Esta Tese tem por objetivo discutir o Campo da Saúde Mental Coletiva e as novas formas sociais contemporâneas, no contexto da modernização reflexiva e do processo de Individualização. Parte da hipótese de que o quadro social em que o Campo se alicerça não corresponde às formas sociais contemporâneas. As novas formas sociais contemporâneas produzem novas formas de subjetividade, novas formas de regulação institucional e de atuação da Psiquiatria, mas o descompasso entre o Campo e a sociedade está na base de sua incapacidade para lidar com estas novas formas de sofrimento, regulação e medicalização-psiquiatrização. Reflexivamente, o Campo acaba reproduzindo e ampliando a medicalização, e contribui para a produção e radicalização das novas formas e riscos que lhes escapam, por sua inépcia para atuar na Contemporaneidade. O processo de modernização reflexiva levou a profundas mudanças socioestruturais na sociedade contemporânea, transformando também o objeto do Campo da Saúde Mental que, contudo, não as reconhece por estar assentado em marcos teóricos moderno-industriais. Para caracterizar o Campo, realizou-se uma análise crítica sistemática de 201 publicações sobre o Campo da Saúde Mental Coletiva, em 02 periódicos científicos nacionais: 105 da revista Saúde em Debate entre 1976 e 2011 e 96 da revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva entre 1996 e 2011. A partir desta análise, identificamos e discutimos o perfil de autoria das publicações, os referenciais teóricos e principais experiências que influenciaram o Campo, as concepções sobre Psiquiatria e as possibilidades de transformação das relações com a loucura e a sociedade, no contexto da Reforma Psiquiátrica, e as principais categorias conceituais identificadas. Alicerçada nesta discussão, a Tese busca refletir, no marco dos processos de modernização reflexiva e individualização sobre a subjetividade, as dimensões familiar e laboral, e a Psiquiatria. Considerando as importantes contribuições do Campo, indicamos a necessidade de ampliar o seu marco epistemológico e olhar sobre o fenômeno do adoecimento, para incorporar à sua reflexão as novas formas e relações sociais da Contemporaneidade, e a necessidade de ampla e radical politização do Campo. / This thesis aims to discuss the Collective Mental Health Field and the new contemporary social forms, in the context of Reflexive Modernization and the Individualization Process. Part of the hypothesis is that the social context in which the Field is based does not correspond to contemporary social forms. The new contemporary social forms produce new forms of subjectivity, new forms of institutional regulation and Psychiatric action, but the mismatch between the Field and Society is the basis of their inability to deal with these new forms of suffering, regulation and medicalization or \'psychiatry-action\'. Reflexively, the Field ends up reproducing and expanding the medicalization, and contributes to the production and radicalization of the new forms and risks that escape it, by its ineptitude to act in the Contemporaneity. The Reflexive Modernization process has led to profound socio-structural changes in contemporary society, transforming also the object of the Field of Mental Health, which, however, does not recognize them because it is based on modern-industrial theoretical frameworks. In order to characterize the field, a systematic critical analysis of 201 publications on the field of Collective Mental Health was carried out in 02 national scientific journals: 105 of the journal Saúde em Debate between 1976 and 2011 and 96 of the journal Ciência e Saúde Coletiva between 1996 and 2011. Based on this analysis, we identified and discussed the authorship profile of the publications, the theoretical references and main experiences that influenced the field, the conceptions about Psychiatry and the possibilities of transforming relations with madness and society in the context of the Psychiatric Reformation movements and policies, and the main conceptual categories identified. Based on this discussion, the thesis seeks to reflect, within the framework of the processes of Reflexive Modernization and individualization on subjectivity, the family and work dimensions, and Psychiatry. Considering the important contributions of the Field, we indicate the need to broaden its epistemological framework and look at the phenomenon of mental illness, to incorporate into its reflection the new forms and social relations of Contemporaneity, and the need for a broad and radical politicization of the Field.

<p>Den svenska arbetsmarknaden är under förändring och blir mer individualiserad och flexibel. Lagen om anställningsskydd blir mer ifrågasatt och det finns diskussioner om att förändra denna lag. Uppsatsen behandlar vilka strategier Handelsanställdas förbund Avd 3 har för att möta individualisering och flexibilitet.Syftet med föreliggande uppsats är att med utgångspunkt i aktuella teorier om individualisering och flexibilitet, det vill säga förändringsprocesser, i arbetslivet undersöka dels hur en fackförening (Handels) upplever nämnda förändringsprocesser samt dels om och hur fackföreningens agerande påverkas av förändringsprocesserna.De teorier som ligger till grund för denna uppsats behandlar individualisering, flexibilitet samt arbetsrätt.Vi har gjort 4 stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer med fackligt aktiva medlemmar inom Handelsanställdas förbund Avd 3 i Halmstad.Resultatet är uppdelat i fyra olika teman: Facklig verksamhet, individualisering, flexibilitet samt arbetsrätt. Strategier som Handels använder sig av för att möta individualisering, går ut på att träffa ungdomar tidigt.Om ungdomar är mer individualiserade i dagens samhälle än gårdagens samhälle innebär det att Handels på sikt kan få problem. Med problemet menas att de ungdomar som väljer bort ett medlemskap utifrån ett individuellt val, kan leda till att Handels förlorar medlemsantal och därmed deras förhandlingsstyrka på arbetsmarknaden.</p> / <p>The Swedish labour market is changing and becoming more individualized and flexible. The law on employment protection will be further challenged and there are discussions about changing this law. This essay deals with which strategies Handelsanställdas förbund Avd 3 has to accommodate individualization and flexibility.The purpose of this essay is based on current theories of individualization and flexibility, meaning, changing processes in work life and examine how a trade union (Handels) experience changes, and whether the union's behavior is affected by processes of change.The theories and previous research underlying this essay deals with theories of individualization, flexibility and labour law.We have made four semi-structured interviews with trade union officials in Halmstad.The result is divided into four themes: trade union activities, individualization, flexibility, and labour law. Handels is working on issues such as work environment, salary and work hours. Strategies Handels are using to accommodate individualization, is to communicate with young people in an early stage.If young people are more individualized in today's society than yesterday's society, Handels may in the long term have a problem. With the problem, it means that if young people will not be members on the basis of an individual choice, this may lead to Handels losing members and thus their negotiation strength in the labor market.</p>

<p>Then the language learning process and the approach in a preparatory class differs itself from a general class. The methods conducted in a preparatory class are not just focused on teaching as in a more traditional method. Achieving the objectives in a preparatory class depends on the individual student and the cohesion in the group. Students have different backgrounds and knowledge level, therefore it is extremely important that the teachers use different work methods in order to achieve and to promote the students' language development. The aim with this survey is to get the knowledge about what education methods is being used by teachers in a preparatory class. The study will be based on three teachers work from different schools and the focus will be on the education methods, operation methods and the individualization degree of the education methods.  As we will see the operation methods of all the teachers are based on the same plan and the difference between them are small. The education method on the other hand differs between teachers and depending on the class the teacher will reform the methods to more accommodate the needs of the students in the class. As for the individualization degree of the education methods the study will show that the goals of the methods do not get achieved due to lack of resources. The teachers do not have the time to individualize the education for each student to the degree that is written in the national school plan.    </p>

<p><strong>Background:</strong> In the schools today it is common that teachers talk about children with special needs and children with “Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder” – ADHD. You can often hear people discuss about children with ADHD from the teachers point of view, that pupils are hard to handle and that they do not know how to create a good relationship with them. But you seldom hear anyone talk about school from the children’s perspective, how they feel, think and experience their school attendance. </p><p><strong>Purpose:</strong> The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine how a functional disability like ADHD can effect a childs schooling and also to show how pupils with ADHD themselves experience their school attendance and how they are being treated by teachers and other pupils.</p><p><strong>Method:</strong> In order to investigate this, five interviews was carried out with students in the the ages of 16-25. I was interested in their experiences from their years in compulsory school, first to ninth grade. The theoretical basis in this study has been Vygotskijs socio-cultural perspective and concepts such as self-esteem and individualization.</p><p><strong>Result:</strong> The result of the interviews shows that large classes and disturbing noises in the classroom affected the pupil’s concentration in a bad way. They felt that their teachers did not listen or understood their complex of problems, which resulted in frustration, disappointment and anger, which often led to conflicts. They also felt that the teachers very often criticized and punished them, which resulted in more frustration and decreased self-esteem. All respondents felt a kind of alienation because of the treatment from teachers and other children.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> One of the conclusions in this study is that the teachers did not have enough knowledge, understanding or competence to give the pupils the support they required, and therefore, this study emphasizes the importance of further education for teachers.</p>

<p>In what ways and under what circumstances can a movie be a resource for individuals and their thoughts about existential matters? This central research question has been investigated using a both quantitative and qualitative approach. First, a questionnaire was distributed amongst 179 Swedish students to provide a preliminary overview of film habits. The questionnaire was also used as a tool for selecting respondents to individual interviews. Second, thirteen interviews were conducted, with viewers choosing their favourite movie of all time. In the study socio-cognitive theory and a schema-based theoretical tool is adopted to analyze how different viewers make use of movies as cultural products in an interplay between culture and cognition in three contexts; a socio-historic process, a socio-cultural interaction with the world and inner psychological processes. Summarizing the interviews some existential matters dominated. Matters of immanent orientation were in the foreground. Transcendental questions received much less attention. Summarizing the schema-based theoretical question, assessing which cognitive schema structures the narratives were processed through, the study found an emphasis on a combination of two main cognitive structures, person schema and self schema. Detailed person schematic cognitive processes about fictitious characters on the screen and their role model behaviour were combined by the respondents with dynamic cross-references to detailed self schematic introspections about their own characteristics, related to existential matters at some very specific moments in their lives. The viewers in the study seem to be inspired by movies as a mediated cultural resource, promoting the development of a personal moral framework with references to values deeply fostered by a humanistic tradition. It is argued that these findings support theories discussing individualised meaning making, developing ‘self-expression values’ and ‘altruistic individualism’ in contemporary western society.</p>

Den svenska arbetsmarknaden är under förändring och blir mer individualiserad och flexibel. Lagen om anställningsskydd blir mer ifrågasatt och det finns diskussioner om att förändra denna lag. Uppsatsen behandlar vilka strategier Handelsanställdas förbund Avd 3 har för att möta individualisering och flexibilitet.Syftet med föreliggande uppsats är att med utgångspunkt i aktuella teorier om individualisering och flexibilitet, det vill säga förändringsprocesser, i arbetslivet undersöka dels hur en fackförening (Handels) upplever nämnda förändringsprocesser samt dels om och hur fackföreningens agerande påverkas av förändringsprocesserna.De teorier som ligger till grund för denna uppsats behandlar individualisering, flexibilitet samt arbetsrätt.Vi har gjort 4 stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer med fackligt aktiva medlemmar inom Handelsanställdas förbund Avd 3 i Halmstad.Resultatet är uppdelat i fyra olika teman: Facklig verksamhet, individualisering, flexibilitet samt arbetsrätt. Strategier som Handels använder sig av för att möta individualisering, går ut på att träffa ungdomar tidigt.Om ungdomar är mer individualiserade i dagens samhälle än gårdagens samhälle innebär det att Handels på sikt kan få problem. Med problemet menas att de ungdomar som väljer bort ett medlemskap utifrån ett individuellt val, kan leda till att Handels förlorar medlemsantal och därmed deras förhandlingsstyrka på arbetsmarknaden. / The Swedish labour market is changing and becoming more individualized and flexible. The law on employment protection will be further challenged and there are discussions about changing this law. This essay deals with which strategies Handelsanställdas förbund Avd 3 has to accommodate individualization and flexibility.The purpose of this essay is based on current theories of individualization and flexibility, meaning, changing processes in work life and examine how a trade union (Handels) experience changes, and whether the union's behavior is affected by processes of change.The theories and previous research underlying this essay deals with theories of individualization, flexibility and labour law.We have made four semi-structured interviews with trade union officials in Halmstad.The result is divided into four themes: trade union activities, individualization, flexibility, and labour law. Handels is working on issues such as work environment, salary and work hours. Strategies Handels are using to accommodate individualization, is to communicate with young people in an early stage.If young people are more individualized in today's society than yesterday's society, Handels may in the long term have a problem. With the problem, it means that if young people will not be members on the basis of an individual choice, this may lead to Handels losing members and thus their negotiation strength in the labor market.

The two volumes represent the proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik WI2013 (Business Information Systems). They include 118 papers from ten research tracks, a general track and the Student Consortium. The selection of all submissions was subject to a double blind procedure with three reviews for each paper and an overall acceptance rate of 25 percent. The WI2013 was organized at the University of Leipzig between February 27th and March 1st, 2013 and followed the main themes Innovation, Integration and Individualization. / Die zweibändigen Tagungsbände zur 11. Internationalen Tagung Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI2013) enthalten 118 Forschungsbeiträge aus zehn thematischen Tracks der Wirtschaftsinformatik, einem General Track sowie einem Student Consortium. Die Selektion der Artikel erfolgte nach einem Double-Blind-Verfahren mit jeweils drei Gutachten und führte zu einer Annahmequote von 25%. Die WI2013 hat vom 27.02. - 01.03.2013 unter den Leitthemen Innovation, Integration und Individualisierung an der Universität Leipzig stattgefunden.

The two volumes represent the proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik WI2013 (Business Information Systems). They include 118 papers from ten research tracks, a general track and the Student Consortium. The selection of all submissions was subject to a double blind procedure with three reviews for each paper and an overall acceptance rate of 25 percent. The WI2013 was organized at the University of Leipzig between February 27th and March 1st, 2013 and followed the main themes Innovation, Integration and Individualization. / Die zweibändigen Tagungsbände zur 11. Internationalen Tagung Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI2013) enthalten 118 Forschungsbeiträge aus zehn thematischen Tracks der Wirtschaftsinformatik, einem General Track sowie einem Student Consortium. Die Selektion der Artikel erfolgte nach einem Double-Blind-Verfahren mit jeweils drei Gutachten und führte zu einer Annahmequote von 25%. Die WI2013 hat vom 27.02. - 01.03.2013 unter den Leitthemen Innovation, Integration und Individualisierung an der Universität Leipzig stattgefunden.

Bakgrund: Under de senaste åren har debatten om ungdomars psykiska besvär hamnat i rampljuset. Undersökningar som gjorts på området visar bland annat att orsakerna, till att ungdomar upplever känslor som ångest, oro och stress, kan vara ökad individualisering och ökad valfrihet. Dagens samhälle erbjuder en rad olika valmöjligheter och livsstilar och det kan för vissa ungdomar vara en utmaning att orientera sig bland dessa.  Syfte: Med redogörelser och resonemang, som beskrivs i uppsatsen, kan man anta att de förändringar som skett, i takt med det moderna samhällets framväxt, har påverkat ungdomarnas situation i samhället. Uppsatsen syfte är att lyfta fram en grupp ungdomar som upplever ett sviktande välbefinnande och presentera deras berättelser för att på så vis synliggöra deras inställning till hur dagens samhälle påverkar deras välbefinnande. Jag vill även skapa en förståelse för hur de rör sig inom och förhåller sig till olika samhällsarenor och sociala arenor. Metod: Studien är baserad på narrativ metod. I de narrativa intervjuerna användes en halvstrukturerad intervjuguide med övergripande teman. Insamling av materialet har skett genom livsberättelser med fem respondenter och under samtalets gång har följdfrågor ställts som varit relevanta i det unika mötet. Teori: Studien lyfter fram begreppen individualisering, främre och bakre region, val av livsstilar, anomi och sociala band. Dessa begrepp har varit till hjälp i analyseringen av materialet, vilket utgörs av ungdomarnas berättelser, samt i besvarandet av syftet och frågeställningarna. Resultat: Resultatet visade att förändringar inom samhällsarenor och sociala arenor har påverkat ungdomarna och deras välbefinnande. De upplever svårigheter i att förhålla sig till omgivningen, arbetslivet och orientera sig bland samhällets olika valmöjligheter. Vidare visar också resultatet att de arenor som är av betydelse för ungdomarnas välbefinnande är sociala relationer och meningsfulla aktiviteter och det är inom dessa som ungdomarna upplever att deras välbefinnande påverkas positivt. / Background: The mental state of adolescents has during the last years ended up in the spotlight. Studies have shown that the causes to the health issues have been increased individualization and increased freedom of choice. The society today offers a variety of options and lifestyles and for some adolescents it could be a challenge to choose among them.   Purpose: With statements and arguments that the study describes, one can assume that the changes that have occurred have affected the situation of the youths in the society. This essay aims to highlight a group of young people with declining well-being and present their stories to thereby display their approach to the way our society has affect their well-being. I also want to create an understanding of how they relates to different social arenas. Methodology: The study is based on narrative methodology. A semi structural interview guide with themes has been used to gathering information from the young people; the data collected consists of five life stories and follow-up questions. Theory: The terms in the study are individualization, front and back stage, the choice of lifestyles, anomie and social bonds. These terms have been helpful in analyzing the narratives and to answer the purpose.   Results: The results showed that the changes within the different social arenas have affected adolescents and their well-being. They experienced difficulties to relate to the environment, work and to orient among various choices of the society. The study also showed that the social arenas that are of importance to the adolescents’ well-being are social bonds and meaningful activities.

The aim of this essay is to examine why and how three teachers who work in elementary classes choose to use ability grouping during math lessons and what they think of ability grouping as a method to individualize the activities according to the pupil’s needs. I chose one main question for this study that is the following: What is the teacher’s point of view and experience of ability grouping in teaching mathematics? And three sub-questions: What are the motives behind the choice of ability grouping? What are the advantages of ability grouping? What are the disadvantages of ability grouping? In order to be able to answer my questions, I used the qualitative method. I interviewed three teachers who work in the elementary classes (First to fifth grade) to find out what they think about ability grouping and how it is experienced in mathematic teaching.The result shows that the common thing between these three teachers is that they don’t use ability grouping as the only teaching method. They all agree that the whole class teaching has many benefits for the pupils. Regarding the teachers’ views on advantages of ability grouping, they all regard it as a method that contributes to differentiating the math activities according to the pupil's personal needs. My conclusion is that the teachers’ different experiences of ability grouping have an impact on their point of view of ability grouping.