A dinâmica sócio-econômica atual impõe às organizações a necessidade de responder cada vez mais rápido aos estímulos do mercado. A inovação tem sido utilizada como uma das alternativas para manter as empresas dentro de um patamar aceitável de competitividade. A mudança nos processos organizacionais a partir da associação entre os novos recursos disponibilizados pela Tecnologia da Informação (TI) e as características intrínsecas aos negócios constitui uma dentre as várias manifestações do conceito de inovação. Esta pesquisa propõe um modelo de referência para a formação de redes de inovação para a implantação de sistemas que representem inovações a partir da associação entre TI e negócios. A revisão bibliográfica aborda os conceitos inovação, de redes de inovação, Tecnologia da Informação, colaboração inter e intraorganizacional, trata do conhecimento organizacional e conceitua modelo de referência. A metodologia de pesquisa baseia-se em um estudo de caso de caráter exploratório, composto por múltiplas unidades de análise, e na metodologia de modelagem organizacional Enterprise Knowledge Development (EKD) para a formulação do modelo de referência. Espera-se que a pesquisa contribua para a sistematização do processo de formação de alianças colaborativas entre agentes de inovação para a implantação de sistemas baseados na Tecnologia da Informação. / The current socioeconomic dynamics impose the need for organizations to respond more quickly to market stimuli. Innovation has been used as an alternative to keep businesses within an acceptable level of competitiveness. The change in organizational processes from the association between the new resources provided by Information Technology (IT) and the intrinsic characteristics of the business is one among several manifestations of the concept of innovation. This research proposes a reference model for the formation of innovation networks for the deployment of systems that represent innovations from the association between IT and business. The literature review discusses the concepts of innovation, innovation networks, information technology, inter and intra-organizational collaboration, discuss organizational knowledge and conceptualize reference model. The research methodology is based on a case study of an exploratory nature, composed of multiple units of analysis, and on the methodology of organizational modeling Enterprise Knowledge Development (EKD) to the formulation of the reference model. It is hoped that research will contribute to the systematization of the process of forming collaborative alliances between innovation actors to deploy systems based on Information Technology.

The last few years have witnessed a significant increase in the frequency and magnitude of involving third-party application developers in software platforms. While this involvement offers great opportunities in building and sustaining platform innovation, it also exposes platform owners to significant challenges. Typically, platform owners facilitate the involvement of third-party developers by providing resources, referred to in this thesis as boundary resources, that give access to the platform, shift design capability, and facilitate the use of the platform’s core technologies. At the same time, these resources have the potential to be used to maintain platform control. This involves seemingly conflicting goals that creates a challenge for platform owners in finding the right balance. The main objective of this thesis is to investigate and understand the role of boundary resources in platform owners’ efforts to stimulate third-party development. To this end, this thesis proposes a theoretical model of boundary resources. This model centres on various drivers behind boundary resources design and use, and how these drivers interact in third-party development. The thesis also presents a comprehensive view of governance and strategizing practices used by platform owners through boundary resources. This thesis comprises a cover and a collection of five published research papers. The thesis applies a qualitative research method and employs multiple case studies. Boundary resources, innovation networks and platform governance perspectives have been synthesized to build a theoretical  basis to analyze the empirical findings. This thesis complements and extends the literature on software platforms, and the insights derived from the thesis enhance previous research on third-party development. In addition, it provides a focused theoretical account of the interfaces between platform owners and third-party developers that contributes to the body of knowledge developed around using tools for innovation.

Open data is information readable by machines that are freely available to others and it is further the defining element of a smart city. However, little research has been conducted within the area of open data within the smart city context. Further, the smart city initiative explored is the second to be established in Sweden, and an open data platform will serve as the cornerstone in the smart city initiative. In addition to that, the collaboration between the stakeholders is a key factor for reaching the common goal when creating a smart city. In this case study, the researchers have conducted an exploratory case study in order to examine how stakeholders can collaborate within a smart city initiative to foster innovation through the use of open data. Therefore, key stakeholders within the project have been interviewed and the concept of digital innovation network has been adopted to get a deeper understanding of the project, as it involves institutions and companies from both public and private sector that aims to be innovative together. Further, this study identifies four key concerns to guide the smart city initiative. There is a need for a clear strategy and committed management when opening up and handling data; to involve public opinion in data collection, analysis and application to make the open data platform function; to bridge the knowledge resources between the stakeholders in order to benefit from the collaboration in the project; and make a distinction in how to share data between the two discovered innovation networks.

Nenhum sistema ou lógica específica é a solução para todos os problemas de administração industrial. Desta forma as empresas estão adotando a integração entre lógicas e sistemas, no intuito de atingir melhores soluções. Entre outras miscigenações, as empresas estão buscando unir as lógicas dos MRP com os sistemas de produção enxuta. Portanto o objetivo deste trabalho é modelar a implantação de um sistema MRP (Material Requirement Planning), como parte da implantação de um ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) em uma empresa produtora de implementos agrícolas, a qual possui o sistema de produção enxuta implantado desde 1998. Esta proposta está fundamentada na teoria da inovação, na teoria de redes, nos sistemas de produção enxuta, nos sistemas ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) e nos sistemas híbridos de produção, os quais utilizam tanto componentes dos sistemas ERP, como o MRP neste caso, quanto conceitos de sistemas de produção enxuta. O recorte analítico de redes de inovação permite verificar as ligações e os relacionamentos entre empresas e entre os departamentos dentro da mesma corporação. A análise é realizada a partir do projeto de implantação do MRP, passando pela entrada do MRP no ar até a sua estabilização no ambiente produtivo. O ponto principal é que o sistema MRP auxilie as operações da empresa em agilidade no tempo de resposta sobre oscilações de demanda, facilite o processo de criação e controle de filias em outros paises que utilizam componentes produzidos na matriz e garanta cálculos de estoques mais precisos. Como resultado final, apresenta-se a modelagem organizacional feita com a metodologia EKD para representar os atores e os recursos que devem estar envolvidos neste processo de implantação do MRP para a nova configuração do sistema produtivo. / No system or specific logic is the solution to all the problems of industrial management. Thus companies are adopting the integration of logic and systems in order to achieve better solutions. Among other mixtures, companies are seeking to unite with the logics of MRP systems of lean production. So the goal of this paper is to shape the deployment of a system MRP (Material Requeriment Planning), as part of the deployment of an ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) in a company producing agricultural implements, which has a system of lean production deployed since 1998. This proposal is based on the theory of innovation in the theory of networks, systems of lean production in ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) systems and hybrids systems, which uses both components of ERP systems such as MRP in this case, as concepts of systems of lean production. The indentation test networks of innovation allows you to check the connections and relationships between companies and between departments within the same corporation. The analysis is performed from the project deployment of MRP, through entry of MRP in the air until its stabilization in the productive environment. The main point that the MRP system assists the company\'s operations in agility in response time for on fluctuations in demand, facilitates the process of creating and controlling filias in other countries that use components produced in the matrix and ensures more accurate calculations of stock. As a final result, it is the modeling organizational made to the methodology EKD to represent the actors and resources that should be involved in this process of implementation of MRP for the new configuration of the production system.

As redes de inovação têm sido frequentemente referenciadas na literatura como forma de complementar as atividades inovadoras das empresas, tendo em vista seu importante papel na transferência de conhecimentos. Considerando-se que, cada vez mais, a inovação pode ser fruto de um processo de interação entre diferentes atores, do que de um esforço isolado, o presente estudo teve por objetivo verificar qual a contribuição dos parceiros estabelecidos em redes de inovação para o desempenho inovador das empresas. Pretendeu-se, mais especificamente, realizar uma análise sob o ponto de vista das empresas da Indústria Elétrica Eletrônica, que, por pertencerem a um setor de tecnologia intensiva, cuja competitividade é global, são altamente dependentes da atividade inovativa. Visando ao alcance desse objetivo, realizou-se uma pesquisa descritiva e exploratória, de caráter quantitativo. Para o exame dos fundamentos teóricos, foram abordados conceitos relacionados aos tipos de inovação, às redes de inovações e suas tipologias, à transferência de conhecimento na rede, à utilização de estratégias de exploração e explotação, à capacidade de absorção do conhecimento e aos tipos de parceiros estabelecidos nas redes e suas possíveis contribuições. Complementarmente, realizou-se um levantamento por meio da aplicação de questionários, totalizando uma amostra de 185 empresas. A análise dos dados da pesquisa foi feita com base na estatística descritiva e multivariada, por meio da aplicação da modelagem de equações estruturais e da análise multivariada de variância. Dentre os principais resultados, foi observado que o estabelecimento de relações de colaboração com clientes e consumidores, competidores e universidades e institutos de pesquisa pode corroborar com os resultados em inovação de processo e organizacional. Ressalta-se também que, apesar da obtenção de alguns resultados significativos acerca da contribuição de diferentes parceiros na rede, as empresas da Indústria Elétrica Eletrônica ainda atribuem maior importância às atividades internas para inovar. Em outras palavras, apesar do alto número de relações com clientes, consumidores e fornecedores, ainda se nota uma centralização do processo de desenvolvimento das inovações. / Innovation networks have been frequently referenced in literature as a way to complement the firm\'s innovative activities, in view of its important role in knowledge transfer. Considering that, currently, innovation may be the result of a process of interaction between different actors, rather than an isolated effort, this study aims to verify the contribution of partners established in innovation networks for company\'s innovative performance. It was intended, more specifically, to perform an analysis from the point of view of Electrical and Electronic Industry firms, which, for belonging to a technology-intensive industry, are highly dependent on innovative activity. As a way of reaching this purpose, a descriptive and exploratory research was applied, based on the quantitative method. In the theoretical research, concepts related to innovation types, innovation networks and their typologies, the transfer of knowledge in the network, the use of exploration and exploitation strategies, the absorptive capacity, the types of partners established in the networks and their possible contributions have been addressed. In addition, a survey was applied to a total sample of 185 companies. The data examination was performed using descriptive and multivariate statistics, by applying the structural equation modeling and multivariate analysis of variance. As the main findings, it was observed that the establishment of collaborative relationships with clients and customers, competitors and universities and research institutes can corroborate to process and organizational innovation. It also emphasized that, despite getting some significant results concerning the contribution of different partners in the network, Electrical and Electronics Industry companies also attach more importance to internal activities to develop their innovations. In other words, despite of the high number of relationships with customers, suppliers and consumers, it still noticed a centralization of developing innovations\' processes.

Por meio das redes de colaboração para Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (P&D), as organizações acessam e mobilizam novas fontes de recursos, que recombinados com os recursos e capacidades internas, alavancam os resultados de inovação. No âmbito da análise das redes de colaboração para inovação, duas perspectivas são relevantes, as características estruturais das redes e a posição dos ocupada pelos atores nessas redes, pois ambos afetam o fluxo e a acessibilidade dos recursos na rede, impactando no desempenho inovador, individual e coletivo. Nesta perspectiva, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as características estruturais, das redes de cooperação formadas para o desenvolvimento de tecnologias disruptivas, que resultaram em proteção patentária, em seis áreas tecnológicas relacionadas a biocombustíveis, e identificar os atores centrais dessas redes, sob a perspectiva de relacionamentos diretos e indiretos, por meio da aplicação da Análise de Redes Sociais (ARS). A pesquisa utiliza informações sobre famílias de patentes (INPADOC) em cotitularidade, depositadas no período de 1994-2014, classificadas como tecnologias de biocombustíveis, de acordo com o IPC-Green Inventory. Os metadados foram coletados na plataforma Thomson Innovation e submetidos a processo de padronização dos nomes das organizações para eliminar ambiguidades. Os resultados identificam os maiores desenvolvedores de tecnologias nas áreas de (biodiesel, bioetanol, biogás, óleos vegetais, biocombustíveis sólidos e biocombustíveis de organismos geneticamente modificados - OGM), e constata que uma pequena parcela das tecnologias são desenvolvidas em colaboração. Após a descrição e comparação das redes de colaboração para P&D&I constatou-se a existência de complexos arranjos relacionais, embora sejam altamente fragmentadas. Verificou-se a existência de parcerias internacionais em algumas áreas, entre elas a biodiesel, bioetanol e bicombustíveis OGM, embora a maioria das parcerias sejam estabelecidas com parceiros locais. Com a identificação dos atores centrais em cada uma das redes, observou-se que em algumas delas bioetanol e biocombustíveis OGM, os Centros de P&D e Universidades, exercem papel de destaque, posicionados como atores indutores das redes. / Through collaboration networks in Research and Development (R&D), organizations access and mobilize new sources of resources, which in combination with their internal properties and capacities, can leverage the innovation results. In collaboration networks analysis for innovation, two perspectives are relevant, the network\'s structural characteristics and the position occupied by the actors within these networks, since both affect the flow and accessibility of the resources in the network, impacting the innovative as well as individual and collective performance. Following this perspective, the objective of this study is to analyze the structural characteristics of the cooperation networks created for the development of disruptive technologies which resulted in patent protection in six technological areas related to biofuels. In addition, the study aims to identify the central actors of these networks, from the perspective of direct and indirect relationships using Social Network Analysis (SNA). The research is based on information of patent families (INPADOC) related to biofuel according to the IPC-Green Inventory and applied as co-ownership during the period 1994 to 2014. The metadata was collected using Thomson Innovation platform and submitted to the standardization of organizations names to eliminate ambiguities. The results identify the largest developers of technologies in the areas of biodiesel, bioethanol, biogas, vegetable oils, solid biofuels and biofuels from genetically modified organisms (GMOs), evidencing only few technologies that are developed in collaboration. After descriptive and comparison analysis of the collaboration networks for R&D&I for all the areas, it was noted the existence of complex relational arrangements among actors, although highly fragmented. It was possible to verify the existence of international partnerships in some areas, including biodiesel, bioethanol and GMO biofuels, although most partnerships are established with local partners. Through identification of the central actors in each networks, it was observed that in some of them such as bioethanol and GMO biofuels, the R&D Centers and Universities play a prominent role, positioned as inductors of the networks.

L’objectif de cette thèse est de répondre à trois questions principales ; commentexpliquer et interpréter un réseau de collaboration, est-ce que des firmes avec une positionparticulière dans un réseau bénéficient d’une performance accrue et enfin, existe-t-il desstructures de réseaux qui favorisent l’innovation ?Pour répondre à ces questions, la thèse est organisée en trois parties. La première partieprésente, dans un premier chapitre, une revue analytique de la littérature suivie d’un chapitrequi présente la théorie derrière une des méthodes d’analyse réseau utilisée dans cette thèse :les Exponential Random Graph Models (ERGM).La seconde partie présente trois analyses empiriques. Le premier chapitre empirique analysel’impact du cycle de vie de la technologie sur la dynamique du réseau de collaboration autourdes composites structuraux en aéronautique. Les deux chapitres suivants se concentrent sursecteur aéronautique et le secteur des biotechnologies respectivement. L’objectif de ceschapitres est d’analyser la dynamique structurelle et d’identifier s’il existe un lien entreposition dans le réseau et la performance de la firme.La dernière partie cherche à identifier des structures de réseaux qui favorisent l’innovation.Un modèle à base d’agents (ABM) est proposé pour répondre à cette question. / This thesis aims to answer three main questions ; how can one explain andinterpret the structure of an innovation network, are there positions in a network which allowfor an increased performance for firms and finally, are there network structures which favourinnovation ? In order to answer these questions, the thesis is organised in three parts.The first part presents, in a first chapter, an analytical review of the literature followed by achapter presenting the theory behind one of the network analysis methods: ExponentialRandom Graph Models (ERGM).The second part of the thesis presents three empirical analyses. The first empirical chapteranalyses the impact of the life-cycle of the technology on the structural dynamics of thecollaboration network for Structural Composite Materials. The following two chapters focuson two sectors, the aerospace and biotech sector. The aim of these chapters is to analyse thestructural dynamics of collaboration networks as well as identifying a link between networkposition and firm performance.The third and final part of this thesis searches for network structures which might favourinnovation. An Agent-Based Model is used to answer this final question.

Orientadores: Sandra de Negraes Brisolla, Celso Luiz Salgueiro Lage / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T00:15:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DalPoz_MariaEsterSoares_D.pdf: 3561569 bytes, checksum: 30c05954aee79c15dc53dc4d67744804 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho, tomando como caso a pesquisa sobre biotecnologia e genes, é demonstrar que certos países, como o Brasil, produzem ciência, mas nem sempre são capazes de absorvê-la, transformando estes conhecimentos em inovação tecnológica. A hipótese central é que há uma economia política nos TRIPS -acordos Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights, da Organização Mundial do Comércio. O sistema internacional de Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual (DPI), no âmbito dos TRIPS, constitui fator de geração de assimetria da apropriação tecnológica, apresentando correlação com o nível de desenvolvimento econômico dos países. A diversidade das legislações nacionais em DPI, num cenário harmonizador dado pelos TRIPS, constitui fator de aprofundamento daquela assimetria, ainda que, por pressuposto, aqueles acordos tenham sido criados para a melhoria das condições de competitividade do comércio mundial. No ambiente regulatório dado por TRIPS, a apropriação de biotecnologias genômicas por países em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil, depende de um ambiente de inovação capaz de articular políticas de C&T e organização da pesquisa. Também depende da integração de dinâmicas próprias de certos Sistemas Nacionais de Inovação, de um conjunto de dispositivos políticos em Ciência e Tecnologia e de competências das instituições que realizam pesquisa e desenvolvimento. Estas capacidades se refletem no padrão de patenteamento, licenciamento e comercialização de biotecnologias genômicas e dependem dos marcos regulatórios legais. A aprendizagem para absorver conhecimentos gerados pelo próprio sistema de inovação, ou fora dele, é um dos pontos centrais da capacidade de apropriação. Está condicionada pela consciência da relação desigual entre os países na disputa pelos acordos TRIPS e pela possibilidade do traçado de uma estratégia capaz de superar essa disparidade. A supremacia econômica de alguns países serve como ferramenta de pressão para que se difundam novos padrões legais de DPI. Trata-se de entender o processo de fortalecimento dos DPI no âmbito da economia baseada em conhecimento, frente à assimetria do desenvolvimento dos países. Neste contexto, o trabalho mapeia e busca entender a dinâmica de geração de pesquisa científica e sua organização. Explora a base de apropriação de agrobiotecnologias genômicas (ABG) incorporadas em patentes da base do escritório norteamericano de patentes.O estudo de campo consiste no mapeamento das citações uma patente por outra ou por outras, das relações entre detentores de patentes de ABG, que formam uma rede de inovação. Tal rede é explorada como uma comunidade social em ciência, mostrando-se que a geografia da apropriação é relevante e que tem contornos definidos. Para tal, foram criados e aplicados indicadores de C&T e de dinâmica de rede. Este procedimento constitui uma metodologia de monitoramento de mercados de biotecnologias. Poucos atores da rede mostram-se capazes de absorver conhecimentos genômicos e transformá-los em inovação, apesar de estes estarem disponíveis em bancos internacionais de DNA alimentados pela comunidade científica internacional. Esta condição demonstra que há uma governança da inovação nestas redes, cuja base nem sempre são os sistemas de difusão de conhecimentos, mas os de apropriação diferencial. Tal diagnóstico é utilizado para a prescrição de ações que visam / Abstract: The objective of this work, considering the research on biotechnology and genes, is to show that certain countries, such as Brazil, produce science, but few of them have absorptive capacity, transforming the knowledge into technological innovation. The main hypothesis is that there is a political economy on TRIPS -Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights Agreements of the World Trade Organization. The appropriation of the genomic biotechnologies in developing countries, such as Brazil, depends on an innovative environment that can shape S&T policies, as well as on the organization of research within the context of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR¿s). The IPR¿s international system, in the TRIPS domains, is a factor of asymmetry of technological appropriation, which presents a strong correlation with the level of economical development of the countries. The diversity of national legislations as regards IPR¿s, within a harmonizing scenario provided by the TRIPS, constitutes a factor that increases that asymmetry even though, by definition, those agreements are created to enhance the conditions of competitiveness of the world trade. The systemic appropriation of biotechnologies derived from genomics depends on the integration of characteristic dynamics of certain National Systems of Innovation, on a set of political devices regarding Science and Technology, and on the activity of institutions that that carry out research and development. Those activities influence the standards of patenting, licensing and commercialization of genomic biotechnologies, and depend on legal regulatory landmarks in terms of the IPR¿s. Learning to acquire knowledge generated by the innovation system itself, or outside it, is one of the core points of appropriation. It is conditioned by the awareness of the uneven relation between the countries in the dispute of the TRIPS agreements, and by the possibility of devising a strategy which can overcome that disparity. The economic supremacy of some countries is used as a tool to press for new legal standards of IPR to be spread out. It is about understanding the strengthening process of the IPR¿s within the economy based on knowledge facing the asymmetry in the development of countries.Within this context, this work aims at clarifying the dynamics in the generation of scientific research as regards the organization of the genomic science. It explores the appropriation of genomic agrobiotechnologies (GAB) incorporated in patents of United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO).The field study consists of mapping citation patterns of one patent instead of other or others, and the relations between the GAB patent holders, who comprise an innovation network. Such net, from the perspective of the social community in science, is explored by showing that the appropriation geography matters and that the net has defined frontiers. In order to do so, we created and applied S&T and net dynamics indicators. This procedure concerns to be a foresight tool for biotechnology markets.Few actors in the net were able to acquire genomic knowledge and transform it into innovation, although it was available in international DNA databanks that receive input from the whole international scientific community. This condition shows that there is some sort of administration in the innovation of these nets whose basis is not always the system of information broadcast, but rather one of differential appropriation. Such diagnosis is used in the prescription of actions that aim at improving the Brazilian performance in terms of research development and its relations with biotechnological appropriation / Doutorado / Doutor em Política Científica e Tecnológica

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird analysiert, wie die Innovationsnetzwerke von Informationstechnologieunternehmen in Portugal räumlich strukturiert sind und welche Bedeutung räumliche Nähe für die InnovationsfŠhigkeit derselben hat. Als Ergebnis lassen sich zwei wesentliche Beobachtungen machen: Einerseits lässt sich eine deutliche Konzentration der portugiesischen IT-Branche auf die Metropolregion Lissabon (mehr als 80 %) und in großer räumlicher Nähe dazu auch zu den meisten Innovationspartnern feststellen. Es weist auf die gro§e Bedeutung von Urbanisationsvorteilen (urbanization economies) für die wissensintensive(n) Branche(n) hin und zeigt, dass im Fall kleiner und retardierter Volkswirtschaften nur eine oder wenige Regionen im internationalen Wettbewerb bestehen können. Andererseits wird klar sichtbar, dass räumliche Nähe kein hinreichender Faktor für die Innovationsfähigkeit von Unternehmen ist. Vielmehr wird deutlich, dass die IT-Unternehmen zwar untereinander und zu Ähnlich wissensintensiven Wirtschaftsbranchen gut vernetzt sind, aufgrund eines gesellschaftlich niedrigen ''generalisierten Vertrauens'' (generalized trust) aber nur unzureichend zu den traditionellen portugiesischen Industriebranchen (Textil, Bekleidung, Leder, Schuhe) Kontakt haben. Die Existenz von Vertrauen wird ursächlich durch kulturelle Einflussfaktoren wie Traditionen, weltanschaulich-religiöse Überzeugungen und gemeinsame geschichtliche Erfahrungen beeinflusst. Dies kann auch als kulturelle Einbettung (cultural embeddedness) der Wirtschaftsakteure bezeichnet werden und drückt damit aus, dass die Handelnden durch ihr Umfeld beeinflusst werden. Da ein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen Bildungsniveau und generalisiertem Vertrauen statistisch belegt werden kann, eröffnet sich für Portugal die Möglichkeit, durch verstärkte Bildungsanstrengungen das gesamtgesellschaftliche Vertrauen zu erhöhen und damit den für Innovationen wichtigen Wissens- und Informationsaustausch zu intensiveren. / The present thesis analyses how the innovation networks of IT-firms in Portugal are spatially structured and what role the spatial proximity plays for the innovative ability. The following two essential conclusions can be drawn: First, there is a considerable spatial concentration of the Portuguese IT-sector in the metropolitan area of Lisbon (more than 80%) and also a clear proximity to most innovation network partners. This emphasises the importance of agglomeration economies for the knowledge-based branches and shows also that in the case of small economies only one or two metropolitan regions can survive in the worldwide competition. Second, the innovative ability of firms does not depend exclusively on spatial proximity. In fact it is clear, that Portuguese IT-firms while being well networked to firms of the same sector or similar knowledge-based branches, are insufficiently networked with traditional Portuguese branches (leather, textile, shoes). The reason for this is the low generalised trust in Portuguese society.The existence of trust is rooted fundamentally in cultural factors like traditions, beliefs and common historical experiences. This can also be described as cultural embeddedness of the economic actors. Due to the significant connection between generalised trust and the level of education, Portugal is in a position to increase its generalised trust by strengthening its educational efforts. This would increase its potential for more knowledge networks in the economy and therefore more innovation.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-06-26T16:31:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Henrique Pisa_.pdf: 2123760 bytes, checksum: f1313904225dc8e30c5546bf6efbec19 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-26T16:31:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Henrique Pisa_.pdf: 2123760 bytes, checksum: f1313904225dc8e30c5546bf6efbec19 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-21 / Nenhuma / O objetivo principal das inovações sociais é criar soluções que possam ser replicáveis para enfrentar problemas complexos e que possuam relevância social, como é o caso da área da saúde. A visão estratégica do design e da lógica de redes de projeto, quando orientados para a inovação social, podem apresentar caminhos para sustentar e disseminar ideias e soluções viáveis tecnicamente, mas com dificuldade na difusão e ganho de escala, por depender tanto de aspectos técnicos, quanto de sociais. Utilizando o Programa de Telemedicina para o AVC, implementado no Rio Grande do Sul, como unidade de análise, este trabalho tem como meta analisar as contribuições do Design Estratégico para projetos de inovação social que tenham como foco atingir ganho de escala por meio de uma atuação baseada na lógica de sistemas distribuídos. Para tanto, desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa-ação na qual participaram, além do pesquisador, que também é gestor do Programa de Telemedicina, atores relevantes da Rede AVC, a fim de propor um novo modelo de telemedicina para a Rede. Os resultados obtidos sugerem a abordagem do design como ativadora da estratégia em projetos de inovação social, capaz de ampliar o entendimento do contexto e dos conflitos culturais existentes, de propor ações rápidas de engajamento dos atores e novos modelos, que sejam mais provocadores e eficientes em relação aos atuais. / The major goal of social innovations is to build solutions that can be replicable to face complex problems, and that have social relevance, as in the case of health field. Design’s strategic view, and design networks, when oriented for social innovation, can display ways to sustain and spread ideas and solutions technically feasible, but facing troubles in propagation and scale gains for its dependence of both technical and social aspects. Using Telestroke Program, implemented in Rio Grande do Sul, as unit of analysis, this research has as aim to analyze the contributions of Strategic Design for social innovation projects that have as purpose to reach scale gains by means of acting based in the distributed systems logic. For this, it was developed an action research in which took part, besides the researcher, who is as well the manager of the telemedicine program, relevant actors of the Stroke Network, in order to offer a new telemedicine model for the Network. Research outcomes point the Design’s approach as strategy activator in social innovations projects, capable of enlarge the understanding about the context and the existing cultural conflicts, of propose quick actions to engage actors and new models, that are more provocative and efficient regarding the reigning ones.