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Gestão integrada de resíduos industriais: análise comparativa entre o Estado de São Paulo e Portugal / Integrated solid waste management: comparative analysis between the State of São Paulo and PortugalJorge Manuel Mendes de Pinho da Cruz 06 June 2014 (has links)
Com o agravamento dos problemas ocasionados pelos resíduos, a busca de soluções e orientações se torna cada vez mais evidente. As empresas, enquanto geradoras de resíduos industriais, são obrigadas por Lei a efetuar um correto gerenciamento dos seus resíduos. Conhecer a legislação ambiental aplicável é, por conseguinte, crucial para qualquer organização. O tema que se pretende desenvolver é a Gestão Integrada de Resíduos Industriais: análise comparativa entre o Estado de São Paulo e Portugal. Este trabalho tem como objetivo geral realizar um estudo comparativo entre o Estado de São Paulo, representativo do Brasil, e Portugal, no que tange a gestão integrada de resíduos industriais, tendo como base os diplomas legais que regulam esta matéria em ambos os países, bem como dar uma visão global e sintética do funcionamento da gestão integrada de resíduos industriais em São Paulo e em Portugal. A metodologia a ser usada terá em conta a análise das políticas públicas voltadas para a gestão integrada de resíduos industriais e será realizada com base em pesquisas bibliográficas e revisão documental. O levantamento de dados e das principais exigências legais terá como forma dominante o uso de bancos de dados legais via internet, a consulta de trabalhos e estudos realizados sobre esta matéria, e revistas de informação técnica e científica. / With the worsening problems caused by waste, finding solutions and guidance becomes increasingly evident. The companies, while generating industrial waste, are required by law to make a correct management of their waste. Meet applicable environmental legislation is therefore crucial for any organization. The topic to be developed is the Integrated Management of Industrial Waste: comparative analysis of the state of São Paulo and Portugal. This work has as main objective to carry out a comparative study between the State of São Paulo, representative of Brazil and Portugal, regarding the integrated management of industrial waste, based on the legislation governing the matter in both countries, as well as give insight global and synthetic functioning of integrated management of industrial waste in São Paulo and in Portugal. The methodology to be used will take account of the analysis focused on the integrated management of industrial waste and will be based on literature searches and document review public policies. The survey data and the main legal requirements will use as the dominant form of legal data banks via internet, consulting work and studies on the subject, and magazines of technical and scientific information.
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[en] DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FIBER BOARDS FROM FIBERS OF PUPUNHA PALM TREE (BACTRIS GASIPAES) / [pt] DESENVOLVIMENTO E CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE CHAPAS DE FIBRAS DE PALMEIRA DE PUPUNHA (BACTRIS GASIPAES)BRUNO CARNEIRO TEMER 11 June 2013 (has links)
[pt] Visando adequar a sociedade do consumo a uma existência menos
impactante ao meio ambiente, a busca por materiais oriundos de fontes renováveis
e passíveis de biodegradação é crescente. No entanto, para que esta transição seja
mais eficiente, se faz necessário mudar não só os materiais que são produzidos,
mas também a logística da produção e os processos produtivos utilizados. Com
base nisto, o objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver e caracterizar uma chapa de
fibras, desenvolvida a partir de resíduos da agro indústria do palmito de pupunha
(Bactris Gasipaes), a ser produzida por meio da capacitação dos agricultores
locais, com processos de baixa complexidade tecnológica, baixo custo de
implementação e mínimo impacto ambiental associado à sua produção. Os ensaios
foram realizados de acordo a norma ABNT 15316 - 2:2009, que determina
parâmetros de amostragem e métodos de ensaio das chapas de fibras de média
densidade (MDF). Como adesivo, aglomerante, foi utilizada a resina poliuretana,
de base vegetal, em diferentes proporções fibra/matriz. Os resultados foram
analisados seguindo a norma ABNT 15316 – 3: 2009, que estabelece os requisitos
para chapas de densidades diferentes, produzidas para os mais diversos fins
(estrutural, geral, forro, parede, dentre outros). Dessa forma, foi possível atestar a
viabilidade de produção da chapa em pequena escala, garantindo a parcial
substituição das chapas MDF disponíveis no mercado, o que comprova a real
oportunidade de crescimento sustentável, através da geração de renda e
desenvolvimento sócio ambiental. / [en] Aiming to adapt the consumer society to a life less harmful to the
environment, the research for materials produced from renewable sources and
subject to biodegradation is increasing. However, for this transition to be more
efficient, it is necessary to change not only the materials that are being produced
but also the production logistics and production processes used. On this basis, the
objective of this work is to develop and characterize a fiberboard, developed from
the agro-industry waste of Pupunha`s palm heart (Bactris gasipaes), to be
produced through the training of local farmers, processes with low complexity
technology, low cost of implementation and minimal environmental impact
associated with its production. The tests were performed according to the ABNT
15316 - 2:2009, which determines the parameters of sampling and test methods
for medium density fiberboard (MDF). The vegetal based polyurethane was used
as adhesive/ binder. The samples were produced in different proportions fiber /
matrix. The results were analyzed following the ABNT 15316-3: 2009, which
establish the requirements for plates of different densities, produced for different
purposes (structural, general, lining, wall, among others). Thus it was possible to
demonstrate the feasibility of a small scale production of the alternative
fiberboard, ensuring the partial replacement of the medium density fiberboards
usually available on the market. This points out to the growth opportunity of the
rural comunitys through income generation and socio-environmental
development.
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Vztah mravenců k primární vegetační sukcesi na skládkách průmyslových odpadů / Ants and primary vegetation succession on abandoned industrial-waste depositsVojtíšek, Pavel January 2012 (has links)
Abandoned industrial-waste deposits (incl. fly ash or tailings ponds) represent very specific and mostly extreme habitat conditions. They offer unique opportunity to study primary succession in cultural landscape. Substrate of the material deposited here shows extreme properties, such as low pH, overheating of the open surface, salinization etc. The aim of this work is to map the colonization of different successional stages of vegetation by ants after years of abandonment of ore-waste deposits in Chvaletice (Eastern Bohemia, CR) and to compare the present state with analogous study made in 2001. Particular aims of both studies (Jarešová 2001, and present study, 2011-12) is to test the influence of ants on vegetation succession. During the years 2011-2012 several prospections were made to record species diversity of ants. On the surface plateau of the sedimentation basin two types of habitats were chosen - the areas with present ant nests and the other areas without them. Each of both types of habitats exhibits different plant species richness: separately the species-area curves were constructed and explained. Three dominant ant species of different size categories present on sedimentation basin were selected for experimental offering of plant seeds, Formica pratensis, Lasius niger, Tetramorium...
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Эколого-экономические аспекты формирования налоговой политики промышленного предприятия при размещении отходов производства на земле : магистерская диссертация / Ecological and economic aspects of the formation of the tax policy of an industrial enterprise when disposing of production waste on the earthКосточко, К. А., Kostochko, C. A. January 2019 (has links)
С точки зрения экологизации производственных процессов перед исследователями и промышленниками, перед муниципальными властями выдвигается необходимость обеспечить максимально возможную безвредность технологических процессов и полное использование всех отходов производства, а с точки зрения экономики возникает необходимость минимизации затрат предприятия, путем ведения его эффективной налоговой политики в области землепользования, а также разработки методов стимулирования к рациональному использованию земли. Целью магистерской диссертации является разработка модели налогового поведения промышленного предприятия при размещении отходов производства на земле. Анализ основывался на рассмотрении техногенной нагрузки на земли и почвы Свердловской области, а также изучении существующих методов и инструментов управления налоговой нагрузкой промышленного предприятия в части использования земель. В качестве источников информации использовались нормативно-правовые акты РФ, база публикаций Российского индекса научного цитирования, представленная на ресурсе Elibrary, статистические данные по исследуемой тематике, данные отчетности ФНС. В ходе написания магистерской диссертации была разработана и апробирована модель налогового поведения отходопроизводителя. Использование данной модели нацелено на снижение налоговой нагрузки отходообразующего предприятия в части использования земель путем оптимизации налоговых платежей, учитывая интересы налогоплательщика и экологическую обстановку в регионе. Предложен авторский подход к совершенствованию размера платы за пользование земельным ресурсом (налог на землю, арендная плата, нормативная цена земли), в основу которого положен принцип дифференциации ставок, что обусловит внедрение технологий утилизации в целях сокращения площади занимаемых земель. В результате апробации разработанной модели был выявлен вариант эффективного налогового поведения с максимально возможной экономической выгодой. / From the point of view of greening production processes, researchers and industrialists, municipal authorities are required to ensure the maximum possible harmlessness of technological processes and the full use of all production waste, and from an economic point of view, there is a need to minimize the costs of an enterprise by maintaining its effective land use tax policy, and the development of incentive methods for the rational use of land. The purpose of the master's thesis is to develop a model of the tax behavior of an industrial enterprise when disposing of production waste on the ground. The analysis was based on the consideration of the technogenic load on the land and soil of the Sverdlovsk region, as well as the study of the existing methods and tools for managing the tax burden of an industrial enterprise in terms of land use. The sources of information were the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, the database of publications of the Russian Science Citation Index, presented on the Elibrary resource, statistical data on the subject under study, and data from the FTS reporting.. In the course of writing the master's thesis, a model of tax evacuation behavior was developed and tested. The use of this model is aimed at reducing the tax burden of the waste- forming enterprise in terms of land use by optimizing tax payments, taking into account the interests of the taxpayer and the environmental situation in the region. An author's approach is proposed to improve the size of payment for the use of land (land tax, rent, normative price of land), which is based on the principle of differentiation of rates, which will lead to the introduction of recycling technologies in order to reduce the area of land occupied. As a result of testing the developed model, a variant of effective tax behavior with the greatest possible economic benefit was identified.
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Sårbarheter på den svenska avfallsmarknaden : Hur ekonomiska och institutionella faktorer möjliggör illegal hantering av verksamhetsavfall i Sverige / Vulnerabilities in the Swedish waste market : How economic and institutional factors enable illegal management of industrial waste in SwedenHjertsson, Filip, Koskinen, Wendela January 2024 (has links)
Illegal waste management has become a growing problem in Sweden, where criminal actors exploit weaknesses in supervision and the legal system to generate significant economic gains. This illegal waste management not only impacts the environment but also imposes costs on society, where municipalities and taxpayers often bear the expenses for cleaning up and restoring contaminated land. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate and analyse the economic and institutional factors behind illegal waste management. The study aims to identify how market characteristics, along with institutional conditions, enable the occurrence of illegal waste management. By highlighting these aspects, the thesis intends to contribute knowledge that can support the development of more effective policies and strategies for sustainable waste management. Furthermore, a qualitative method has been chosen for this study, where five semi-structured interviews were conducted digitally. A thematic analysis has been used to identify and analyse patterns in the data. The thesis identifies several interrelated factors that enable illegal waste management: high transaction costs, asymmetric information, negative externalities, moral hazard, and opportunism. Understanding how these factors interact is crucial to developing effective measures. Current regulations and oversight are inadequate due to a lack of resources, leading to a low risk of detection. This, combined with lenient penalties, fails to deter illegal waste management, indicating a need for stronger institutional frameworks and more effective oversight mechanisms. Combating illegal waste management requires a combination of measures, including increased cooperation between authorities, improved supervision, adjusted incentive structures, and increased awareness. / Illegal avfallshantering har blivit ett växande problem i Sverige, där kriminella aktörer utnyttjar brister i tillsyn och rättssystem för att generera betydande ekonomiska vinster. Den illegala avfallshanteringen påverkar inte bara miljön utan medför även kostnader för samhället, där kommunerna och skattebetalarna ofta får stå för sanering och återställande av förorenad mark. Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka och analysera de ekonomiska och institutionella faktorerna bakom illegal avfallshantering. Studien syftar till att identifiera hur marknadens egenskaper, tillsammans med institutionella förhållanden, möjliggör förekomsten av illegal avfallshantering. Genom att belysa dessa aspekter avser uppsatsen att bidra med kunskap som kan stödja utformningen av mer effektiva policyer och strategier för hållbar avfallshantering. Vidare har en kvalitativ metod valts för studien, där fem semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes digitalt. För att identifiera och analysera mönster i datamaterialet användes en tematisk analys. Uppsatsen identifierar flera samverkande faktorer som möjliggör illegal avfallshantering: höga transaktionskostnader, asymmetrisk information, negativa externa effekter, moral hazard och opportunism. Att förstå hur dessa faktorer samverkar är avgörande för att effektiva åtgärder ska kunna utvecklas. Nuvarande regleringar och tillsyn är otillräckliga på grund av bristande resurser, vilket leder till låg upptäcktsrisk. Detta i kombination med låga straff, avskräcker inte illegal avfallshantering, vilket indikerar ett behov av starkare institutionella ramar och effektivare tillsynsmekanismer. För att bekämpa illegal avfallshantering krävs en kombination av åtgärder, inklusive ökad myndighetssamverkan, förstärkt tillsyn, justerade incitamentsstrukturer och ökad medvetenhet.
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Resíduos de coco, acerola e caju para produção de carvão ativadoRicardo Vandré Trótski Oliveira Silva 25 February 2015 (has links)
Com o crescimento das atividades industriais e da população, aumentam também a quantidade de resíduos gerados que ocasiona problemas ambientais. No Brasil, produtor de bens na agroindústria, os problemas causados pelo acúmulo e destinação inadequada dos resíduos sólidos é de grande porte. A partir dessa problemática são criados mecanismos que incentivam a reutilização e reciclagem dos resíduos. É buscando desenvolver tecnologia inédita de matérias-primas alternativas que se produziu carvão ativado a partir de resíduos de coco, acerola e caju. Primeiramente coletou-se a fibra-de-coco seco e bagaços/cascas de acerola e do caju para posterior preparação desse material através da impregnação com ZnCl2, da ativação química e da realização de um teste de avaliação da eficiência do carvão. Foi produzido carvão ativado com todas as amostras, onde a aplicação na amostra de água coletada no rio Capibaribe (perto do túnel Chico Science), Recife, Pernambuco, apresentou redução da turbidez em 97,3 % usando o tratamento com 25 % de fibra-de-coco + 75 % de caju. / With the growth of industrial activities and population, also increases the amount of generated waste which causes environmental problems. In Brazil, a major producer of goods in the agricultural industry, the problems caused by the accumulation and improper disposal of solid waste are large. From this problematic, mechanisms that encourage the reuse and recycling of waste are created. It is seeking to develop new technology of alternative raw materials that are produced activated carbon from coconut waste, barbados cherry and cashew. Primarily, the collection of fiber-to-dry coconut and cake/shells from barbados cherry and cashew for later preparation of this material by impregnation with ZnCl2, chemical activation and conducting an evaluation test coal efficiency. The result, within all samples, was an activated carbon where the application in the water sample collected from the Capibaribe River (near Chico Science tunnel), Recife, presented a decrease in turbidity in 97.3% using treatment with 25% fiber- coconut + 75% cashew.
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Resíduos de coco, acerola e caju para produção de carvão ativadoSilva, Ricardo Vandré Trótski Oliveira 25 February 2015 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2015-02-25 / With the growth of industrial activities and population, also increases the amount of generated waste which causes environmental problems. In Brazil, a major producer of goods in the agricultural industry, the problems caused by the accumulation and improper disposal of solid waste are large. From this problematic, mechanisms that encourage the reuse and recycling of waste are created. It is seeking to develop new technology of alternative raw materials that are produced activated carbon from coconut waste, barbados cherry and cashew. Primarily, the collection of fiber-to-dry coconut and cake/shells from barbados cherry and cashew for later preparation of this material by impregnation with ZnCl2, chemical activation and conducting an evaluation test coal efficiency. The result, within all samples, was an activated carbon where the application in the water sample collected from the Capibaribe River (near Chico Science tunnel), Recife, presented a decrease in turbidity in 97.3% using treatment with 25% fiber- coconut + 75% cashew. / Com o crescimento das atividades industriais e da população, aumentam também a quantidade de resíduos gerados que ocasiona problemas ambientais. No Brasil, produtor de bens na agroindústria, os problemas causados pelo acúmulo e destinação inadequada dos resíduos sólidos é de grande porte. A partir dessa problemática são criados mecanismos que incentivam a reutilização e reciclagem dos resíduos. É buscando desenvolver tecnologia inédita de matérias-primas alternativas que se produziu carvão ativado a partir de resíduos de coco, acerola e caju. Primeiramente coletou-se a fibra-de-coco seco e bagaços/cascas de acerola e do caju para posterior preparação desse material através da impregnação com ZnCl2, da ativação química e da realização de um teste de avaliação da eficiência do carvão. Foi produzido carvão ativado com todas as amostras, onde a aplicação na amostra de água coletada no rio Capibaribe (perto do túnel Chico Science), Recife, Pernambuco, apresentou redução da turbidez em 97,3 % usando o tratamento com 25 % de fibra-de-coco + 75 % de caju.
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Elastomerní plniva jako potencální surovina pro betony a malty / Elastomer fillers as a potential raw material for concrete and mortar productsJankech, Filip January 2017 (has links)
To attain a sustainable development in the field of building materials, it is necessary to consider environmental, economic, and social aspects of the industrial production. This thesis addresses the first two aspects. Both theoretical and practical research were implemented in order to study the possibility to replace the commonly used RDPs, that are being used in the dry-mix mortar industry as a primary additive, with the industrially processed elastomer waste materials, such as recycled tire rubber. The review of the scientific literature processed within the theoretical research discloses the state of the art in the field of polymer modification of the mortar products and the effect of the commonly used modifiers and elastomer fillers on the performance of mortar and concrete products. The experimental research was implemented to study the possibility of the replacement of the RDPs for the elastomer fillers. The performance of fresh and hardened mortar containing various amounts of elastomer particles was studied. The results indicate, that the partial replacement could be feasible without worsening the performance of the product.
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Stoffliche Nutzung industrieller Abprodukte in Biogasanlagen am Beispiel ApfeltresterBedrich, Karl 30 March 2011 (has links)
Die folgende Arbeit beschreibt Potentiale und Risiken der Nutzung industrieller Abprodukte am Beispiel des Apfeltrester – einem Pressrückstand der Apfelsaftgewinnung. Dieser spielt aus finanzieller und ökologischer Sicht als Abprodukt eine steigende Rolle bei der Biogassynthese. Dabei werden die Ergebnisse des vorangegangenen Fachpraktikums vorgestellt und diskutiert.
Darauf aufbauend wurden Thesen erstellt und anhand ermittelter Messwerte sowie der Literatur verifiziert. Schlussendlich werden in einer Wirtschaftlichkeitsrechnung Kosten von Bezug, Lagerung und Beschickung den Gewinnen aus der Einspeisevergütung gegenüber gestellt.
Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Apfeltrester unter Laborbedingungen nicht die befürchtete Übersäuerung des anaeroben Abbauprozesses zur Folge hatte, sondern unter vergleichbaren Erträgen mit leicht höherer Sicherheit zur Maissilage bis zu einem gewissen Anteil zu Maissilage und Stallgülle zugesetzt werden kann.:Abstract 4
Zusammenfassung 4
Abkürzungsverzeichnis 5
1 Literaturrecherche 6
1.1 Grundlagen zur Biogassynthese 6
1.1.1. Übersicht des anaeroben Abbaus organischer Substanzen 6
1.1.1 Abgrenzung zum aeroben Abbau 6
1.1.2 Ausgangsprodukte 7
1.2 Phasen der Biogasbildung 11
1.2.1 Hydrolyse 11
1.2.2 Acidogenese 12
1.2.3 Acedogenese 12
1.2.4 Methanogenese 13
1.3 Einflussfaktoren des Biogasprozesses 14
1.3.1 Temperatur 14
1.3.2 pH-Wert und Gehalt an Fettsäuren 15
1.3.3 Nährstoffversorgung und Hemmstoffe 16
1.4 Verfahrenstechnische Betriebsparameter 18
1.4.1 Faulraumbelastung 18
1.4.2 Hydraulische Verweilzeit 18
2 Material und Methoden 20
2.1 Ausgangsmaterialien 20
2.1.1 Apfeltrester der Kelterei „Sachsenobst“ 20
2.1.2 Maissilage des „LLH Eichhof“ 24
2.1.3 Stallgülle des „LLH Eichhof“ 25
2.1.4 Fermentergülle des „LLH Eichhof“ 26
2.2 Diskontinuierlicher Gärtest (Batch-Versuch) 27
2.2.1 Apparativer Aufbau 27
2.2.2 Versuchsdurchführung 29
2.3 Kontinuierlicher Gärversuch 30
2.3.1 Apparativer Aufbau 30
2.3.2 Versuchsdurchführung 31
3 Ergebnisse 38
3.1 Biogasertragsermittlung 38
3.1.1 Variante „Null“ 39
3.1.2 Cellulose als Referenz 39
3.1.3 Apfeltrester 40
3.1.4 Maissilage 41
3.2 Kontinuierlicher Versuch 42
3.2.1 Erläuterung der dargestellten Diagramme 42
3.2.2 Variante „Null“ 45
3.2.3 Variante „Mais“ 48
3.2.4 Variante „Mix“ 53
3.2.5 Variante „Trester“ 57
4 Diskussion 62
4.1 Fehlerrechnung und -diskussion 62
4.1.1 Systematische Fehler der Laborversuche 62
4.1.2 Zufällige Fehler der Laborversuche 64
4.1.3 Fehlerrahmen und Vergleichbarkeit der Ergebnisse 65
4.2 Thesen 67
4.2.1 Die Vergärung von Apfeltrester als Co-Fermentat hat nur wenig Einfluss auf Ertrag und Stabilität des Gärprozesses unter Einsatzbedingungen 67
4.2.2 Die Zugabe von Apfeltrester verdünnt das Fermentat 72
4.2.3 Weder Lagerdauer noch Konservierung des Apfeltresters beeinflussen messbar den Methanertrag 75
5 Einsatz von Apfeltrester als Co-Fermentat in BGA 76
5.1 Politische und wirtschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen 76
5.2 Technische und wirtschaftliche Annahmen 81
5.3 Vorstellung der Vergleichsfälle 86
5.3.1 Optimierung hinsichtlich diskreter Parameter des Transports 86
5.3.2 Optimierung hinsichtlich der Verteilung des Tresters 87
5.3.3 Verwertung des Gärrestes 90
6 Fazit 93
Literaturverzeichnis 95
Abbildungsverzeichnis 100
Tabellenverzeichnis 103
Eidesstattliche Erklärung 105
Anhang 106 / Due to the increasing ecological and financial importance of industrial waste products in the recovery of biogas the following thesis describes potentials and risks of the usage of one of these products using apple pomace – the filter cake of the apple juice production.
Thereby the issues of the three-month practical course in the LHL Eichhof, a laboratory in middle Germany, are shown and discussed. As conclusion several theses are given and verified with help of the taken measurements and scientific literature. At the end an economical calculation compares the present costs of purchase, storage and processing with the proceeds of the reimbursement by the german renewable energy sources act (EEG).
Against the misgiving that apple pomace could decrease the pH-value to an unacceptable level for the anaerobic decomposition process the fermentation of this product gets a comparable output even with a little more reliability compared to corn silage when added up to a defined level to corn silage and slurry.:Abstract 4
Zusammenfassung 4
Abkürzungsverzeichnis 5
1 Literaturrecherche 6
1.1 Grundlagen zur Biogassynthese 6
1.1.1. Übersicht des anaeroben Abbaus organischer Substanzen 6
1.1.1 Abgrenzung zum aeroben Abbau 6
1.1.2 Ausgangsprodukte 7
1.2 Phasen der Biogasbildung 11
1.2.1 Hydrolyse 11
1.2.2 Acidogenese 12
1.2.3 Acedogenese 12
1.2.4 Methanogenese 13
1.3 Einflussfaktoren des Biogasprozesses 14
1.3.1 Temperatur 14
1.3.2 pH-Wert und Gehalt an Fettsäuren 15
1.3.3 Nährstoffversorgung und Hemmstoffe 16
1.4 Verfahrenstechnische Betriebsparameter 18
1.4.1 Faulraumbelastung 18
1.4.2 Hydraulische Verweilzeit 18
2 Material und Methoden 20
2.1 Ausgangsmaterialien 20
2.1.1 Apfeltrester der Kelterei „Sachsenobst“ 20
2.1.2 Maissilage des „LLH Eichhof“ 24
2.1.3 Stallgülle des „LLH Eichhof“ 25
2.1.4 Fermentergülle des „LLH Eichhof“ 26
2.2 Diskontinuierlicher Gärtest (Batch-Versuch) 27
2.2.1 Apparativer Aufbau 27
2.2.2 Versuchsdurchführung 29
2.3 Kontinuierlicher Gärversuch 30
2.3.1 Apparativer Aufbau 30
2.3.2 Versuchsdurchführung 31
3 Ergebnisse 38
3.1 Biogasertragsermittlung 38
3.1.1 Variante „Null“ 39
3.1.2 Cellulose als Referenz 39
3.1.3 Apfeltrester 40
3.1.4 Maissilage 41
3.2 Kontinuierlicher Versuch 42
3.2.1 Erläuterung der dargestellten Diagramme 42
3.2.2 Variante „Null“ 45
3.2.3 Variante „Mais“ 48
3.2.4 Variante „Mix“ 53
3.2.5 Variante „Trester“ 57
4 Diskussion 62
4.1 Fehlerrechnung und -diskussion 62
4.1.1 Systematische Fehler der Laborversuche 62
4.1.2 Zufällige Fehler der Laborversuche 64
4.1.3 Fehlerrahmen und Vergleichbarkeit der Ergebnisse 65
4.2 Thesen 67
4.2.1 Die Vergärung von Apfeltrester als Co-Fermentat hat nur wenig Einfluss auf Ertrag und Stabilität des Gärprozesses unter Einsatzbedingungen 67
4.2.2 Die Zugabe von Apfeltrester verdünnt das Fermentat 72
4.2.3 Weder Lagerdauer noch Konservierung des Apfeltresters beeinflussen messbar den Methanertrag 75
5 Einsatz von Apfeltrester als Co-Fermentat in BGA 76
5.1 Politische und wirtschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen 76
5.2 Technische und wirtschaftliche Annahmen 81
5.3 Vorstellung der Vergleichsfälle 86
5.3.1 Optimierung hinsichtlich diskreter Parameter des Transports 86
5.3.2 Optimierung hinsichtlich der Verteilung des Tresters 87
5.3.3 Verwertung des Gärrestes 90
6 Fazit 93
Literaturverzeichnis 95
Abbildungsverzeichnis 100
Tabellenverzeichnis 103
Eidesstattliche Erklärung 105
Anhang 106
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Assessment of industrial waste load of River Borkena and its effect on Kombolcha town and the surrounding communitiesKebebew Kassaye Beyene 07 1900 (has links)
Water pollution is a major threat to human population and dumping of pollutants into water body result in rapid deterioration of water quality and affect the ecological balance in the long run. The present study was undertaken to assess pollution load from river Borkena. In urban and suburban parts of Kombolcha, the use of industrial wastewater for irrigation purpose is a common practice. Local farmers in Borkena watershed use the wastewater to irrigate their agricultural fields for cultivation of vegetables. But they suffered from loss of productivity of leafy vegetables and skin injury because of their exposure to the wastewater during irrigation practices. That is why this study focused on assessing the amount of industrial waste load on river Borkena and its effects on communities in the watershed. The main aim of this study was: to assess the physico-chemical characteristics of River Borkena before and after industrial waste discharges mixed to it by the waste carrier small streams; and its environmental impact on the surrounding communities and vegetable farms. The methodology consisted: 1) Basic survey in order to assess the physical and chemical characteristics of the river water, and 2) a case study performed by focus group discussions with the community authorities and farmers in the study area who used the river water mainly for irrigation purposes. Sampling was conducted at 6 sites in the study area during low and high flow periods with an interval of three months for a period of one year in order to account for the seasonal hydrological cycle of the river water. Laboratory measurements of river water and leafy vegetables for metal concentration were also determined to investigate the effect of the use of the river water for growing vegetables and other personal cases. The findings of this dissertation showed metal concentrations in leafy vegetables and irrigation water are within the permissible limits of FAO/WHO standards and not significant for the time being, but is expected to be a challenge in the near future if not well addressed. The concentrations of metals in leafy vegetables will provide baseline data and it shows that, in the current situation consumption of leafy vegetables grown in the study area may not have health risks in the context of metal concentrations. To avoid the entrance of metals into the food chain, municipal or industrial wastes should not be drained into the river and farmlands without prior treatment. The continuous monitoring of the soil, vegetable plant and irrigation water quality are prerequisites for the prevention of potential river water. Laboratory measurements of river water and leafy vegetables for metal concentration were also determined to investigate the effect of the use of the river water for growing vegetables and other personal cases. The findings of this dissertation showed metal concentrations in leafy vegetables and irrigation water are within the permissible limits of FAO/WHO standards and not significant for the time being, but is expected to be a challenge in the near future if not well addressed. The concentrations of metals in leafy vegetables will provide baseline data and it shows that, in the current situation consumption of leafy vegetables grown in the study area may not have health risks in the context of metal concentrations. To avoid the entrance of metals into the food chain, municipal or industrial wastes should not be drained into the river and farmlands without prior treatment. The continuous monitoring of the soil, vegetable plant and irrigation water quality are prerequisites for the prevention of potential health hazards to human beings. Finally this study fills the gaps in information for concerned regional and federal governmental offices and may use it as an input to design regulations and policies which benefits the communities in the watershed. / Environmental Sciences / Ph. D. (Environmental Science)
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