-Orient et l'Afrique du Nord. Pour cela, des simulations du modèle du système sol-plante ISBA-A-gs et du modèle hydrologique TRIP ont été réalisées. ISBA-A-gs simule la photosynthèse et son lien avec la conductance stomatique, ainsi que le cycle annuel de la biomasse foliaire. ISBA-A-gs a été pilote par les variables atmosphériques de surface de la réanalyse ERA-Interim du CEPMMT. Le ruissellement et le drainage simules par ISBA-A-gs ont été convertis en débits des rivières par TRIP. Dans un premier temps, la qualité des forçages ERA-Interim a été évaluée sur la France a l'aide de mesures in situ du rayonnement solaire incident et de la réanalyse SAFRAN, qui fournit des précipitations fondées sur un réseau dense de mesures in situ. Des biais ont été mis en évidence sur les deux variables : ERA-Interim sous-estime les précipitations (-27%) et surestime le rayonnement solaire incident (+7%). A l'échelle de l'Europe et du bassin méditerranéen, les biais des précipitations ERA-Interim ont été corriges sur une base mensuelle à partir des précipitations du GPCC. L'impact du biais des précipitations sur la simulation des débits par TRIP a été étudié, ainsi que l'impact des différences des variables biophysiques produites par plusieurs versions du modèle ISBA (dont ISBA-A-gs). L'utilisation d'ISBA-A-gs permet une meilleure représentation des débits d'étiage et l'emploi de données satellitaires pour contraindre le LAI améliore les débits au printemps. Le volume et les variations inter annuelles des débits d'eau douce vers la Méditerranée sont en accord avec les estimations pré-existantes. Enfin, les simulations d'humidité du sol et du LAI ont été comparées aux données in situ et satellitaires disponibles durant la période 1991-2008 sur l'Europe et le bassin méditerranéen, ainsi qu'au modèle ORCHIDEE de l'IPSL. Un bon accord est observe entre (1) l'humidité superficielle du sol simulée par ISBA-A-gs et tirée des observations satellitaires micro-ondes par le projet ESA-CCI Soil Moisture, et (2) la variabilité inter annuelle du LAI simule et le LAI produit par le projet GEOLAND2. Les variations inter annuelles de l'humidité du sol et du LAI sont corrélées lors de périodes clés, mais sur des zones plus étendues avec le modèle qu'avec les observations satellitaires. / The climate of the Mediterranean basin is characterized by marked impact of the soil water deficit on vegetation growth. In these areas, frequently affected by droughts, soil moisture is a key variable for understanding the hydrological processes and the vegetation growth. Recent climatic studies have shown that climate change will probably increase the impact of droughts together with the demand for water resources in this area. As such, the Mediterranean basin is recognized as a "hot spot" of the climate change. In this context, it is important to build synergies between in situ and satellite remote sensing observing systems of the continental areas and modeling platforms. This PhD thesis was performed in the framework of the international HyMEX (Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean EXperiment) project, which is focused on the water cycle and on the prediction of hydrometeorological hazards (and particularly droughts) over the Mediterranean basin. A climatology of the biophysical variables (soil moisture, vegetation biomass or LAI –Leaf Area Index-) and river discharges was built for the 1991-2008 period over Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. In particular, simulations were performed by the ISBA-A-gs land surface model and by the TRIP hydrological model. ISBA-A-gs simulates photosynthesis and its link with the stomatal conductance, together with the leaf biomass annual cycle. ISBA-A-gs was driven by surface atmospheric variables derived from the ECMWF ERA-Interim reanalysis. Unoff and deep drainage simulated by ISBAA- gs were converted into river discharges by the TRIP model. First, the ERA-Interim forcing was evaluated over the France domain. This evaluation was performed using in situ measurements of the incoming solar radiation (ISR) and with the SAFRAN reanalysis, which provides precipitation data based on a dense network of in situ observations. Biases were evidenced for the two variables: ERA-Interim underestimates precipitation (-27%) and overestimates ISR (+7%). At the scale of Europe and of the Mediterranean basin, ERA-Interim precipitation biases were rescaled on a monthly basis using the GPCC precipitation data. The impact of precipitation biases on the river discharges simulated by TRIP was assessed, as well as the impact of the differences in biophysical variables values generated by several versions of ISBA (including ISBA-A- s). It was shown that the use of ISBA-A-gs permits a better representation of the river discharges at low water levels. The use of satellite-derived product to force the LAI improves river discharge simulations at springtime. The river freshwater inputs (volume and interannual variability) to the Mediterranean Sea are close to pre-existent estimates. Finally, the soil moisture and LAI simulations were compared to in situ and satellite observations, available over the 1991- 2008 period over Europe and the Mediterranean basin, as well as to the IPSL ORCHIDEE model. A good agreement is observed between (1) the surface soil moisture simulated by ISBA-A-gs and derived from satellite microwave observations by the ESA-CCI Soil Moisture project, and (2) the interannual variability of the simulated LAI and of the LAI produced by the GEOLAND2 project. The interannual soil moisture and LAI variations are correlated during key period, but over larger areas with the model than with the remote sensing data

Miljön har blivit en allt mer vital fråga. För att öka vår bekvämhet har det lett att vi har orsakat mycket negativa effekter på miljön. En stor del orsakas av våra dagliga oaktsamma aktiviteter. Många diskussioner har tagits upp kring detta problem. En punk som har stor vikt inom dessa diskussioner handlar om negativa påverkan av miljoner transporter som sker dagligen. Klädbranschen är en av de branscherna som bidrar till en stor del av alla transporter. En grund av denna ökade transport är en ökad efterfrågan på onlinehandel av fast fashion och en mogen global marknad. Därför syftar studie att undersöka hur olika klädföretag rapporterar transporter av deras in- och utleveranser och hur detta påverkar miljön. Ytterligare kommer studien att analysera vilken information de utvalda företagen redovisar i sina publicerade rapporter. Den valda forskningsstrategin är en kvalitativ forskning. Studien består av en innehållsanalys av tretton utvalda företags årsrapporter och/eller hållbarhetsrapporter. Datan som samlats in från rapporterna är olika leveranssätt samt utsläpp, leveransoptimering och framtida strategier/mål. Sekundära data har använts som primära data i studien för att sedan med hjälp av grundad teori har analyserats och lett till slutsatsen. Genom analys av rapporterna har vi upptäckt att exempelvis flera av de utvalda företagen lyft fram deras mål med stora siffror, men den information som inte var lika positiv skrevs med en finare stil. Därför har vi dragit en slutsats att de mer eller mindre har grönmålat deras verksamhet inom hållbarhetsområdet. Vi har kommit fram till att många företag har förmågan att påverka sina leverantörer och transportörer, men sällan har de gjort eller rapporterat det. En annan slutsats vi har dragit är att många företag inte har rapporterat miljöpåverkan som orsakas av transporter tillräckligt och vissa inte heller har framtida lösningar. Vidare forskning skulle en jämförelse mellan e-handelsföretag och fysiska företag göras genom att undersöka hur stor andel av hållbarhetsrapporten företagen väljer att skriva om miljöpåverkan. Ett annat förslag kan vara att jämföra ett företags rapporter över tid för att kunna se om de har förändrat det sättet att rapportera när det gäller miljöpåverkan som orsakas av transporter över åren. / The environment has become an increasingly vital issue. In order to increase our comfort, it has led to very negative effects on the environment. A large part is caused by our daily negligent activities. Many discussions have been raised on this issue. One thing that has great importance in these discussions is about the negative impact of millions of transports that take place daily. The clothing industry is one of the industries that contributes to a large part of all transports. One reason for this increased transport is the increased demand for online shopping of fast fashion and a mature global market. Therefore, the study aims to investigate how different clothing companies report their in and out deliveries and how this affects the environment. Furthermore, the study will analyze what information the selected companies report in their published reports. The chosen research strategy is a qualitative research. The study consists of a content analysis of thirteen selected companies' annual reports and / or sustainability reports. The data collected from the reports are different delivery methods, emissions, delivery optimization and future strategies / goals. Secondary data has been used as primary data in the study and with the use of grounded theory it has been analyzed and led to the conclusion. Through analysis of the reports, we have discovered that, for example, several of the selected companies highlight their goals with large numbers, but the information that was not as positive was written indistinct. Therefore, we have concluded that they have more or less greenwashed their published report, we have come to the conclusion that many companies have the ability to influence their suppliers and transporters, but rarely have they made or reported it. Another conclusion we have drawn is that many companies have not reported the environmental impact caused by transport enough and some do not have future solutions either. Further research would make a comparison between e-commerce companies and physical companies by examining how large a proportion of the sustainability report companies choose to write about the environmental impact. Another proposal may be to compare a company's reports over time to see if they have changed the way of reporting when it comes to the environmental impact caused by transport over the years.

Obwohl es sehr detaillierte Studien zur Nährstoffretention in einzelnen Auen und Feuchtgebieten gibt, ist die Bedeutung von Auen für die Nährstoffbilanz auf Landschaftsebene wenig untersucht. Dies liegt an dem geringen Wissensstand über die wichtigsten Parameter der Nährstoffretention, nämlich die überflutete Auenfläche sowie die in die Aue strömende Nährstofffracht. Zusätzlich gibt es bislang keinen Ansatz, demzufolge beide Parameter abhängig vom Abfluss, und damit variabel für verschiedene zeitliche Einheiten, berechnet werden können. Aus diesem Grund analysiert diese Arbeit die Überflutungshäufigkeiten der Auen von drei Flüssen, Elbe, Main und Rhein. Darauf aufbauend wird eine Abhängigkeit zwischen der überfluteten Fläche und dem Abfluss empirisch abgeleitet, die auf detaillierten Berechnungen der etablierten Software Flys basieren. Ausgehend auf diesen im Folgenden generalisierten Ergebnissen werden eine letztendlich Ereignis basierte mittlere überflutete Auenfläche sowie einströmende Nährstofffracht abhängig vom jeweiligen Abfluss berechnet. Diese und weitere Geoinformationsdaten wie auch Pegel und Gütedaten finden Eingang in jährliche und monatliche empirische Retentionsmodelle. Die berechnete Nährstoffretention in den Auen ist abhängig von der hydrologischen Konnektivität der Auen und dem tatsächlichen Abfluss. Deshalb wird letztendlich das weiterentwickelte Konzept der Ereignis bezogenen Nährstoffretention angewendet und als am realistischsten in Kombination mit hydro-exponentiellen Retentionsmodellen erachtet. Für die naturnahe Elbe werden in Monaten mit Hochwässern bis zu 9% bzw. 10% Retention der transportierten TP bzw. der NO3-N Fracht berechnet. Die Übertragbarkeit dieser Ergebnisse auf eine deutschlandweite Kulisse ist durch die generalisierten Methoden geschaffen. Die vorliegende Arbeit leistet damit einen Beitrag, die Bedeutung der Auen für die Nährstoffbilanz auf Landschaftsebene abhängig von hydrologischen Gegebenheiten zu quantifizieren. / Although there are detailed studies on nutrient retention in single wetlands and floodplains, the role of riparian floodplains for nutrient retention is not investigated very well on a landscape scale, since knowledge on the most important parameters for nutrient retention, inundated floodplains and incoming load, is insufficient. Additionally, a method for describing these parameters as discharge dependent variables is missing. Therefore, the present work analyzes the flooding frequencies on floodplains of three study rivers, Elbe, Main and Rhine. The relation of inundated floodplain extent and current discharge conditions based on detailed results of the established Software Flys is deduced empirically. Based on these subsequently generalized results, finally event related average inundated floodplain extent respectively, incoming nutrient loads are calculated by considering the effects of the hydrologic conditions of each river system. Therefore, available geodata as well as data on water quality and discharge is processed and serves as input data for yearly and monthly empirical retention models. The calculated nutrient retention in floodplains varies with hydrological connectivity of the floodplain to the surface waters as well as with the current hydrologic condition of the river system. For this reason the finally developed concept of event related nutrient retention is suggested as the most realistic in combination with hydro-exponential retention models. The Elbe floodplains are the most natural, and in years with high floods nutrient retention in the floodplains contributes up to 9% respectively 10% of the monthly transported load of TP and NO3-N, which is significant. The transfer of the results to a German-wide application is possible due the generalization of the methods carried out. With the presented results the hydrology dependent role of floodplains for nutrient balances in river systems can be quantified on a landscape scale.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi o de analisar o processo de mudanças e integração vivenciados por alunos ingressantes no Ensino Superior, que cursaram a disciplina on-line Metodologia do Estudo no primeiro semestre de 2016. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram calouros do curso Ciência da Computação (CCO) de uma instituição particular do Estado de São Paulo. O estudo buscou refletir sobre alguns aspectos de como os ingressantes lidam com as exigências do ensino superior, que são diferentes das da educação básica, bem como conhecer suas opiniões sobre este novo momento de suas vidas acadêmica e de formação. A pesquisa orientou-se pelos princípios da abordagem qualitativa, com métodos múltiplos de coleta de dados, que envolveram: análise das atividades propostas e das ações dos alunos na disciplina no ambiente virtual; análise das respostas aos questionários on-line propostos nas duas primeiras semanas (Ambientação on-line) da disciplina; realização de entrevistas com alguns alunos da turma e com a coordenadora do curso, bem como a seleção e análise de relatórios gerados pelo ambiente virtual e de documentos institucionais. A estratégia metodológica utilizada na investigação foi o Estudo de Caso. A importância dessa investigação é ressaltada pelos posicionamentos de teóricos que consideram o momento de transição do ensino médio para o ensino superior pleno de mudanças e situações novas que o jovem precisa superar. Além disso, considerou-se o desafio de aprender no contexto digital. Ao final, foi ressaltada a importância de oferecimento de disciplinas on-line que se preocupem com a integração dos alunos na cultura universitária e que os auxiliem na aquisição de hábitos de autodisciplina para estudar e se organizar. Verificou-se também a relevância do uso de estratégias didáticas on-line interativas que viabilizem as trocas comunicativas entre os estudantes e as descobertas de seus estilos e desejos de aprendizagem que orientem os seus caminhos de formação. / The objective of this research was to analyze the process of changes and integration experienced by students who started College and attended the online course called Study Methodology in the first semester of 2016. The subjects of the research were freshmen of the course Computer Science of a private institution located in the State of São Paulo. The study sought to reflect about some aspects such as how freshmen deal with the demands of College, which are different from those of High School, as well as to learn their opinions about this new moment of their academic lives and formation. The research was guided by the principles of the qualitative approach, with multiple methods of data collection, which involved: analysis of the proposed activities and the actions of the students in the virtual environment; analysis of the answers to the on-line questionnaires proposed in the first two weeks of the course (online setting); conducting interviews with some students of the class and with the coordinator of the course and the selection and analysis of reports generated by the virtual environment and of institutional documents. The methodological strategy used in the research was the Case Study. The importance of this research is highlighted by the positions of theorists who consider that the moment of transition from high school to college is full of changes and new challenges that young people need to overcome. In addition, the challenge of learning in the digital context was considered. At the end, the work highlighted the importance of offering online courses that are focused on the integration of students in the university culture and that help them to acquire habits of self-discipline to study and organize themselves. The work was also verified the importance of the use of interactive online didactic strategies that enable the communicative exchanges between the students and the discoveries of their styles and learning desires which will guide their formation paths.

Lietuvoje skiriamas per mažas dėmesys atvykstamąjam dalykiniui turizmui (verslo turistui). Atvykstamasis turizmas labiau orientuotas į pažintinį turizmą, o dalykinis turizmas labiau suvokiamas kaip konferencijų ir verslo susitikimų kelionės. Atvykstamojo dalykinio turizmo paslaugų plėtros galimybės suprantamos kaip konferencijų bei skatinamųjų kelionių, renginių pasiūlymų parengimas kaip galutinis produktas. Darbo tikslas - nustatyti atvykstamojo dalykinio turizmo plėtros galimybes ir parengti atvykstamojo dalykinio turizmo paslaugų plėtros galimybių kaip galutinio turizmo produkto siūlymus. Tyrimo objektas: Lietuvos turizmo įmonės, teikiančios atvykstamojo turizmo paslaugas ir Vokietijos įvairių sričių įmonės. Tyrimo metodai: Tyrimas vykdomas remiantis sistemine literatūrine analize, antrinių empirinių duomenų analize, pirminių duomenų rezultatų rinkimu ir aprašymu, ankstesnių tyrimų išvadomis, pateikiant apibendrinimus. Praktinių tyrimų atliktos analizės dėka buvo parengtas atvykstamojo dalykinio turizmo paslaugų produktas - paketas, kuris suprantamas kaip atvykstamojo dalykinio turizmo paslaugų plėtros galimybė. Atlikus praktinę analizę, pastebėta, kad Vokietijos įmonės į dalykines keliones įtraukia aktyvias sporto turizmo – komandos formavimo papildomas pramogas, o kelionės truka 2 - 3 dienas. Darbuotojų motyvacija – instrumentas išplėsti dalykinio turizmo paslaugas. Tam kad motyvuoti darbuotojus, rengiamos išvykos, kelionės, renginiai kartu derinant konsultacinių įmonių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In Lithuania, too little attention is paid to incoming business tourism. Incoming tourism is more oriented towards cognitive tourism, and business tourism is perceived as conference and business meeting travel. The expansion possibilities of incoming business tourism services are understood as the preparation of the offer of conference, incentive travel, and corporate event services as the end-product. The aim of the work: To identify the expansion possibilities of incoming business tourism and prepare suggestions of the expansion possibilities of incoming business tourism as the end-product. The object of research: Lithuanian tourism companies offering incoming tourism services, German companies working in various spheres. The methods of research: the research has been carried out as a systematic analysis of literature and secondary empiric data, collection and description of primary data results, and reference to the conclusions of previous research while supplying generalisations. Through the analysis of practical investigations, the product of incoming business tourism services has been prepared – a package which is understood as a possibility for the expansion of incoming business tourism services. After completing the practical part, it has been noticed that German companies combine business travel with additional active sport tourism – team building services, and the prevailing length of business trips is 2-3 days. Employee motivation is a tool for business tourism... [to full text]

O déficit habitacional brasileiro continua elevado, apesar do aumento dos investimentos públicos voltados à produção de HIS (Habitação de Interesse Social). A produção habitacional financiada por programas públicos emprega, majoritariamente, a área útil ao redor de 36m². Assim, torna-se inevitável que as HIS, com dimensões mínimas, sofram ampliações (na maioria das vezes espontâneas, efetuadas pelos próprios moradores), nem sempre com orientação profissional. Dificuldades para projetar casas evolutivas, adaptáveis às necessidades de expansão horizontal ou vertical da unidade habitacional, determinam, muitas vezes, alterações substanciais no conforto ambiental e na lógica de circulação e de articulação entre os espaços da habitação original. Metodologias utilizadas para a previsão de transformações morfológicas esbarram na dificuldade de modelar as transformações e transferir a descrição obtida com estes modelos para estratégias projetuais. Entre os modelos de formas construídas, a Sintaxe Espacial vem se mostrando eficaz na análise de hierarquia dos espaços, enquanto a Gramática da Forma documenta, com relativa fidelidade, as características de contiguidades entre espaços no processo de expansão. Com isso, os princípios generativos de uma habitação evolutiva podem ser extraídos das ampliações de HIS. Esses modelos ajudam a descrever a estrutura planar das transformações morfológicas e podem auxiliar na previsão das mudanças provocadas por usuários de HIS no Brasil. O método foi aplicado em casas originalmente de dois dormitórios existentes em conjuntos habitacionais de Porto Alegre e da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre (grupo RS). A comparação com projetos de HIS de três autores (grupo unidades-exemplo) testa a hipótese de tendência a semelhanças (apesar das diferenças entre os projetos do grupo unidades-exemplo quanto ao tamanho, à localização e à implantação no terreno) entre as ampliações espontâneas observadas no grupo RS e as propostas adotadas por esses autores. O método utilizado permitiu confirmar a hipótese levantada, indicando que é possível generalizar as soluções apresentadas no grupo unidades-exemplos para outras regiões do País, no momento em que há semelhanças entre os dois grupos considerados. Essa metodologia tem como produto as regras espaciais e medidas de hierarquia dos compartimentos, sem estarem atreladas a uma expressão arquitetônica, que retratam os padrões geométricos e configuracionais das HIS transformadas no grupo RS e contribuem para possibilitar comparações com outros projetos, como os do grupo unidades-exemplo. / The Brazilian housing deficit remains high, despite the increase in public investment aimed at production of low-incoming housing. Housing production financed by public programs employs, mainly, the useful area around 36 m². Thus, it becomes inevitable that the low-incoming housing, with minimum dimensions, suffer expansions (most often spontaneous, carried out by the residents), not always with professional guidance. Difficulties to design evolutionary houses, adaptable to the needs of horizontal or vertical expansion of the housing unit, determine, often, substantial changes in the environmental comfort and in the logic of movement and articulation among the spaces of the original housing. Methodologies used for the prediction of morphological transformations based on difficulty of modeling transformations and transfer the description obtained from these models for project strategies. Among the models of forms built, Space Syntax has been showing effective in analysis of hierarchy and permeability of the spaces, while the Grammar of Form documents, with relative fidelity, the characteristics of contiguities among spaces in the expansion process. With that, the generative principles of an evolutionary housing can be extracted from enlargements of low-incoming housing. These templates help to describe the plane structure of morphological transformations and can assist in predicting the changes caused by low-incoming housing users in Brazil. The method was applied in originally two bedroom houses existing in housing estates of Porto Alegre and the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre (RS group). The comparison with low-incoming housing projects by three authors (group sample-units) tests the hypothesis of trend to similarities (in spite of the differences among the projects of the group sample-units regarding the size, the location and the deployment on the ground) between the spontaneous enlargements observed in the RS group and the proposals adopted by these authors. The used method was able to confirm the hypothesis, indicating that it is possible to generalize the solutions presented in the group sample-units for other regions of the Country, at the moment when there are similarities between the two groups considered. This methodology has as product the space rules and measures of hierarchy of compartments, without being linked to an architectural expression, which depict configurational and geometric patterns of transformed low-incoming housing in RS group and contribute to enable comparisons with other projects, such as the group sample-units.

Made available in DSpace on 2008-05-13T13:47:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2194.pdf: 259719 bytes, checksum: df2dee8aa9a2da75df6fda3a95950724 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-26 / De 2002 a 2006 a moeda nacional brasileira, o real, vem sofrendo crescente valorização, tendência que afeta negativamente o setor exportativo no Brasil. Este trabalho refere-se o impacto desta valorização numa indústria específica do setor de exportação, a de turismo receptivo. São destacados os modelos de contratos atuais e analisada a proposição de um novo modelo de contrato, fechado em moeda nacional para as vendas internacionais, visando minimizar o risco cambial inerente à atividade. Os resultados indicam que a adoção deste novo modelo contratual eliminaria o risco cambial da parte da cadeia de distribuição situada no território nacional, trocando este por risco de demanda em função da flutuação do preço para o cliente final.

O déficit habitacional brasileiro continua elevado, apesar do aumento dos investimentos públicos voltados à produção de HIS (Habitação de Interesse Social). A produção habitacional financiada por programas públicos emprega, majoritariamente, a área útil ao redor de 36m². Assim, torna-se inevitável que as HIS, com dimensões mínimas, sofram ampliações (na maioria das vezes espontâneas, efetuadas pelos próprios moradores), nem sempre com orientação profissional. Dificuldades para projetar casas evolutivas, adaptáveis às necessidades de expansão horizontal ou vertical da unidade habitacional, determinam, muitas vezes, alterações substanciais no conforto ambiental e na lógica de circulação e de articulação entre os espaços da habitação original. Metodologias utilizadas para a previsão de transformações morfológicas esbarram na dificuldade de modelar as transformações e transferir a descrição obtida com estes modelos para estratégias projetuais. Entre os modelos de formas construídas, a Sintaxe Espacial vem se mostrando eficaz na análise de hierarquia dos espaços, enquanto a Gramática da Forma documenta, com relativa fidelidade, as características de contiguidades entre espaços no processo de expansão. Com isso, os princípios generativos de uma habitação evolutiva podem ser extraídos das ampliações de HIS. Esses modelos ajudam a descrever a estrutura planar das transformações morfológicas e podem auxiliar na previsão das mudanças provocadas por usuários de HIS no Brasil. O método foi aplicado em casas originalmente de dois dormitórios existentes em conjuntos habitacionais de Porto Alegre e da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre (grupo RS). A comparação com projetos de HIS de três autores (grupo unidades-exemplo) testa a hipótese de tendência a semelhanças (apesar das diferenças entre os projetos do grupo unidades-exemplo quanto ao tamanho, à localização e à implantação no terreno) entre as ampliações espontâneas observadas no grupo RS e as propostas adotadas por esses autores. O método utilizado permitiu confirmar a hipótese levantada, indicando que é possível generalizar as soluções apresentadas no grupo unidades-exemplos para outras regiões do País, no momento em que há semelhanças entre os dois grupos considerados. Essa metodologia tem como produto as regras espaciais e medidas de hierarquia dos compartimentos, sem estarem atreladas a uma expressão arquitetônica, que retratam os padrões geométricos e configuracionais das HIS transformadas no grupo RS e contribuem para possibilitar comparações com outros projetos, como os do grupo unidades-exemplo. / The Brazilian housing deficit remains high, despite the increase in public investment aimed at production of low-incoming housing. Housing production financed by public programs employs, mainly, the useful area around 36 m². Thus, it becomes inevitable that the low-incoming housing, with minimum dimensions, suffer expansions (most often spontaneous, carried out by the residents), not always with professional guidance. Difficulties to design evolutionary houses, adaptable to the needs of horizontal or vertical expansion of the housing unit, determine, often, substantial changes in the environmental comfort and in the logic of movement and articulation among the spaces of the original housing. Methodologies used for the prediction of morphological transformations based on difficulty of modeling transformations and transfer the description obtained from these models for project strategies. Among the models of forms built, Space Syntax has been showing effective in analysis of hierarchy and permeability of the spaces, while the Grammar of Form documents, with relative fidelity, the characteristics of contiguities among spaces in the expansion process. With that, the generative principles of an evolutionary housing can be extracted from enlargements of low-incoming housing. These templates help to describe the plane structure of morphological transformations and can assist in predicting the changes caused by low-incoming housing users in Brazil. The method was applied in originally two bedroom houses existing in housing estates of Porto Alegre and the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre (RS group). The comparison with low-incoming housing projects by three authors (group sample-units) tests the hypothesis of trend to similarities (in spite of the differences among the projects of the group sample-units regarding the size, the location and the deployment on the ground) between the spontaneous enlargements observed in the RS group and the proposals adopted by these authors. The used method was able to confirm the hypothesis, indicating that it is possible to generalize the solutions presented in the group sample-units for other regions of the Country, at the moment when there are similarities between the two groups considered. This methodology has as product the space rules and measures of hierarchy of compartments, without being linked to an architectural expression, which depict configurational and geometric patterns of transformed low-incoming housing in RS group and contribute to enable comparisons with other projects, such as the group sample-units.