[pt] O trabalho discorre acerca de algumas relações entre a música e a teoria, partindo da ideia de Indeterminação Musical proposta pelo artista norte-americano John Cage e suas consequências para a música, a linguagem, a ontologia e o pensamento de modo geral. O primeiro capítulo aborda o tema aproximando-se do conceito de indeterminação, das práticas musicais experimentais e das experiências verbais de notação musical, isto é, de partituras formadas apenas por palavras. No segundo capítulo, investiga-se a existência de certa zona de indiscernibilidade entre os escritos de Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari e a música, procurando elementos de um possível pensamento-música, isto é, um modo de orientação do pensamento e de concepção ontológica nos quais a música e o som não estão submetidos a critérios filosóficos pressupostos, mas funcionam eles mesmos como material fundamental para a construção de uma filosofia. / [en] This work discusses some relationships between music and theory, starting from the idea of Musical Indeterminacy proposed by the North American artist John Cage and its consequences for music, language, ontology and thought. The first chapter approaches the subject through the concept of indetermination itself, experimental musical practices and verbal experiences of musical notation, that is, of scores formed only by words. The second chapter discusses the existence of a certain zone of indiscernibility between the writings of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari and the music, looking for elements of a possible music-thinking, that is, a mode of thinking and an ontological conception in which music and sound are not subject to presupposed philosophical criteria, but function themselves as fundamental material for the construction of a philosophy

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The term equivalence describes the relationship between a translation and the text from which it is translated. Translation is generally viewed as indeterminate insofar as there is no single acceptable translation - but many. Despite this, the rationalist metaphor of translation equivalence prevails. Rationalist approaches view translation as a process in which an original text is analysed to a level of abstraction, then transferred into a second representation from which a translation is generated. At the deepest level of abstraction, representations for analysis and generation are identical and transfer becomes redundant, while at the surface level it is said that surface textual features are transferred directly. Such approaches do not provide a principled explanation of how or why abstraction takes place in translation. They also fail to resolve the dilemma of specifying the depth of transfer appropriate for a given translation task. By focusing on the translator�s role as mediator of communication, equivalence can be understood as the coordination of information about situations and states of mind. A fundamental opposition is posited between the transfer of rule-like or codifiable aspects of equivalence and those non-codifiable aspects in which salient information is coordinated. The Translation Salience model proposes that Transfer and Salience constitute bipolar extremes of a continuum. The model offers a principled account of the translator�s interlingual attunement to multi-placed coordination, proposing that salient information can be accounted for with three primary notions: markedness, implicitness and localness. Chapter Two develops the Translation Salience model. The model is supported with empirical evidence from published translations of Arabic and English texts. Salience is illustrated in Chapter Three through contextualized interpretations associated with various Arabic communication resources (repetition, code switching, agreement, address in relative clauses, and the disambiguation of presentative structures). Measurability of the model is addressed in Chapter Four with reference to emerging computational techniques. Further research is suggested in connection with theme and focus, text type, cohesion and collocation relations.

奎因 (W. V. Quine)的「翻譯的不確定說」(indeterminacy of tran- slation)，不僅在他自己的哲學體系中佔有重要的地位，在當代分析哲學 中也是一個非常重要的理論。「翻譯的不確定說」不僅主張，我們翻譯另 一個語言時，會有翻譯上的不確定性；而且主張，對鄰居語言的翻譯，也 會有不確定的情形；甚至，它也主張，在第一人稱中，我使用的語言所指 涉的東西到底是什麼，仍是不可確定的。本文的目的，是想追究兩個問題 ：第一，奎因以什麼策略或理論論證出「翻譯的不確定說」？第二，「翻 譯的不確定說」可以合理地適用於什麼範圍？關於第一個問題，本文將從 Word and Object 第二章中，奎因所提的「徹底翻譯」(Radical Translation) 的概念開始討論，因為「翻譯的不確定說」是從這裡關始 建立的，而且，在「徹底翻譯」的討論中，可以幫助我們更深入地研究奎 因是以什麼理論支持「翻譯的不確定說」。本文第二章就分別討論三種奎 因對「翻譯的不確定說」的論證進路：「整體論」、「物理理論的不可限 定說」(underdeterminacy of physical theory)和「字詞指涉的不可測 度說」(Inscrutability of reference of terms ) 。最後，本文認為「 整體論」是其中最強的論證進路。關於第二個問題，本文從奎因的「存有 相對性」 (Ontological rela- tivity) 的觀點開始討論。「存有相對性 」主張，除非相對於背景語言，否則不能說對象語言中字詞指涉的東西是 什麼；而這個存有相對性擴展的程度，就是「翻譯的不確定說」適用的程 度。本文認為，它只能適用於對另一個語言、或對另一個言說者的翻譯上 ，並不像奎因所主張的可以適用於第一人稱 (first person) 中、對自己 語言的再詮釋上。本文反對奎因的理由不是基於直覺，而是基於奎因理論 本身的不一致之處，以及基於幾項對第一人稱中翻譯不確定性優缺點的反 省，來反對奎因的這項主張。第一個問題可以幫助我們瞭解第二個問題， 不過它不僅是用來協助我們釐清問題，它本身就是一個需要詳細討論的主 題；第二個問題，也是戴維森 ( Donald Davidson) ，色勒 (John Searle) ，克爾克(Robert Kirk) 以及方萬全先生所關心的問題，它會涉 及私有語言、語意的公共特質和同一語言的判定等若干哲學問題。對這個 問題，本文的立場和方萬全先生最接近，雖然所持的理由不盡相同。在第 一、二章中，討論的是第一個問題，三、四章中討論的是第二個問題。

Este trabajo analiza la crítica que muchos filósofos han dirigido contra la tesis de la indeterminación del significado inspirados por la idea que J. Searle desarrollara en su célebre artículo de 1987, "Indeterminacy, Empiricism and the First Person". Searle defiende que la tesis constituye una reducción al absurdo de sí misma, ya que precisa hacer uso de distinciones semánticas que ella misma declara inexistentes. Esta reducción al absurdo se debe, siempre según Searle, a la perspectiva de tercera persona que adoptan los defensores de la tesis - Searle analiza aquí la exposición de la tesis de sus dos más ilustres defensores: W. V. O. Quine y D. Davidson - . Nuestro trabajo intenta mostrar cómo esta línea de ataque no dispone de argumentos satisfactorios. La tesis se estructura en tres grandes capítulos. En el primero se expone la tesis de la indeterminación del significado en sus dos grandes vertientes: la conocida como indeterminación de la traducción y la inescrutabilidad de la referencia. Se expone la tesis tal y como aparece en Quine primero y en Davidson después, analizando elementos de enorme relevancia para la tesis, como el holismo del significado y la relación entre la indeterminación y la infradeterminación.En la segunda parte se expone la mencionada crítica de Searle, con especial atención a cómo desarrollaron esta idea de rechazar la indeterminación apelando a una noción de significado desde la perspectiva de la primera persona autores como P. Alston y S. Soames. En la tercera parte se estudia la forma más novedosa que ha adoptado esta visión de "significado de primera persona", a saber, la apelación a las intuiciones lingüísticas de los hablantes. Ha sido D. Bar-On quien más ha ahondado en esta idea. Se defiende aquí la teoría davidsoniana acerca de la autoridad de la primera persona respecto al significado de sus palabras. Se defiende, en particular, la forma davidsoniana de conjugar la indeterminación con la autoridad de la primera persona.Cierra el trabajo una sección de "conclusiones y perspectivas", donde se resumen las conclusiones alcanzadas y se apuntan cuestiones que, tras las conclusiones obtenidas, merecen una profunda revisión. / This work analyzes the criticism that many philosophers have made to the thesis of meaning indeterminacy inspired by the idea exposed by J. Searle in his celebrated article, from 1987, "Indeterminacy, Empiricism and the First Person". Searle defends that the thesis supposes a reductio ad absurdum of itself due to the fact that it requires semantic distinctions that it itself declares non-existent. This reductio is due, according to Searle, to the third person perspective adopted by the defenders of the thesis - Searle analyzes here the exposition of the it made by its two more distinguished defenders, namely, W. V. Quine and D. Davidson - . Our work tries to show that this line of attack does not have satisfactory reasons. This work is organized into three large chapters. The first one is devoted to exposing the thesis in its two aspects: the one known as indeterminacy of translation and the inscrutability of reference. The thesis is exposed as it appears firstly in W. V. Quine and later in D. Davidson, studying different relevant factors for the it, as meaning holism or the relation between indeterminacy and underdetermination. The mentioned Searle's criticism is developed in the second chapter. The work analyzes here the arguments presented by the authors who have rejected the thesis by appealing to a first person perspective - viz. P. Alston or S. Soames - . The third chapter is devoted to studying the most current form this "first person meaning" has adopted, namely, the appellation to the linguistic intuitions of speakers. D. Bar-On has been the most prolific author following this line. We defend here the Davidsonian theory about first person authority with respect to the meaning of her words. We defend, in particular, Davidson's way of combining indeterminacy and first person authority. The work finishes with a section of "Conclusions and Perspectives", where the reached conclusions are summarized and some issues are brought up which, following on from our conclusions, need in-deepth revision.

In this study, a novel optimal motion planning algorithm is developed for the locomotion of modular robots. The total energy consumption of the robot is considered to be the optimization criteria. In order to determine the energy consumption of the system, the kinematic and dynamic analyses of the system are performed. Due to the variable number of modules in the system, a recursive formulation is developed for both kinematic and dynamic analyses. Coulomb&#039 / s static and dynamic friction models are used to model the frictional forces at the contact points. In modular robot locomotion, the number of contact points and the positions of the contact points vary with time. As a result, the structure of the dynamic equilibrium equations changes. Depending upon the number and type of contacts (i.e., contact with static or dynamic friction), the dynamic equilibrium equations may lead to an overdetermined, regular or underdetermined system of equations. The last case implies that the system is statically indeterminate. A novel solution method, which takes into account the deflections of the flexible links in the modular robot, is introduced to resolve this statical indeterminacy problem. Another important contribution is the identification of the singularities associated with the dynamic equilibrium equations. It is shown that these equations become singular when all tangential contact point velocities are in the same direction. The developed optimal motion planning algorithm ensures that such singularities are avoided. The procedure is illustrated via a modular, self reconfigurable robot called MTRAN. However, the method may be easily extended to other modular robots by changing the structural parameters. In order to display the resulting motion, a visual simulation program is developed for MTRAN using the commercial software Mathematica.

In this study, an efficient algorithm has been developed for the dynamic stability analysis of self-reconfigurable, modular robots. Such an algorithm is essential for the motion planning of self-reconfigurable robotic systems. The building block of the algorithm is the determination of the stability of a rigid body in contact with the ground when there exists Coulomb friction between the two bodies. This problem is linearized by approximating the friction cone with a pyramid and then solved, efficiently, using linear programming. The effects of changing the number of faces of the pyramid and the number of contact points are investigated. A novel definition of stability, called percentage stability, is introduced to counteract the adverse effects of the static indeterminacy problem between two contacting bodies. The algorithm developed for the dynamic stability analysis, is illustrated via various case studies using the recently introduced self-reconfigurable robotic system, called I-Cubes.

Theory as an approach to generative composition and interactive computer music. Inspired by the notion of Performance Indeterminacy, software has been developed that attempts to simulate the interactions of improvising performers using a multi-agent system based on the ‘Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma’. Composition activities and programming activities have formed a symbiotic relationship throughout the creation of the portfolio as each has constantly informed the other. Stylistically, the works presented fall into the experimental genre, although individually they address a wide range of aesthetic goals. The main contribution of this portfolio is a new approach to generative composition based on behavioural models, creating a sense of form bottom-up through modelling the social dynamics of music performance. Through this approach, the direct modelling of musical structures is avoided; instead larger scale forms emerge through the interactions of an ensemble of ‘improvising’ agents. This method offers a departure from previous complex systems work in the area of music, creating computer models of specific musical situations. Links between the Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma and music are also established and combined with current music technologies. / Thesis(Ph.D.)- University of Adelaide, Elder Conservatorium of Music, 2008

Theory as an approach to generative composition and interactive computer music. Inspired by the notion of Performance Indeterminacy, software has been developed that attempts to simulate the interactions of improvising performers using a multi-agent system based on the ‘Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma’. Composition activities and programming activities have formed a symbiotic relationship throughout the creation of the portfolio as each has constantly informed the other. Stylistically, the works presented fall into the experimental genre, although individually they address a wide range of aesthetic goals. The main contribution of this portfolio is a new approach to generative composition based on behavioural models, creating a sense of form bottom-up through modelling the social dynamics of music performance. Through this approach, the direct modelling of musical structures is avoided; instead larger scale forms emerge through the interactions of an ensemble of ‘improvising’ agents. This method offers a departure from previous complex systems work in the area of music, creating computer models of specific musical situations. Links between the Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma and music are also established and combined with current music technologies. / Thesis(Ph.D.)- University of Adelaide, Elder Conservatorium of Music, 2008

The term equivalence describes the relationship between a translation and the text from which it is translated. Translation is generally viewed as indeterminate insofar as there is no single acceptable translation - but many. Despite this, the rationalist metaphor of translation equivalence prevails. Rationalist approaches view translation as a process in which an original text is analysed to a level of abstraction, then transferred into a second representation from which a translation is generated. At the deepest level of abstraction, representations for analysis and generation are identical and transfer becomes redundant, while at the surface level it is said that surface textual features are transferred directly. Such approaches do not provide a principled explanation of how or why abstraction takes place in translation. They also fail to resolve the dilemma of specifying the depth of transfer appropriate for a given translation task. By focusing on the translator�s role as mediator of communication, equivalence can be understood as the coordination of information about situations and states of mind. A fundamental opposition is posited between the transfer of rule-like or codifiable aspects of equivalence and those non-codifiable aspects in which salient information is coordinated. The Translation Salience model proposes that Transfer and Salience constitute bipolar extremes of a continuum. The model offers a principled account of the translator�s interlingual attunement to multi-placed coordination, proposing that salient information can be accounted for with three primary notions: markedness, implicitness and localness. Chapter Two develops the Translation Salience model. The model is supported with empirical evidence from published translations of Arabic and English texts. Salience is illustrated in Chapter Three through contextualized interpretations associated with various Arabic communication resources (repetition, code switching, agreement, address in relative clauses, and the disambiguation of presentative structures). Measurability of the model is addressed in Chapter Four with reference to emerging computational techniques. Further research is suggested in connection with theme and focus, text type, cohesion and collocation relations.