<p>Outsourcing has grown more so than any other sector of IT services. According to a research by the analytic company Gartner soon four of ten jobs in the IT sector will be outsourced. For a nation like Sweden that means about 40,000 jobs going abroad. Business managers look to outsourcing as a means of reducing their operating cost and their need for capital spending. Companies turn to outsourcing to save money and seek expertise outside. As the competition is tough these days especially for small-to-medium sized enterprises, paying someone else to do work inexpensively is one way to get around.</p><p>Small-to-medium sized enterprises (SMEs) have become a sector buried in all the media "hype". This essay is written in an effort to help SMEs uncover the relevant strategic offshoring issues. Many managers fail to figure out India after their first visit, other get confused by the culture differences. The purpose of this essay is to map out the different ways to outsource to India and to assist managers with all necessary information that is needed. Which ownership models there are and how to choose the one that fits you. How the different ways and methods lack and what is their limitation. Not to mention how to avoid hindrance during the process. The essay will also map the Indian outsourcing industry, the major industry players and the major outsourcing locations.</p> / <p>Outsourcing är ett av de störst växande områdena i dagens IT-industri. Enligt analysföretaget Gartner kommer så småningom vart fjärde IT-jobb i den industrialiserade delen av världen att ha flyttat till låglöneländer som Indien. I siffror handlar det om 40 000 jobb bara i Sverige. IT-företagen söker efter billigare, snabbare, flexiblare och modernare lösningar. Samtidigt som man förväntar sig att kvalitén är bibehållen.</p><p>IT-sektorn för små och medelstora företag är konkurrens kraftigare än någonsin. Att använda sig av utomstående expertis i form av offshore outsourcing är ett gensvar. De större företagen är dem som nämns i tidningar när det pratas om outsourcing, små och medelstora företag har hamnat i skymundan i samband med outsourcing av IT-verksamhet. Denna uppsats är skriven för att belysa de mindre företagen om de unika möjligheter offshore outsourcing till Indien erbjuder. Många företagsledare misslyckas att komma underfund med Indien efter första besöket, andra blir förvirrade i form av kulturkrockar. Syftet med denna kandidat uppsats är att kartlägga de olika sätten att outsourca till Indien och bistå företagsledare med information om hur processer inom fenomenet outsourcing går till. Vilka ägarskapsmodeller det finns att välja ibland samt visa vilka eventuella brister och/eller begränsningar metoderna har. Samt hur man hanterar risker. Uppsatsen kommer även att ge en inblick på den Indiska outsourcing industrin, de stora nyckel företagen och perspektiv utifrån geografiskt läge.</p>

Background:It is today estimated that the number of people living with HIV/AIDS in India is 2.5 million. Recent research has shown that stigmatizing attitudes against people living with HIV/AIDS is still present among health care personnel and nursing students. Nurses have a central role in preventing HIV/AIDS transmission and therefore education about the disease is a key factor for improving health care among the population (Durkin, 2004). Aim: The aim of the study is to investigate and describe nursing students‟ level of knowledge about HIV/AIDS and their attitudes towards people with the disease. Method: It is a descriptive quantitative study using a modified Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) questionnaire. The questionnaire contains questions about from which sources the person gains information, the level of knowledge and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS. The respondents (n=45) are nursing students attending the final year of Bachelor Science Degree of Nursing at MIOT College of Nursing in Chennai, India. Results: There are gaps in the knowledge of the students regarding HIV/AIDS. None of the students answered correctly to all 20 questions and statements on the HIV/AIDS knowledge scale. More than 10% of the students (n=5) answered incorrectly to 45% of the statements/questions. In regards to attitudes, the students tend to have high levels of empathy, but also high levels of refraining attitudes. The result indicates that most students are willing to care for people with HIV/AIDS (89%) even though refraining attitudes are present. Levels of empathic attitudes among the students tend to increase when higher level of knowledge is present. Conversely, the level of refraining attitudes tends to decrease as the level of knowledge increases. Conclusions: There are gaps in the knowledge about HIV/AIDS. The level of empathic attitudes is high, but at the same time the level of refraining attitudes is high / Bakgrund: Idag uppskattas antalet personer som lever med HIV/AIDS i Indien uppgå till 2.5 miljoner. Nyligen gjorda studier visar på att stigmatiserade attityder gentemot människor som lever med HIV/AIDS fortfarande är ett problem bland sjukvårdspersonal och sjuksköterskestudenter. Sjuksköterskor har en central roll i preventionsarbetet när det gäller HIV/AIDS och därför är utbildning om sjukdomen en nyckelfaktor för att uppnå god hälsa bland allmänheten (Durkin, 2004). Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka och beskriva sjuksköterskestudenters kunskapsnivå avseende HIV/AIDS, samt deras attityder gentemot människor som lever med sjukdomen. Metod: Det är en deskriptiv kvantitativ studie och instrumentet som används är ett modifierat Knowledge, Attitude och Practice (KAP) enkät. Enkäten innehåller frågor som ger information om vilka källor respondenten får information från, kunskapsnivån och attityder gentemot HIV/AIDS. Respondenterna(n=45) är sjuksköterskestudenter som går det sista året på Bachelor Science Degree of Nursing på MIOT College of Nursing i Chennai, Indien. Resultat: Det finns luckor i studenternas kunskap när det gäller HIV/AIDS. Ingen av studenterna svarade korrekt på alla 20 frågor/påståenden på HIV/AIDS knowledge scale. Mer än 10% av studenterna (n=5) svarade inkorrekt på 45% av påståendena/frågorna. När det gäller attityder tenderade studenterna att ha höga nivåer av empati, men också höga nivåer av avståndstagande attityder. Resultatet indikerar att de flesta studenterna är villiga att vårda personer med HIV/AIDS (89%), trots närvaron av avståndstagande attityder. Nivån av empatiska attityder bland studenterna tenderar att öka i samband med högre kunskapsnivå. Omvänt tenderar nivån av avståndstagande attityder att avta i samband med högre kunskapsnivå. Slutsats: Det finns luckor i kunskapen om HIV/AIDS. Nivån av empatiska attityder är hög, men samtidigt är även nivån av avståndstagande attityder hög.

Background: Men’s violence against women is a serious and extensive problem in the Indian society that affects the lives of these women entirely. The level of violence against women occur independent from all classes and ages. The estimated number of unknown cases is high and the uncertainty regarding number of victims is large. On a global perspective, the situation is even more confusing since the definitions of what makes a violent act varies substantially between countries and can range from anything between psychological, physical to sexual violence. Aim: To describe Indian nurse’s experience of caring for women exposed to gender-based violence.  Methods: A qualitative study with semi-structured interviews was conducted. The interviews were made in four different hospitals in Mumbai, India. Five separated interviews were conducted with duration between 30-45 minutes with working nurses who all have experience in caring for women exposed to violence. Data was analyzed using content analysis described by Graneheim and Lundman (2004). Results: The data analysis revealed four main categories: Nurse patient relationship, Nurses ability to detect gender based violence, a part of the nursing process, Challenges in the nursing profession and Management of emotional impact. The nurses talked about the importance of building a trustful relationship and to observe the patient in order to identify violence. Challenges as language barriers, getting the women to open up about their situation and getting emotionally affected while caring for the women were described. Family support and teambuilding were of importance in order to handle these challenges. Discussions:  It can be very difficult for women who have been exposed to violence to seek help. It is therefore important for the nurse to create a trustful relationship in order to get the woman to open up about her situation. However, studies show that nurses often get emotionally stressed from work and that many newly graduated nurses are thinking about leaving the profession. For this reason it is important that nurses get support in coping with the emotional impact and stress that comes from work. / Bakgrund: Mäns våld mot kvinnor är ett allvarligt och omfattande problem som har en stor påverkan på kvinnors liv i det indiska samhället. Nivån av våldet mot kvinnor sker oberoende från samhällsklass och ålder. Den beräknade siffran för mörkertal är hög och osäkerheten kring antalet offer är stor. Globalt sett finns stora oklarheter kring problemet då definitionen på vad som utgör en våldsam handling varierar avsevärt mellan länder och kan omfatta alltifrån psykologiskt och fysiskt till sexuellt våld. Syfte: Att beskriva indiska sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda kvinnor utsatta för könsrelaterat våld. Metod: En kvalitativ studie med semi-strukturerade intervjuer utfördes. Intervjuerna gjordes på fyra olika sjukhus i Mumbai, Indien. Fem separata intervjuer som varade mellan 30–45 minuter utfördes med yrkesverksamma sjuksköterskor med erfarenhet av att vårda våldsutsatta kvinnor. Datamaterialet analyserades med hjälp av innehållsanalys beskrivet av Graneheim och Lundman (2004). Resultat: Dataanalysen resulterade i fyra huvudkategorier: Relationen mellan sjuksköterska och patient, Sjuksköterskans förmåga att upptäcka könsrelaterat våld – en del av omvårdnadsprocessen, Utmaningar i sjuksköterskeprofessionen och Hantering av känslomässig påverkan. Sjuksköterskorna beskrev vikten av att skapa en tillitsfull relation och att genom observation identifiera våld. Utmaningar som språkbarriärer, att få patienten att dela med sig av sin situation och emotionell påverkan beskrevs. För att hantera dessa utmaningar ansågs stöd från familjen och teamarbete vara viktiga aspekter. Diskussion: Det kan vara väldigt svårt för kvinnor som har blivit utsatta för våld att söka hjälp. Det är därför av stor vikt för en sjuksköterska att skapa en tillitsfull relation för att få kvinnan att dela med sig av sin situation. Forskning visar dock att sjuksköterskor ofta drabbas av emotionell stress och att många nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor funderar på att lämna yrket. Av denna anledning är det viktigt att sjuksköterskor får stöd i att hantera den emotionella påverkan och stress som drabbar dem i det dagliga yrket.

Durant de nombreuses décennies, la faune phlébotomienne (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) Malgaches est demeurée très peu explorée. Deux Grassomyia avaient été signalés puis une espèce décrite sous le nom de Sergentomyia berentiensis. A partir des années 2000, la faune de Madagascar a révélé une richesse et une diversité non soupçonnées jusqu'alors avec la description de plusieurs espèces nouvelles et d'un sous-genre nouveau : Vattieromyia. Cette thèse est une contribution à la connaissance des Phlébotomes de Madagascar et des îles voisines des Seychelles et des Comores.Notre approche a été qualitative et non quantitative. Les phlébotomes collectés à Madagascar, aux Comores et aux Seychelles ont été étudiés morphologiquement puis, pour certains d'entre eux, par biologie moléculaire à diverses fins : associations mâles-femelles et systématique évolutive. Dans ce dernier cas, différents marqueurs ribosomiques, mitochondriaux et nucléaires ont été séquencés selon les problématiques.A Madagascar, les Phlebotomus forment un groupe monophylétique. Nous suggérons, sur des arguments morphologiques et moléculaires, de les individualiser dans un sous-genre nouveau étant donnée la mise en évidence de la paraphylie du sous-genre Anaphlebotomus dans lequel ont été classées les espèces malgaches.Nos travaux révèlent que P. fertei possède une aire de distribution qui couvre la presque totalité du pays. Les séquences de cytochrome b individualisent de nombreuses populations selon leurs origines géographiques mais nous n'avons pas pu individualiser ces populations sur le plan morphologique et morphométrique. Les séquences de l'ITS2 n'individualisent pas ces populations et nous critiquons l'utilisation du cytochrome b, et plus largement des marqueurs mitochondriaux, pour la systématique des Phlébotomes.En ce qui concerne les autres espèces de Phlebotomus, elles possèdent toutes une distribution étroite, réduite à leur lieu de capture. Nous avons décrit deux espèces nouvelles durant cette thèse : P. vaomalalae et P. vincenti. Les études moléculaires et morphologiques révèlent l'existence d'au moins trois espèces nouvelles : deux sympatriques à Andranoilovy (dont une espèce commune avec Berenty) et une à Ankililaoka.Enfin, nous proposons le rattachement de P. huberti au genre Sergentomyia. Cette espèce ne possède pas de soies mésanepisternales et le mâle que nous décrivons dans ce travail possède les caractères génitaux des Sergentomyia. De plus, nous décrivons sur une la seule femelle, une espèce nouvelle proche de S. huberti. Une étude moléculaire menée avec d'autres espèces supposées proches (appartenant au sous-genre Sintonius) nous conduit à proposer la création d'un nouveau sous-genre pour classer ces espèces malgaches.Nous analysons la paléobiogéographie des Phlébotomes de Madagascar et envisageons au moins deux épisodes de peuplement : l'un très ancien (environ 120 millions d'années), « africain » datant de la fragmentation du Gondwana et le second, plus récent (65 millions d'années), provenant d'Asie via un pont formé par le plateau des Seychelles.D'un point de vue épidémiologique, la recherche d'ADN leishmanien s'est révélée négative sur tous les phlébotomes testés.Dans l'archipel des Comores, aucun phlébotome n'avait été rapporté. Au cours de trois campagnes de piégeage menées en 2003, 2007 et 2011, nous rapportons la première mention de phlébotomes dans ces îles et décrivons deux taxons nouveaux S. pessoni et S. goodmani comorensis.Aux Seychelles, nous avons identifié S. clydei à Aldabra. Cette population possède des séquences mitochondriales très différentes des nombreuses populations continentales étudiées. L'origine du peuplement de cette île volcanique demeure mystérieuse, sans adéquation avec les données relatives à l'horloge moléculaire du cytochrome b dont nous doutons de la fiabilité. / During the last century, the Phlebotomine sand fly fauna (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) of Madagascar remained largely unexplored. Two Grassomyia were recorded and a species has been described as Sergentomyia berentiensis. From the 2000s, this fauna revealed a richness hitherto unsuspected: it included the description of several new species for Science and of a new subgenus (Vattieromyia). The present study is a contribution to the knowledge of Phlebotomine sand flies from Madagascar and the neighboring archipelagos of the Seychelles and the Comoros.The sand flies collected in Madagascar, the Comoros and the Seychelles were studied morphologically and, for some of them, by molecular biology in order to associate males with females and also to perform molecular systematics. Several molecular ribosomal, nuclear, and mitochondrial markers have been combined.In Madagascar, the Phlebotomus are grouped in a clade. Based on morphological characters and molecular studies, we suggest their individualization in a new subgenus because we show subgenus Anaphlebotomus where the Malagasy Phlebotomus were classified, is paraphyletic.P. fertei exhibits a wide distribution all over country. Sequences of cytochrome b individualize many populations linked to their geographical origins. However, it is not possible to individualize these populations based on morphological and morphometric characters. The sequences of ITS2 do not individualize these populations and we criticize the use of cytochrome b and other mitochondrial markers for the systematics of Phlebotomine sand flies.Regarding the other Malgaches Phlebotomus, all of them have a narrow distribution, reduced to their place of capture. We described two new species for Science: P. vaomalalae and P. vincenti. Moreover, molecular and morphological studies support the existence of at least three new species: two in sympatry in Andranoilovy (probably also recorded in Berenty) and one in Ankililaoka.Finally, we propose that P. huberti belongs to the genus Sergentomyia and not to the genus Phlebotomus. It does not have mesanepisternal setae and the male that we describe here exhibits Sergentomyia's genital characters. Moreover, we described on a female belonging to a new species close to S. huberti. We carried out a molecular study including continental species supposed closely related (belonging to the subgenus Sintonius). It individualizes the Malagasy specimens and consequently, considering their typical pharyngeal armature, we propose the creation of a new subgenus to classify them.We analyze the paleobiogeography of Malagasy sand flies. In agreement with generalized tracks, the settlement of Madagascar followed two routes at different times: one very old (about 120 million years ago), from "Africa" dating from the Gondwana fragmentation and the second, more recent (65 million years), from Asia using a bridge formed by the Seychelles plateau.From an epidemiological point of view, the search of Leishmania DNA was negative in all sandflies processed.In the Comoros Archipelago, no sand fly had been reported in the past. During three field works carried out in 2003, 2007 and 2011, we report the first record of sandflies in these islands and we describe two new taxa: S. pessoni and S. goodmani comorensis.In the Seychelles, we identified S. clydei in Aldabra. This population has mitochondrial sequences highly differing from those of many continental populations processed. The settlement of this volcanic island remains mysterious. They are not in agreement with molecular clock of cytochrome b sequences which seems of doubtful use.

La gouvernance se définit comme étant une organisation sociale élaborée par la société elle-même. Autrement dit, cette notion suppose la reconnaissance de la suprématie de la volonté des membres de chaque société qui peut être civile, commerciale, ou politique qui évolue selon l’intérêt général de chaque société. Elle se présente sous différentes formes, entres autres, la démocratie, la décentralisation ou la centralisation, la solidarité internationale ou nationale, l’État de droit. Cependant, parmi les pays membres de la Commission de l’océan Indien, notamment La France (Réunion et Mayotte), Madagascar, Comores, île Maurice, les ex-colonies anglophones ou francophones ont reconnu juridiquement des organisations sociales héritées de génération en génération comme les traditions (les us et coutumes, les lois divines), et les droits coloniaux. En se basant sur la lutte anti vectorielle, une des mesures de la police administrative, qui est un concept nouveau issu du progrès de la médecine. Le droit comparé des États membres de la Commission de l’océan Indien régissant cette filière, nous permet à élucider si la défaillance de certains États dans ce domaine est-elle liée au conflit entre les traditions et les droits modernes, apports des ex colons ? / Governance is defined as a social organization established by itself society. In other words, the concept means recognition of the willingness supremacy each society member, may be civil, commercial, policy, change according to the general interest. The different forms of governance are democracy, centralization and decentralization, international or national solidarity. However, the member of the Committee on the Indian Ocean State, especially, France, Madagascar, Comoros, Mauritius, the former French or English colonies recognized legally the social organization inherited from generation to generation as traditions (customs, divine laws), colonial rights. Based on the vector control, one of the administrative police measures, which is a new concept from the advances in medicine science. The comparative law of the member of the Committee on the Indian Ocean State help to elucidate if did the failure of some States relate to the conflict between tradition and modern law?

The purpose of the thesis is to study microcredit regulation in India, how it is designed, and how it affects the borrowers. Since microfinance institutes (MFIs) often claim that microcredit is a tool for empowering women, the impact on women has been studied in particular in the thesis. The success and the failures from using different models and legal structures for microcredit can be used to improve credit regulation in both developing and developed jurisdictions. The research questions that are studied are: What impact does microcredit regulation have on borrowers? How does microcredit impact women in particular? How can microcredit regulation improve the well-being of borrowers? In order to fulfil the aim of the thesis, a field study in India has been carried out to interview borrowers of microcredit, employees at a MFI and other experts on the field. To understand the impact that microcredit has had on the borrowers, the Capabilities Approach is applied on results from interviews with borrowers. Microcredit provides small loans to people in developing countries. It has become popular all over the world as a tool to alleviate poverty and empower women, especially in India. The sector was largely unregulated in India until the event of the Andhra Pradesh crisis in 2010. Leading up to the crisis, many microfinance institutes scaled up quickly and several entities shifted from not-for-profit into for-profit entities as financial institutions and commercial banks entered the sector. The methods used by the institutes, along with the non-existing legal support, led to borrowers defaulting and becoming over-indebted. Reports in the media emerged of some borrowers committing suicide as an effect of the crisis. The public reputation of microcredit was for the first time tarnished. After the crisis the sector begun to regulate the for-profit microfinance institutes that had caused the crisis. Today, they are fully regulated and supervised by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). Other entities have remained unregulated, despite attempts to regulate them. The study has shown that microcredit has improved the well-being of most of the borrowers in terms of change in status, social participation, and increase in income. When using the Capabilities Approach microcredit can enhance one’s capabilities and freedom if the microcredit regulations aim is to improve the well-being. In terms of how microcredit impacts women specially, the interviews show that women are not always the primary user of the loan, she is often used as an instrument through which the husband gets the loan. Microcredit has the potential for positively impacting female well-being, but it does not presently live up to the notion of empowering women through entrepreneurship. To conclude, borrowers’ well-being has improved through the introduction of microcredit, but there is no clear correlation between microcredit and improvements in well-being. Well-being cannot be achieved if there is no regulation in place which aims to prevent exploitation of MFIs. The event of Andhra Pradesh crisis provides us with examples of how microcredit regulation can be an important tool in improving welfare and reducing harmful credit. / Syftet med uppsatsen är att studera regelverket gällande mikrolån i Indien, dels hur det är utformat och dels undersöka hur det påverkar mikrolånstagarna. Eftersom mikrolånsinstituten ofta hävdar att mikrolån kan användas som ett verktyg för att stärka kvinnor, har påverkan på kvinnorna studerats särskilt. Framgångarna och misslyckandena från att använda olika modeller och regelverk för mikrolån kan användas för att förbättra kreditreglering i både utvecklingsländer och utvecklade länder. Frågeställningarna som studeras är: Vilka effekter har regleringen för mikrolån på låntagarna? Hur påverkas kvinnor av mikrolån i synnerhet? Hur kan regleringen för mikrolån förbättra låntagarnas välbefinnande? För att uppfylla syftet med uppsatsen har en fältstudie i Indien genomförts där intervjuer har gjorts med framförallt låntagare, men även anställda vid ett mikrolånsinstitut och andra experter på området. För att förstå hur låntagarna påverkas av mikrolån har Capabilities Approach tillämpats på resultaten från intervjuerna med låntagarna. Mikrolån innebär små lån till människor i utvecklingsländer. Mikrolånen har blivit populära över hela världen som ett verktyg för att minska fattigdom och stärka kvinnor, särskilt i Indien. Under lång tid var sektorn nästan oreglerad i Indien fram till Andhra Pradesh-krisen 2010. Under tiden som ledde upp till krisen växte många mikrolånsinstitut snabbt och många institut skiftade från icke-vinstdrivande till vinstdrivande företag allteftersom finansinstitut och banker intog sektorn. De metoder som användes av instituten tillsammans med den näst intill obefintliga regleringen ledde till att låntagare inte kunde betala sina skulder allteftersom de förföll till betalning. De blev överskuldsatta och i rapporter i media framkom det att vissa låntagare hade begått självmord som en effekt av krisen. Mikrolånsinstitutens offentligt rykte blev för första gången förstört. Efter krisen började sektorn reglera de mikrolånsinstitut som var orsaken till krisen och idag är de helt och hållet reglerade och övervakade av the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). Övriga institut förblev i stort sett oreglerade trots försök att reglera dem. Studien har visat att mikrolån har förbättrat de flesta låntagarnas välbefinnande genom förbättringar i status, socialt deltagande, och ökad inkomst. Genom att använda Capabilities Approach kan mikrolån öka en persons förmågor och frihet om regelverket för mikrolån syftar till att förbättra låntagarnas välmående. När det gäller hur mikrokredit påverkat kvinnor specifikt visade intervjuerna att kvinnan inte alltid är den verkliga låntagaren, ofta används hon som ett instrument där mannen tar del av lånet. Mikrolån kan potentiellt ha en positiv påverkan på kvinnors välbefinnande, men det kan inte leva upp till föreställningen om att stärka kvinnor genom entreprenörskap. Sammanfattningsvis kan studien visa att låntagarnas välmående har förbättrats genom mikrolån, men det finns ingen automatisk koppling mellan mikrokrediter och förbättringar i låntagarnas välbefinnande. Ökat välbefinnande går inte att uppnå om det inte finns ett regelverk som syftar till att motverka exploatering av mikrolånsinstitut. Krisen i Andhra Pradesh kan ge ett exempel på hur regleringen för mikrolån kan användas som ett verktyg för att förbättra välfärd och minska skadlig kreditgivning.

Le cinéma mettant en scène des anglais d'origines indienne ou pakistanaise, se déroulant sur le territoire britannique et traitant de relations avec les habitants qu'ils soient anglais dits de souche, anglais issus de l'immigration ou de familles métissées est appelé British-Asian cinema. Quelle image moderne de la britannicité les films British-Asians propagent-ils? L'identité anglaise n'est pas liée à la couleur de la peau ou aux origines ethniques mais au sentiment d'être anglais et de partager une culture commune. Beaucoup de personnes issues de l'immigration se disent aujourd'hui anglaises comme cela a pu être expliqué dans le très surprenant documentaire "100% English". Ces diverses représentations transparaissent dans les médias et de façon claire et accessible dans les films. Le cinéma agit comme un moyen de propager dans le monde entier une image de la britannicité. C'est dans ce contexte de redéfinition identitaire britannique que le gouvernement de Tony Blair a misé sur le cinéma britannique et son développement dans toute sa diversité. Nous pouvons nous interroger sur ce qu'est cette représentation britannique, mais aussi anglaise, vu sous cet angle particulier du mélange culturel au cinéma. L'intégration, réussie ou non, les mariages forcés, la religion, les stéréotypes culturels britanniques et Asians sont autant d'obstacles à franchir pour affirmer une identité britannique. Certains anglais ne savent plus qui ils sont réellement, on en vient à faire des tests ADN pour évaluer son niveau d'anglicité et toute légitimité à être anglais. Il est étonnant d'observer qu'à l'inverse, ces nouveaux britanniques issus de parents indiens ou pakistanais, affichent souvent une identité britannique et anglaise claire, peut être même exacerbée et mieux définie. / Cinema staging English people of Indian or Pakistani origins, taking place in Britain, is called "British-Asian cinema". What is the modern image of Britishness that British-Asian films convey? In this respect, English identity is not linked to the color of the skin or to ethnic origins but to a common culture. Various representations appear in media and in a clear ans approachable manner in films. The cinema acts as a means to spread an image of Britishness worldwide. It is in this context of British self-defining or redefing that the government of Tony Blair gave support to the British cinema and its development in all its diversity. Analysing British representation through the lens of cinema seems quite interesting. Whether it is represented as successful integration or forced mariages, religious fanaticism, the Asian cultural stereotypes are obstacles to overcome to assert a British identity. Moreover, some English people do not know who they are, indeed they ended up making DNA tests to assess their level of Englishness and any legitimacy to be English, as it is explained in the TV documentary "100% English". It is striking to notice that on the opposite, these new British people of Indian or Pakistani parents, often show a clear British and English identity, which can sometimes be exacerbated and very accurately defined.

La France s’implante à Mayotte en 1841, mais la ratification royale est attendue deux longues années par les autorités de Saint-Denis de la Réunion. Ces simples faits sont révélateurs de deux attitudes bien distinctes : celle de la métropole coloniale et celle de sa colonie insulaire isolée dans l’océan Indien. Les intérêts sont donc divergents : il importe de les recenser et de mesurer leur influence sur les politiques menées et les moyens accordés ou non. Durant plus d’un siècle, ces intérêts ont-ils connu des mutations, des modifications radicales ? La politique coloniale en a-t-elle été l’instigatrice ? Les projets novateurs souhaités pour Mayotte sont finalement tombés en désuétude après la conquête de Madagascar puis le rattachement de Mayotte et des Comores à la nouvelle colonie. La Grande Île présente de nombreux atouts : la vaste baie abritée de Diégo-Suarez, un hinterland au fort potentiel minier, agricole et industriel. Mayotte n’est plus que le chef-lieu d’une dépendance qui compte rarement dans les statistiques. Paris n’a qu’une vision monolithique de « Madagascar et dépendances », oubliant la souplesse du pragmatisme multiscalaire en fonction des évènements. Chaque île n’a pas vécu les évènements de la première moitié du XXè siècle de la même manière. Les deux Guerres mondiales ont affecté chaque île de façon singulière. Finalement Mayotte a traversé la période de colonisation comme un petit territoire dans un vaste empire, parfois distingué, mais souvent suivant la règle générale… tout en conservant quelques particularismes locaux. / France was established in Mayotte by 1841, but the King’s signature was waiting for two long years by colonial authorities of Saint-Denis de La Réunion. Those first events reveal two different colonial politics in one hand from central power in Paris and in the second hand from its old isolated colony in the Indian Ocean: island of la Réunion. Both have different interests, which must be well- defined. What kind of influence did they have on politics? Were they good lobbiists? During one century they may have been transformed. Was colonial policy was the instigator? The innovating projects hoped for by Mayotte finally passed into disuse when Madagascar’s island was colonized then, when Mayotte and the other Comoros island was administrated by the new establishment. The Great Island presented all the advantages researched: a large and natural protected bay in Diego Suarez, a wide hinterland with great mining potential, cultures and industries. Mayotte became the only chief town of a province which rarely appeared in statistics. Paris developed a monolithic perception of “Madagascar and Dependences”, forgetting to look through different scales with events. The first half of the twentieth century has been lived differently by each island. World War I and World War II were not similar at all from one island to another one.Maison de la Recherche 28 rue Serpente 75006 PARISBureau de la valorisation. 01 53 10 57 94www.paris-sorbonne.fr5/6Finally Mayotte crossed the colonial period as a small island in a wide empire, sometime emphasized, but often under the general rule….but always with specific characteristics.

The Branding Solution &amp; Designing Industry has been seemingly proliferating with the growth inthe Apparel and fashion industry, predominantly. With economic development there has been anincrease in the private consumption and growth in GDP; as the demand from the fashion andready-to-wear industry has increased significantly.Both the global and European markets for branding and design are growing. Brands owners areincreasing their investments in measures intended to contribute to strengthening their brands, inwhich labels, packaging and accessories are important elements.Nilörngruppen is a company in this industry offering complete solutions in branding, design,product development and logistics on a global basis with a clear focus on offering customeruniquesolutions that create added value.To compete for the big branding and design jobs and increase the company business volume it isnecessary to be close to the customers. Developments necessitate Nilörngruppen being present inthe countries where its customers have increased its manufacturing base. This caters the need tomake an entry into new markets through a network of strategic partners. This has motivatedNilörngruppen to establish its part-owned subsidiary as Nilörn India with its own sales andlogistics base.This portrays the need of Nilörngruppen to develop its market through continued optimization ofits business structure and improve return on investments in India. The aim of this thesis report is tomake a Business Strategy development for Nilörn India for its expected market expansion in theIndian market. / <p>Program: Magisterutbildning i Applied Textile Management</p><p>Uppsatsnivå: D</p>

Consumers seem to become more demanding in their buying behaviour within the fashionmarket. The society refers to individualism, personality and creativity, which affect people’s wayof dressing themselves. Many companies have started to work with aspects that create aconsumer experience to meet the customers’ new demands. Some fashion companies have evenshown a tendency to apply the entertainment industry in their concept, which generates in aphenomenon that can be called fashiontainment. This paper aims to revise the Swedish fashioncompany Indiska. The mission of the company is “We will offer a unique mix of fashion andhome furnishing with inspiration from India that pleases a lot of people”. Indiska has latelydeveloped a couple of new marketing strategies that include making their target market wider toalso attract the females of the younger generation. This thesis aim to investigate how Indiska cancombinate Indian culture and Swedish fashion in their communication to attract the youngerfemales of the fashion market. The study will also investigate how the company may developtheir marketing strategies and marketing channels to create a customer experience for theirchosen target market. The empirical and theoretical part of the study has been designed inpurpose to answer the given problems. The thesis will be in Swedish.This thesis is created from a hermeneutic point of view and from an inductive reasoning method.We have collected empiric data by field studies in India and by observation of Indiska’s stores inSweden. We have also done a number of qualitative interviews with key persons within thecompany. In the theoretical chapter we describe the consumer behaviour and marketingstrategies, as well as branding and theory of experience. Indiska has for a long time offered astore concept, which doesn’t place them within the ordinary segment because of their nichestrategies. The stores communicate directly to the customer and the purpose is to create anillusion of India. By maintaining and developing these strategies according to the room ofexperience model Indiska may satisfied the consumers’ demands of experience seeking. Theconclusion of our essay, is that Indiskas new concept “Bohemian Modern”, seems to meet theyounger generations’ needs and demands of differentiation. By combining Scandinaviansimplicity with Indian culture, Indiska seems to be a company that accomplish the demands ofthe younger generations. Indiska already has knowledge in the four different dimensions ofexperience that they may profit from in order to attain a fashiontainment concept. / Program: Textilekonomutbildningen