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Does consciousness differ between and within entities? What then makes one conscious experience differ from another? That has been discussed for millennia, yet the more we learn about consciousness the more it seems the differences come from other aspects of our experiences than consciousness itself. Knowing whether consciousness has categories, is degreed or is binary, affects the way we model and look for signs of consciousness and possibly find better treatments for unresponsive patients. This paper (1) examines the two most common views on the variability of consciousness, the multidimensional view and the degreed view, in regards to how consciousness could vary, (2) identifies constricting aspects for both views indicating that the variability of consciousness itself isn’t really argued for in either view, and (3) argues that consciousness is binary by providing a schematic idea of what is needed for being conscious and consciousness.

O presente trabalho examina o chamado problema da indeterminação jurídica, de maneira a procurar explicitar o tipo de questões teóricas que suscita e apreciar o alcance ou fecundidade das respostas que tais questões possibilitam, sobretudo sob o ângulo da discussão dos pressupostos institucionais subjacentes à organização das atividades de aplicação do direito. Nesse contexto, a tese central do trabalho é a de que a ideia de indeterminação do direito, restrita ao contexto jurisdicional e entendida como um fenômeno linguístico, esgotou seu potencial teórico, e que a percepção desse esgotamento deveria conduzir à exploração de formas pelas quais questões de indeterminação do direito podem ser mais produtivamente tratadas como questões sobre configuração institucional do que como questões sobre a natureza, ou defeitos, da linguagem. São analisadas abordagens paradigmáticas do problema - no pensamento de Hans Kelsen, H.L.A. Hart e Ronald Dworkin - e os pressupostos institucionais que as informam, assim como identificados pontos de partida, nos estudos de Lon L. Fuller voltados à avaliação de formas alternativas de organização social, para exercícios de inovação institucional. A possibilidade de tais exercícios é exemplificada, ao final do trabalho, com propostas específicas de inovação, elaboradas por autores contemporâneos, concentradas na função jurisdicional, dirigidas a enfrentar o reconhecido impasse entre propostas de expansão e contenção da atuação judicial no contexto de efetivação de direitos sociais de caráter distributivo. / This work analyses the so-called legal indeterminacy problem, in order to make explicit the kind of theoretical issues it engenders and to assess the scope or fecundity of the answers such issues make possible, especially in terms of the discussion of institutional assumptions underlying the organization of the adjudicative function. In this setting, the central claim of this work is that the theoretical potential of the idea of legal indeterminacy, limited to the adjudicative realm and understood mainly as a linguistic phenomenon, has been worn out, and that the acknowledgment of this result should lead to the investigation of ways in which ?legal indeterminacy? issues might be more productively treated as issues about institutional innovation than issues about the nature, or defects, of language. The exemplary works of Hans Kelsen, H.L.A. Hart, and Ronald Dworkin and the institutional assumptions underlying their thought, in connection with the indeterminacy problem, are reviewed, along with the writings of Lon L. Fuller dedicated to the assessment of alternative processes of social ordering, which are taken as a point of departure for exercises in institutional innovation. The possibility of such exercises is illustrated, at the end of this work, with specific innovation proposals by contemporary authors focused on the adjudicative job, dedicated to facing the theoretical deadlock between proposals for expanding and restricting the judicial role in the context of making welfare rights, of a distributive character, concrete

O presente trabalho examina o chamado problema da indeterminação jurídica, de maneira a procurar explicitar o tipo de questões teóricas que suscita e apreciar o alcance ou fecundidade das respostas que tais questões possibilitam, sobretudo sob o ângulo da discussão dos pressupostos institucionais subjacentes à organização das atividades de aplicação do direito. Nesse contexto, a tese central do trabalho é a de que a ideia de indeterminação do direito, restrita ao contexto jurisdicional e entendida como um fenômeno linguístico, esgotou seu potencial teórico, e que a percepção desse esgotamento deveria conduzir à exploração de formas pelas quais questões de indeterminação do direito podem ser mais produtivamente tratadas como questões sobre configuração institucional do que como questões sobre a natureza, ou defeitos, da linguagem. São analisadas abordagens paradigmáticas do problema - no pensamento de Hans Kelsen, H.L.A. Hart e Ronald Dworkin - e os pressupostos institucionais que as informam, assim como identificados pontos de partida, nos estudos de Lon L. Fuller voltados à avaliação de formas alternativas de organização social, para exercícios de inovação institucional. A possibilidade de tais exercícios é exemplificada, ao final do trabalho, com propostas específicas de inovação, elaboradas por autores contemporâneos, concentradas na função jurisdicional, dirigidas a enfrentar o reconhecido impasse entre propostas de expansão e contenção da atuação judicial no contexto de efetivação de direitos sociais de caráter distributivo. / This work analyses the so-called legal indeterminacy problem, in order to make explicit the kind of theoretical issues it engenders and to assess the scope or fecundity of the answers such issues make possible, especially in terms of the discussion of institutional assumptions underlying the organization of the adjudicative function. In this setting, the central claim of this work is that the theoretical potential of the idea of legal indeterminacy, limited to the adjudicative realm and understood mainly as a linguistic phenomenon, has been worn out, and that the acknowledgment of this result should lead to the investigation of ways in which ?legal indeterminacy? issues might be more productively treated as issues about institutional innovation than issues about the nature, or defects, of language. The exemplary works of Hans Kelsen, H.L.A. Hart, and Ronald Dworkin and the institutional assumptions underlying their thought, in connection with the indeterminacy problem, are reviewed, along with the writings of Lon L. Fuller dedicated to the assessment of alternative processes of social ordering, which are taken as a point of departure for exercises in institutional innovation. The possibility of such exercises is illustrated, at the end of this work, with specific innovation proposals by contemporary authors focused on the adjudicative job, dedicated to facing the theoretical deadlock between proposals for expanding and restricting the judicial role in the context of making welfare rights, of a distributive character, concrete

According to orthodoxy the study of the Soritical and semantical paradoxes belongs to the domain of the philosophy of language. To solve these paradoxes we need to investigate the nature of words like `heap' and `true.' In this thesis I criticise linguistic explanations of the state of ignorance we find ourselves in when confronted with indeterminate cases and develop a classical non-linguistic theory of indeterminacy in its stead. The view places the study of vagueness and indeterminacy squarely in epistemological terms, situating it within a theory of rational propositional attitudes. The resulting view is applied to a number of problems in the philosophy of vagueness and the semantic paradoxes.

This thesis contains descriptions of works I have made over the last two years. These descriptions have been applied to support themes of melancholia, restraint, and indeterminacy, which serve as prevalent strains connecting recent work. A few stories are also shared in the way pieces come about through thinking and making.

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-06-08T14:08:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 indeterminacao_social.pdf: 1716414 bytes, checksum: d51db9c9c4bfb96fb399ec9685e84901 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-08T14:08:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 indeterminacao_social.pdf: 1716414 bytes, checksum: d51db9c9c4bfb96fb399ec9685e84901 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-01 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho se apresenta como uma proposta de observação das relações (in)existentes entre indeterminação social, teoria das organizações e decisão jurídica. Para tanto, adotar-se-á como referencial teórico o pensamento do sociólogo alemão Niklas Luhmann, cuja obra efetua desdobramentos nos três temas referidos. Num primeiro momento, a pesquisa procura analisar a formação do paradigma da indeterminação social, que surge ao longo do século XX a partir da emergência de novas epistemologias construtivistas que acabam por questionar os pressupostos do modelo científico herdado da modernidade. Neste momento, procurar-se-á posicionar a sociologia de Niklas Luhmann como a primeira teoria pós-ontológica, bem como a sua relevância para a formação de uma teoria social suficientemente complexa e apta a observar a sociedade contemporânea. Posteriormente, procurar-se-á expor a co-relação existente entre a formação de organizações sociais e a necessidade de assimilação de contextos altamente contingenciais, isto é, defenderemos a tese luhmanniana de que as organizações surgem como aquisições evolutivas voltadas para absorção de incertezas sociais. Essa concepção parte da ideia de que as organizações sociais são constituídas por processos de tomada de decisão e, ao mesmo tempo, os viabiliza. Por fim, descrever-se-á algumas das principais teorias da decisão jurídica, com o escopo de demonstrar um possível desencontro entre a sustentação epistemológica destas, e a contribuição da teoria das organizações. Dessa forma, pretendemos comprovar a manutenção de muitos dos pressupostos do individualismo metodológico nas teorias da decisão jurídica contemporâneas e, portanto, uma desconexão destas com os avanços ofertados pela sociologia das organizações, em especial, na acepção autopoiética de Niklas Luhmann. / This paper presents a proposal for observation of the relationship (in)exisisting between social uncertainty, organizational theory and legal decision. To do so, will adopt the theoretical thinking of the German sociologist Niklas Luhmannn, who work possessed developments in these three areas, thus facilitating the articulation and development. Initially, the research seeks to analyze the formation of the paradigm of social uncertainty, which arises during the twentieth century with the emergence of new constructivist epistemologies, that questioning the assumptions of the scientific model inherited from modernity. At this time it will seek to position the sociology of Niklas Luhmann as the first modern post-ontological theory and its relevance to the formation of a social theory complex enough to observe the shape of today's society. In the second part, it will expose the correlation between the formation of social organizations and the need for assimilation contexts highly contingent, that is, an attempt will be to defend the thesis luhmannian organizations to emerge as evolutionary acquisitions aimed at absorbing social uncertainty. This concept starts from the idea that social organizations are formed, and at the same time, enable processes of decision making. Finally, it will describe some of the main theories of legal decision, with the scope to demonstrate a possible mismatch between these epistemological support and contribution of organization theory. This way it will can prove the maintenance of many of the assumptions of methodological individualism in contemporary legal Comp's decision, and its disconnection from the advances offered by the sociology of organizations, particularly in the sense of Niklas Luhmann’s autopoietic.

[pt] Esta dissertação tem como objetivo refletir sobre a relação entre arte e design por meio de dois procedimentos: projeto e acaso. Para isso, a dissertação está dividida em três capítulos principais. No primeiro, examina-se a inserção do projeto de design na indústria, em 1750, com o intuito de problematizar o binômio projeto e acaso nas vanguardas do início do século XX. O segundo capítulo baseia-se na falência do projeto construtivo para tratar tanto da cisão entre arte e design na Escola de Ulm como do significado da atividade projetual nos coletivos e nos designers italianos das décadas de 1960 e 1970. Finalmente, o último capítulo aborda o trabalho desenvolvido pela empresa holandesa, Droog Design, fundada em 1993. Neste capítulo, projeto e acaso são pensados a partir de uma análise dos objetos dessa empresa. / [en] This dissertation aims to discuss the relationship between art and design through two procedures: project and chance. For this, the dissertation is divided into three main chapters. The first one examines the insertion of design project in the industry, in 1750, in order to investigate the binomial project and chance in the avant-garde of the early 20th century. The second chapter is based on the failure of the constructive project and handles both the division between art and design at the Ulm School, as the meaning of the project activity in the collectives and Italian designers of the 60s and 70s. Finally, the last chapter discusses the work developed by Dutch company Droog Design, founded in 1993. In this chapter, project and chance are thought through an analysis of the objects of this company.

This thesis re-evaluates the exhibition space as a site of &ldquo / indeterminacy&rdquo / defined by the dialectical interaction of architectural space and art object. The ways in which different forms of space-object interactions are constructed, and the architectural tools used to accommodate the exhibition event will be the departure points of this investigation. In this respect, the cases of Dia Beacon, Tate Modern and Stazione Leopolda will be analyzed and the means of &ldquo / indeterminacy&rdquo / will be elucidated by using the conceptual tools of &ldquo / isolation&rdquo / , &ldquo / unification&rdquo / and &ldquo / transformation&rdquo / . With the aid of these three cases, the aim of this study is to comprehend the architectural potentials in exhibition practice, which functions in extreme conditions of constantly altering states, environments and relations.

The dissertation investigates the postmodern features of Salman Rushdie’s novels Shame and Midnight’s Children within the theoretical framework of postmodernism. The inward-directed approach to a literary text, which has been chosen as a basis for the research, incorporates the body of texts by the famous theorists of postmodernism Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, Roland Barthes, Ihab Hassan, Jean Baudrillard and others. With the view to the indeterminacy of the approach, the concept of decentering, embracing such terms as the elimination of the transcendental signified, supplement, simulacrum, indeterminacy, the death of the author, has been chosen as a key concept to discuss text-oriented propositions. The analysis of Salman Rushdie’s novel Midnight’s Children explores the undermining of the traditional connotations of synecdoche. The interpretation of the text reveals how the strategy of play is employed to incorporate traditional images into the postmodern narrative of the novel. The connotations attributed to different images are constantly subjected to subversion and undermining in the text. The investigation of the concept indeterminacy with the view to the narrative of Midnight’s Children focuses on the imagery related to the concept of the void and its supplements. The analysis of Salman Rushdie’s novel Shame draws on the concept of the image as a simulacrum/supplement, employing J. Derrida and J. Baudrillard’s theoretical propositions. It uncovers the detachment of... [to full text] / Disertacijos tyrimo objektu pasirinktos postmodernizmo apraiškos Salman Rushdie romanuose Vidurnakčio vaikai ir Gėda. Tyrimo teoriniu pagrindu buvo pasirinktas į tekstą orientuotas požiūris, atstovaujamas šių mokslininkų: Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, Roland Barthes, Ihab Hassan, Jean Baudrillard ir kt. Atsižvelgiant į pasirinkto požiūrio neapibrėžtumą, pagrindine teorine sąvoka buvo pasirinkta išcentrinimo sąvoka, kuri yra sietina su šiais terminais: transcendentalinio subjekto nesatis, suplementas, simuliakras, neapibrėžtumas, autoriaus mirtis. Salman Rushdie romano Vidurnakčio vaikai interpretacijoje tiriama tradicinių sinekdochos reikšmių transformacija. Analizuojant atskleidžiama, kaip rašytojas naudoja žaidimo strategiją tradicinių įvaizdžių panaudojimui postmoderniame kūrinyje, nuolat transformuodamas ir neigdamas įvaizdžių reikšmes. Romano Vidurnakčio vaikai naratyvas analizuojamas neapibrėžtumo sąvokos pagrindu. Pagrindinis dėmesys šioje interpretacijoje skiriamas įvaizdžiams, siejamiems su tuštumos ir suplemento sąvokomis. Salman Rushdie romano Gėda interpretacijoje dėmesys skiriamas postmodernaus įvaizdžio kaip simuliakro/suplemento sampratos analizei. Teorinis interpretacijos pagrindas- J. Derrida ir J. Baudrillard veikalai. Analizė atskleidžia postmodernaus įvaizdžio ir realybės santykio nesatį bei realybės suplementų pažeidžiamumą. Apibendrinant, Salman Rushdei romanų interpretacija atskleidžia išcentrinimo sąvokos sudėtingumą ir neapibrėžtumą, bei bendrą... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]