In the modern economy, national innovation systems (NIS) contribute to a substantial increase in economic development in numerous parts of the world. NIS has been instrumental in integrating most developing countries' economies into the global capitalist system; however, some developing countries lag the innovation capacities to develop their NIS. The inability of the countries in Sub-Saharan Africa to gauge their NIS is problematic and probably risky for the countries' future development. Without proper evaluation and monitoring, it is hard for governments to create policies to advance their NIS to attain their desired economic development objectives. Development experiences of the countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and their insignificant standings in the global exchange of goods and services warrant a comprehensive way to measure and evaluate their NIS. This study ascertained how predictor variables: government effectiveness index (GEI), percentage of public spending on education (PSE) and labor force (LF) influenced the criterion variables: gross domestic product (GDP), gross national income (GNI) and human development index (HDI). The results categorized the countries that are performing soundly or not, and the knowledge from the assessments can aid in improving national policies for future performance of NIS in Sub-Saharan Africa. Likewise, it can help to create an atmosphere of informed decision and evidence-based calculated policymaking through assessment of development models' effectiveness in achieving regional goals. The study of NIS is significant in defining the level of effectiveness, convergence, and progress of nations. The outcomes of the policy ingenuities assumed at the state level can be specified and current strategies can be reformulated.

The triple helix model of innovation is a model that has gained popularity over time as it proposes methodologies for how to stimulate innovation in the knowledge-based economy. The model has been applied to entire economies as well as niche industries and has subsequently inspired change and identified discrepancies in existing innovation systems. This master thesis investigates whether the triple helix model of innovation can be applied in the case of theranostics, an up-and-coming cancer therapy and emerging field in nuclear medicine. Existing research predominantly captures perspectives from individual agents within theranostics and thus fails to capture the system level configurations, interorganisational collaborations and hybrid organisations driving the innovation and development. The thesis addresses this research gap through an exploratory, qualitative case-study with an abductive research approach. Desktop research was conducted followed by several in-depth interviews with representatives from a spectrum of institutions and agents in the theranostics' innovation system. The findings of this study suggest that theranostics does innovate and develop through the triple helix model of innovation considering its roots in academia and significant collaborative nature. It does, however, also indicate that there is reason for concern as certain agents are gaining significant influence over the innovation system. The findings also highlight that the cultural and social dynamics between the agents and institutions are immature and will potentially harmonize over time. / Trippelhelix (”triple helix model of innovation”) är en modell som har ökat i popularitet över tid då den föreslår metoder för hur innovationssystem ska stimulera innovation i en kunskapsbaserad ekonomi. Modellen har tillämpats på hela ekonomier såväl som nischade branscher och har följaktligen inspirerat till förändring samt identifierat falluckor i befintliga innovationssystem. Denna masteruppsats undersöker huruvida trippelhelix kan tillämpas på området teranostik, en framtida cancerterapi och ett framväxande område inom nuklearmedicin. Befintlig forskning fokuserar främst på enskilda aktörers perspektiv inom teranostik och misslyckar därmed att fånga systemnivåanalyser, interorganisatorisk samverkan och hybrid organisationer som driver innovation och utvecklingen framåt. Avhandlingen behandlar detta forskningsgap genom en utforskande, kvalitativ fallstudie med en abduktiv forskningsmetod. Research följt av ett flertal djupgående intervjuer genomfördes med representanter från ett brett spektrum av agenter och institutioner inom teranostiks innovationssystem. Resultaten av avhandlingen tyder på att teranostik faktiskt utvecklas genom trippelhelix eftersom den har starka rötter från akademin och betydande samverkande karaktär. Däremot påvisar resultaten också att det finns flera motsättningar till detta då vissa institutioner får för stort inflytande över innovationssystemet. Resultaten indikerar också att kulturella och sociala spänningar mellan institutionerna kan komma att mogna och harmoniseras i takt med att teranostik utvecklas.

Bien que la créativité soit au cœur du processus d’innovation, peu d’attention a été accordée à la dimension individuelle dans l’analyse de l’activité d’innovation. L’objet de cette thèse est d’étudier le rôle des inventeurs individuels, particulièrement des inventeurs prolifiques, dans la construction des capacités dynamiques des firmes et dans la direction de spécialisation technologique des pays. L’analyse empirique qui sous tend ce travail fait référence aux systèmes d’innovation français et britannique et aux caractéristiques des inventeurs prolifiques de ces deux pays. Nous procédons en premier lieu à une étude statistique des principales caractéristiques des inventeurs français et britanniques. Celle-ci révèle une forte hétérogénéité des inventeurs qui ne se réduit pas à leur productivité en termes de brevets seulement mais se généralise à leur mobilité inter-firmes et à la densité de leur réseau de collaboration. Concernant les sources de cette hétérogénéité, du moins dans sa dimension relative à la production de brevets, notre travail, tout en confirmant les principaux résultats de la littérature sur les déterminants de la productivité des inventeurs, montre de plus que la diversification technologique et la cohérence de la base de connaissances des inventeurs sont parmi les facteurs qui expliquent la différence de productivité des inventeurs tant français que britanniques. Après avoir mis en évidence l’hétérogénéité de la dimension individuelle de l’activité d’innovation, nous étudions la relation entre cette dimension individuelle et le niveau firme et le niveau pays. Notre travail met en évidence, à cet égard, une influence significative de la présence d’inventeurs prolifiques sur la direction de spécialisation technologique des deux pays appréhendée à travers leurs avantages technologiques révélés sectoriels. Par ailleurs, les données de brevets tant de la France que de la Grande Bretagne font apparaitre une relation significative entre le degré de prolificité des inventeurs dans le champ technologique dominant d’une firme et la formation par cette dernière de capacités dynamiques lui permettant de faire face aux évolutions de son environnement technologique. Finalement, en établissant l’hétérogénéité des inventeurs individuels d’une part, et d’autre part, en mettant en évidence une articulation entre la dimension individuelle et les niveaux firmes et pays dans le processus d’innovation, notre travail fournit les éléments d’une représentation qui considère la dimension individuelle comme une composante constitutive des systèmes nationaux d’innovation. / Although creativity is at the heart of the innovation process, little attention has been paid to the individual dimension in the analysis of innovation activity. The purpose of this thesis is to study the role of individual inventors, particularly prolific inventors in building dynamic capabilities of firms and in the direction of technological specialization of countries. The empirical analysis that underlies this work refers to the French and British systems of innovation and to the characteristics of prolific inventors of these two countries. We perform, first, a statistical study of the main characteristics of French and British inventors. The study shows a strong heterogeneity of inventors. This heterogeneity cannot be reduced to their productivity in terms of patents but can be generalized to the inter-firm mobility of inventors and to the density of their collaboration network. Regarding the sources of this heterogeneity, in its dimension relative to the production of patents, our work, while confirming the main findings of the literature on the determinants of the productivity of inventors, shows that technological diversification and coherence of the knowledge base of inventors are also among the factors that explain the difference in the productivity of both French and British inventors. Having highlighted the heterogeneity of the individual dimension of innovation activity, we study the dependence between the individual dimension and the firm and country level of the innovation process. Our work demonstrates, in this regard, a significant effect of the presence of prolific inventors on the direction of technological specialization of both countries in terms of their sectorial revealed technological advantages. Furthermore, patent data of France and the UK reveal a strong relationship between the degree of prolificness in the dominant technological field of firms and their dynamic capabilities.Finally, by establishing the heterogeneity of individual inventors on the one hand and by highlighting a link between the individual dimension and firms and country levels in the innovative process on the other hand, our work provides some elements of a representation which considers individual dimension as a constitutive component of national innovation systems.

L’objet de cette thèse est l’analyse des caractéristiques des pays en développement face à l’économie de la connaissance. Ce travail aborde des questions à la fois théoriques et épistémologiques ayant trait à l’économie de la connaissance. Nous procédons dans une première partie à l’analyse des théories existantes sur la question de l’économie de la connaissance en combinant des références aux interprétations diverses, tout en mettant en illustration l’idée selon laquelle l’accumulation des connaissances est aujourd'hui plus que jamais un puissant levier de la croissance économique des économies développées. La deuxième partie est consacrée à l’étude des pays en développement, particulièrement celle des pays les moins avancés. Cette étude fait ressortir des trajectoires technologiques divergentes au sein de ces économies et permet l’identification des modalités d’acquisition du savoir dans les pays les moins avancés par la mise en place d’un système national d’innovation. / The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the characteristics of developing countries to the knowledge economy. This work addresses issues on both theoretical and epistemological related to the knowledge economy. We proceed in a first part the analysis of existing theories on the issue of the knowledge economy by combining references to various interpretations, while putting in illustration the idea that the accumulation of knowledge is now more than ever a powerful lever for economic growth in developed economies. The second part is devoted to the study of developing countries, particularly the least developed countries. This study highlights the differing technological trajectories within these economies and allows the identification of ways of acquiring knowledge in the least developed by the establishment of a national innovation system countries.

Depuis la libéralisation économique, les pôles de croissance construits sous la tutelle de l’État ont connu des transformations institutionnelles et organisationnelles majeures dans les pays centralement planifiés. Les nouvelles formes d’organisation industrielle, qui sont à l’origine de ces transformations, donnent la priorité aux logiques territoriales. Les économies locales, sous-estimées pendant l’économie centralement planifiée, sont devenues des espaces prioritaires d’application de la politique économique. Dans ce contexte, les travaux sur les districts industriels, les milieux innovateurs, les clusters retrouvent un regain d’intérêt. En revanche, la question de la reconversion des pôles de croissance par la libéralisation économique demeure nettement peu explorée en termes d’impact sur le développement de l’innovation dans les ex-pays centralement planifiés. L’impact de la libéralisation économique des pays centralement planifiés se manifeste par les nouvelles pratiques de coopération, du partage et des actions collectives s’inscrivent dans le cadre de la « nouvelle » économie de marché. La convergence des intérêts publics et privés qui en découlent et l’émergence de l’apprentissage collectif jouent un rôle essentiel pour le développement de l’innovation. Les études théoriques sur les pôles de croissance ne prennent pas en considération ces transformations, elles restent concentrées sur le rôle des industries motrices qui sont capables d’entraîner les autres composantes du système productif grâce à leur dimension ou à la productivité. Pourtant, la réalité économique approuve que les pôles de croissance se soient transformés en appuyant sur l’articulation entre les différents acteurs de proximité, des ressources spécifiques locales, des rapports développés sur le marché et hors marché et la mise en place de l’innovation. Pour décrire les capacités innovantes des acteurs locaux, nous proposons un concept du système d’innovation territorialisé. À partir de cette analyse découle l’intérêt de cibler l’étude sur un pôle de croissance en particulier. L’histoire économique, la mise en place de la nouvelle politique économique locale (après 1989), les choix des autorités locales, la croissance notable bien qu’émergente du secteur de haute technologie et l’absence d’étude antérieure sur cette question sont autant de facteurs qui font de la région de Gdansk un cas intéressant pour analyser dans quelle mesure la libéralisation économique a été une incitation au développement de l’innovation sur son territoire. À cet effet, nous analysons le potentiel de l’innovation de la région de Gdansk qui se forge au cours de l’instauration de l’économie de marché en Pologne, d’abord à travers une analyse statistique de l’économie de Gdansk depuis la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale pour donner un aperçu sur l’ensemble des conditions initiales. Puis, à travers l’étude des données des enquêtes réalisées par le bureau statistique national (GUS) que nous mobilisons pour compléter notre analyse et présenter le potentiel de l’innovation de la région de Gdansk. À l’issue de l’analyse empirique découle que la libéralisation a contribué au développement de l’innovation dans la région de Gdansk en favorisant d’abord, l’accumulation des actifs secondaires, ensuite, l’amélioration de son potentiel scientifique et technique et afin d’encourager l’émergence des entreprises innovantes. Ces dernières sont issues d’un processus de destruction créatrice qui a permis le renouveau du tissu productif local. L’ensemble des résultats permet d’approuver que la région de Gdansk au cours de sa reconversion a subi des changements institutionnels, économiques et sociaux qui l’ont transformé en système d’innovation territorialisé. Ce système est le résultat de l’articulation entre l’action des autorités locales et les activités des acteurs privés susceptibles d’innover. / Since economic liberalization, growth poles constructed under the State’s supervision have seen major institutional and organizational changes in the centrally planned economies. New forms of industrial organization that are responsible for these changes, gives priority to the territorial logic. The local economy which was underestimated during the centrally planned economies has become a main area for the application of the economic policy. In this context, scientific studies on industrial districts, innovative milieus, clusters, have won a new revival. However, the question of the conversion of growth poles through economic liberalization remains substantially unexplored in terms of the impact on the development of innovation in the former centrally planned countries. The impact of economic liberalization in the centrally planned countries is manifested by the new practices of cooperation, sharing and collective actions in the context of the "new" market economy. The resulting convergence and emergence of collective learning public and private interests play an essential role in the development of innovation. Theoretical studies on growth poles do not take into account these changes; they only focus on the role of the main industries that are able to lead the rest of the components of the production system due to their size or productivity. However, the economic reality that supports growth poles have become based on the relationship between the different actors of proximity, specific local resources, relationships developed within and outside market and implementation of innovation. To describe the innovative capacity of local actors we propose a concept of regionalized innovation system. From this analysis comes the interest of the study focus on a singular growth pole in particular. Its economic history, the establishment of new local economic policy (after1989), the choice of local authorities, the significant growth (still emergent though) of high-tech sector and the absence of previous research on this issue, are as many factors that make the Gdansk region an interesting case study of how economic liberalization has been an incentive for the development of innovation in its territory. For this purpose, we analyze the potential of innovation in the area of Gdansk that is forged during the introduction of the market economy in Poland. First, we proceed through a statistical analysis of the economy of Gdansk since the end of the Second World War to give an overview of the set of initial conditions taken in this context. Then, we study the data issued from the surveys conducted by the National Statistical Office (GUS) in order to complete our analysis and present the potential for innovation in the area of Gdansk. The empirical analysis shows that liberalization has contributed to the development of innovation in the Gdansk region: first, by promoting the accumulation of secondary assets and second, by improving its scientific and technical potential and encouraging the emergence of innovative companies. These are derived from a process of creative destruction that has led to the revival of local production. The overall results reveal that the conversion of the Gdansk region has been associated to sustained institutional, economic and social changes that have transformed into a regionalized innovation system. This system is the result of a joint action between the local authorities and the activities of private actors likely to innovate. With this transformation the Gdansk region is still one of the poles of growth of the Polish economy based not only on its industrial potential inherited from the past but also on its potential of innovation mainly related to the development of activities of higher added value.

No campo da pesquisa em etanol de segunda geração (lignocelulósico), o Brasil mostra-se como um ator em potencial para a transformação e difusão da ciência em tecnologia. A produção em escala comercial - em especial na fronteira da inovação em etanol lignocelulósico e dos novos produtos oriundos desta conversão - requer alta tecnologia para o desenvolvimento de produtos e processos, matéria-prima disponível e viável, além de um ambiente institucional favorável. Esses fatores colocam o setor sucroenergético brasileiro em posição de destaque e justificam a questão central desta tese que é analisar - sob a perspectiva dos avanços científicos nacionais para o etanol de segunda geração e de seu potencial inovativo - o grau de desenvolvimento do Sistema Nacional de Inovação (SNI) com base na articulação existente entre as pesquisas realizadas por brasileiros em comparação com as realizadas por outros países e em específico os Estados Unidos. A abordagem teóricoconceitual e metodológica estrutura-se nos conceitos da economia evolucionista, subjacentes à formação de Redes de Inovação. Há robustas evidências que mostram que a colaboração científica em redes correlaciona-se positivamente com a difusão do conhecimento científico. As patentes ao assimilarem o conhecimento científico disponível permitem criar novos padrões tecnológicos, novos produtos e processos. Mas também, podem direcionar o fluxo de conhecimento criando uma trajetória tecnológica, ou seja, o caminho realizado para chegar-se em determinada patente. O conhecimento acumulado em determinada patente é representado pelas patentes que a originaram e que envolve diversos setores e atividades. Assim as Redes de Inovação na ótica evolucionista podem ser consideradas indicadores de inovação de determinada atividade ou produto, proxy, para o grau de desenvolvimento de um SNI. Neste cenário, são utilizados dois procedimentos metodológicos complementares, que permitem entender a dinâmica da produção científica e da inovação: a) Redes de Inovação em publicações para a colaboração científica entre países, instituições, KeyWord Plus e citações; e b) Redes de Inovação em patentes para as áreas de aplicação através do IPC8. Portanto, na ótica do desenvolvimento de um SNI, contam principalmente: o grau de colaboração científica, relevância e inserção. Apesar do SNI em etanol de segunda geração possuir elementos necessários para a transformação da ciência em tecnologia, observou-se baixo grau de desenvolvimento em reflexo às seguintes características: a) um baixo grau de colaboração científica internacional em comparação com os Estados Unidos e o Mundo; b) os esforços gerados não estão alinhados com o gargalo tecnológico do etanol de segunda geração; c) há apenas uma instituição representativa no cenário internacional, d) existe uma relação fraca entre universidade-governo-empresa; e) o potencial de difusão do conhecimento não é explorado, seja na forma de publicações científicas quanto na forma de patentes. Conclui-se que o SNI em etanol de segunda geração no Brasil está desenvolvendose, mas com baixa articulação com pesquisadores internacionais, além de uma baixa interação universidade-governo-empresa. Os esforços indicam que o Brasil irá especializar-se na fermentação, processo em que já possui conhecimento acumulado. / In the research area of second generation ethanol (lignocellulosic), Brazil has been shown as a potential actor for changing and spreading the science through technologies. The commercial scale of production - especially in the innovation frontier in lignocellulosic ethanol and new products from this conversion - requires high technology for products and processes development, available and feasible raw materials, plus a favorable institutional environment. These factors place the Brazilian sugarcane industry in a prominent position and justify the central question of this thesis which is to analyze - from the perspective of national scientific advances in second generation ethanol and its innovative potential - the development degree of a National Innovation System (NIS) based on the articulation between researches conducted by Brazilians in the comparison to researches made by other countries, specific by the United States. The theoretical-conceptual and methodological framework is based on evolutionary economics concepts, underlying the Innovation Networks formation. There is a robust evidence that shows the scientific collaboration though networks are positively correlated with the spread of scientific knowledge. Patents in the process of assimilating available scientific knowledge allow to create new technological standards, new products and processes. But also can direct the knowledge flow by creating a technological path, in other words, the path taken to arrive in certain patent. The accumulated knowledge in a particular patent is represented by patents which have originated and that involving different sectors and activities. Thus the Innovation Networks in an evolutionary perspective can be considered as measures of the innovation of a particular activity or product, indeed a proxy for the development degree of the NIS. In this scenario, it was used two complementary methodological procedures, which allow to understand the dynamics of scientific production and innovation: a) Innovation Networks in publications for the scientific collaboration between countries, institutions, KeyWord Plus and citations and b) Innovation Networks in patents for some application areas using IPC8 class. Therefore, in the sight of development of NIS rely mainly: the scientific collaboration degree, relevance and insertion. Despite the NIS in second generation ethanol has necessary elements to change the science and technology, it was observed a low development degree which reflects the following characteristics: a) low degree of international scientific collaboration in comparison with the United States and World; b) efforts generated are not aligned with the technological bottleneck in second generation ethanol; c) only one representative institution in the international scenario; d) weak relationship between university-government-enterprise, e) potential of conversion of knowledge is not exploited, either in the form of scientific publications and in the form of patents. It was concluded that the NIS on second generation ethanol in Brazil is developing, but with low articulation with international researchers, besides a low university-government-enterprise interaction. Efforts indicate that Brazil will specialize in the fermentation, process that has already accumulated knowledge.

L'étude théorique de l'impact de la brevetabilité sur l'innovation pharmaceutique révèle des relations ambivalentes. D'où l'intérêt de cibler l'étude sur un pays en particulier. La croissance notable que connaît l'industrie pharmaceutique locale, l'accent mis par l'Etat sur le développement de la R&D et de l'innovation pharmaceutique et l'abscence d'études antérieures sur cette question, sont autant de facteurs qui font de la Tunisie un cas intéressant pour analyser l'impact de la brevetabilité des médicaments sur l'innovation pharmaceutique locale. Après avoir analysé le potentiel d'innovation pharmaceutique endogène et exogène en Tunisie, d'abord, à travers une analyse descritive du Système Sectoriel National d'Innovation (SSNI) en Tunisie, puis à l'aide d'une enquête menée auprès des laboratoires pharmaceutiques locaux, nous avons construit un indice mesurant leurs potentiels de l'innovation pour en déterminer l'impact la brevetabilité. Les résultats empiriques montrent que la brevetabilité n'est une incitation à l'innovation que si la firme (l'industrie ou l'économie) se transforme d'une "imitatrice nette" en une "innovatrice nette". L'analyse empirique montre que l'industrie pharmaceutique tunisienne étant encore "imitatrice nette", à court terme, la brevetabilité des médicaments a un impact négatif sur l'innovation locale et apparaît comme une réforme "prématurée" à ce stade de développement. Tandis qu'à long terme, l'impact dépendra de l'efficacité du SSNI à mettre en place des moyens alternatifs d'accès aux technologies nouvelles à travers la création d'une dynamique d'attractivité aux investissements étrangers "innovation seeking". Les développements théoriques, les résultats empiriques et les enseignements tirés d'expériences étrangères suggèrent que ceci est d'autant plus réalisable que la Tunisie adopte une politique technologique plus ciblée et mieux réfléchie pour créer un véritable "marché" de l'innovation pharmaceutique, et ce à travers la dynamisation des interactions entre les acteurs publics et privés du SSNI. / The theoretical study of the impact of patentability on pharmaceutical innovation reveals ambivalent relationships. Thus, it is interesting to target the analysis on a particular country. The notable growth of the local pharmaceutical industry, the emphasis put by the State on the encouragement of pharmaceutical R&D and the absence of previous studies on this issue, are as many factors that make from the Tunisian pharmaceutical industry an interesting cas study of the impact of drugs patentability on pharmaceutical innovation. After having studied the endogenous and exogenous innovation potential in Tunisia, first throughout an analysis of the sectoral national innovation system (SNIS), then according to a survey led next to the pharmaceutical laboratories in Tunisia, we have constructed an index measuring their innovation potential and performances and determined the impact of patentability. The empirical results show that patentability is an incentive for innovation only if the firm (industry, economy) transforms from a "net imitator" into a "net innovator". The Tunisian pharmaceutical industry being at a stage of a net imitator, drugs patentability generates a negative effect on local innovation on the short run and seems a premature reform in Tunisia. However, in the long run, the impact depends on the efficiency of the SNIS in putting into effect alternative means to access new technologies by creating a dynamic of attraction towards pharmaceutical foreign investments "innovation seeking". The theoretical developments, the empirical results and the lessons taught from foreign experiences suggest that this is as much realizable as the Tunisian state adopts a technological policy more targeted and better thought in a sense of creating a genuine "market" for pharmaceutical innovation, throughout valorizing the human capital and boosting the interactions between the public and private actors of the SNIS.

Technology entrepreneurs and managers aim to navigate emerging technology ventures and innovations towards successful commercialisation and business development, often over long periods of time. However, this is challenging due to high uncertainties associated with planning and navigating relevant market and business drivers, technological resources and capabilities, and applications. Failure to understand and manage these uncertainties appropriately can lead to undesired consequences and poor outcomes in the realisation of value creation and capture. This research firstly built a knowledge base of technology ventures by conducting a literature review, enabling the development of a conceptual retrospective roadmapping framework as the basis for characterising the emergence of technology ventures. This leads to an analysis of 13 case studies, characterising phases, transitions, patterns, enablers and barriers associated with the emergence of technology ventures. A conceptual model, the so-called ‘emergence archetypes’, was then developed by conducting an in-depth analysis with a further 19 case studies. The concept provides practical insights regarding how emerging technology ventures can be exposed to different levels of technological and market uncertainties along the journey of technology commercialisation and business development. Finally, a strategy visualisation tool and process have been designed based on the research outputs, and a focus group was then conducted with industrial practitioners to review and evaluate the research outputs for practical use in industry. In total, 32 case studies and a focus group have been conducted in the United Kingdom, The Netherlands, Japan, Australia and the United States. Overall, this research demonstrates that characterising technology venture emergence, by applying roadmapping principles, provides significant implications for both researchers and practitioners of strategy and innovation. Success or failure of emerging technology ventures, in terms of value creation and capture, is not only directly related to products or services, but more broadly to the innovation systems in which the technology ventures operate. By demonstrating the characterisation of technology venture emergence, the conceptualisation of emergence archetypes and the strategy visualisation tool and process development, this research shows that applying roadmapping is an appropriate method to characterise and improve emerging technology venturing practices, supporting value creation and capture.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-05-29T16:48:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Matheus Schmidt_.pdf: 1065503 bytes, checksum: ce52275aecb888fbdf215820fab19163 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-29T16:48:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Matheus Schmidt_.pdf: 1065503 bytes, checksum: ce52275aecb888fbdf215820fab19163 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-23 / Nenhuma / A inovação é reconhecida na literatura como elemento fundamental para o desenvolvimento. As Universidades são reconhecidas como principais produtoras e difusoras de conhecimento cientifico e tecnológico, e possuem influencia direta na geração de inovações. Para a realidade brasileira, a literatura aponta um baixo volume de interações entre universidades e empresas, considerando a imaturidade do Sistema Nacional de Inovação (SNI). Além disso, existe a compreensão de que as universidades públicas, em comparação com as privadas, são instituições com maior presença no cenário de interações, pela trajetória histórica de longo prazo no sistema educacional brasileiro, bem como pelo fato de usufruírem de mais recursos, tanto humanos quanto financeiros para a geração de conhecimentos. Neste sentido, é relevante compreender as interações estabelecidas e que tipo de universidade (de acordo com a natureza jurídica) as realiza. Para isso, este trabalho objetiva analisar os fatores que caracterizam as interações estabelecidas entre universidades públicas e privadas e o setor produtivo (empresas) - IUE - no Brasil, discutindo as particularidades dessas interações para as universidades públicas e privadas. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório que utilizou dados secundários do censo do Diretório de Grupos de Pesquisa (DGP) do CNPq e do censo de educação superior do INEP para o ano de 2014. Para a análise dos dados, recorreu-se à análise fatorial exploratória para identificar os fatores que configuram as interações registradas entre as universidades (públicas e privadas) e empresas. Os resultados indicaram que as universidades públicas possuem um número elevado de registros de grupos de pesquisa, e as principais áreas são ciência da saúde, ciências humanas e ciências exatas e da terra. Já grupos de pesquisa pertencentes à universidades privadas possuem menor número de registros, e, fundamentalmente, estão alocados nas áreas de ciências sociais aplicadas, engenharias e ciências biológicas. Esse resultado exige elementos explicativos diferentes dos previstos na literatura para que seja possível compreender as diferentes áreas que recebem destaque nos dois grupos de universidades no Brasil. Outro resultado importante é o fato de, embora existir uma forte presença de universidades públicas, com um maior número de registros de grupos de pesquisa e de grupos interativos, o cálculo do grau de interação apontou para o fato de que, em termos de interação, os dos dois grupos de universidades são semelhantes. A importância desse resultado reside no fato de destacar o papel das universidades privadas na atividade interativa no SNI Brasileiro, indicando a necessidade de se considerar esse ator em futuros estudos na área, bem como em políticas públicas voltadas ao estímulo de interações e geração de inovações. No que tange aos fatores que configuram a interação UE, as universidades públicas obtiveram resultados superiores em três dos quatro fatores identificados: 'estrutura institucional', 'estrutura institucional de recursos humanos' e 'despesas institucionais'. O quarto fator, ‘interação e receita’, destacou-se nas universidades privadas, demonstrando superioridade na receita obtida e semelhanças na interação estabelecida com empresas, quando comparadas com as universidades públicas. Considerando isso, a universidade pública tem seu papel reforçado nas interações por ter o maior estoque de recursos humanos e institucionais, o que é fundamental para a geração de conhecimento, e a universidade privada apresenta-se como um importante ator nas interações e, assim, na possibilidade de geração de conhecimento e de inovações. / Innovation is recognized in the literature as a fundamental element for development. Universities, as one of the main producers and diffusers of scientific and technological knowledge, are influential in the generation of innovations. For the Brazilian reality, the literature points to a low volume of interactions between universities and companies, given the immaturity of the National Innovation System (SNI). In addition, there is the understanding that public versus private universities are the institutions with the greatest presence in the scenario of interactions, by the historical trajectory of the longer term in the Brazilian educational system, as well as by the fact that they enjoy more resources, Both human and financial, for the generation of knowledge. In this sense, it is relevant to understand the interactions established and what type of university (according to the legal nature) performs them. In order to do so, this study aims to analyze the factors that characterize the interactions established between public and private universities and the productive sector (companies) - EU - in Brazil, discussing the particularities of these interactions for public and private universities. This is an exploratory study that used secondary data from the census of the Directory of Research Groups (CNPq) of the CNPq and the census of higher education of INEP for the year 2014. For the analysis of the data, we used factorial analysis To identify the factors that shape the interactions between universities (public and private) and companies. The results indicated that public universities have a larger register of research groups, and the main areas of these groups are health science, human sciences, and exact and earth sciences. On the other hand, the research groups belonging to private universities are in absolute numbers, and fundamentally in the areas of applied social sciences, engineering and biological sciences. This result requires explanatory elements different from those foreseen in the literature so that it is possible to understand the different areas that gain prominence in the two groups of universities in Brazil. Another important result is the fact that, although there is a strong presence of public universities with a greater number of research groups and interactive groups registers, the calculation of the degree of interaction pointed to the fact that, in terms of interaction, Those of the two groups of universities are similar. The importance of this result lies in highlighting the role of private universities in the EU interactive activity in the Brazilian SNI, indicating the need to consider this actor in future studies in the area, as well as public and private policies aimed at stimulating interactions and generation Of innovations. Regarding the factors that make up EU interaction, public universities have achieved better results in three of the four factors identified: 'institutional structure', 'institutional human resources structure' and 'institutional expenditure'. The fourth factor, 'interaction and revenue', stood out in the private universities, showing superiority in the income obtained and similarities in the interaction established with companies, when compared with public universities. Considering this, the public university has its role reinforced in the interactions by having the largest stock of human and institutional resources, which is fundamental for the generation of knowledge, and the private university presents itself as an important actor in the interactions and, thus, In the possibility of generating knowledge and innovations.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-04-24T17:16:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Pedro Puffal.pdf: 1357318 bytes, checksum: e4666cd76289f185cb65c0d7c416ddc3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-24T17:16:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Pedro Puffal.pdf: 1357318 bytes, checksum: e4666cd76289f185cb65c0d7c416ddc3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-30 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A interação entre a academia e a indústria tem sido apresentada como um importante mecanismo para o desenvolvimento tecnológico das empresas, regiões e países. Com objetivo de contribuir para a compreensão e o esclarecimento das características da interação universidade-empresa e a relação com o desempenho tecnológico das empresas brasileiras, este trabalho busca identificar se os determinantes da interação universidade-empresa e os tipos de interação influenciam no desempenho relativo à inovação tecnológica em produtos e processos das empresas, além de verificar se estas características são distintas para as empresas instaladas no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A partir da apresentação dos conceitos centrais ao estudo, da descrição do sistema de inovação brasileiro e da estrutura do sistema de inovação do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, utilizando-se uma base de dados constituída exclusivamente por empresas que desenvolveram interação com universidades ou institutos de pesquisa, as análises foram realizadas com a utilização de estatística descritiva, regressão logística e teste de médias e variâncias. Confirmou-se a hipótese de que o tipo de interação universidade-empresa apresenta relação com o desempenho tecnológico relativo à inovação em produtos e processos das empresas brasileiras. As evidências apontam que, empresas que atribuem maior importância às interações que utilizam informações técnicas como fontes de informação têm menores chances de introduzir produtos novos para o mercado nacional. Por sua vez, aquelas que atribuem maior importância para interações com informações sobre patentes apresentam maiores possibilidades de introduzirem produtos e processos novos para mercado mundial. Por outro lado, as evidências também indicam que interações com objetivo de acessar recursos da universidade ou instituto de pesquisa não aumentam a probabilidade de inovação em produtos e processos. Os resultados também indicam que as razões das empresas para estabelecer uma interação com universidades ou institutos de pesquisa, não apresentam relação significativa com os resultados das empresas em relação à introdução de inovação em produtos ou processos. O estudo ainda indicou que os determinantes da interação: tamanho da empresa, a intensidade de P&D, e o setor industrial guardam alguma relação com seu desempenho tecnológico, enquanto que o financiamento público não apresentou uma relação significativa. Já para as empresas localizadas no estado do Rio Grande do Sul o estudo indica que essas têm comportamento semelhante as do restante do país, pois não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nas médias e variâncias, apenas foi constatado que no RS as empresas têm significativamente maior média de introdução de inovações em processos para o mercado nacional, contudo não apresenta ligação direta com a interação universidade-empresa. O trabalho apresenta, como contribuição para o tema estudado, uma forma alternativa à utilização da informação relativa a gastos com P&D como proxy para intensidade de P&D, propondo uma nova composta pelo número de empregados em P&D, definição de atividade contínua ou não e existência de setor de P&D na empresa. Outra contribuição é a proposição de uma taxonomia para análise dos tipos de interação universidade-empresa, composta por três tipos: interações com uso de informação técnica, interação com uso de recursos da universidade ou instituto de pesquisa, e interação com uso de informações sobre patentes. / The academy-industry interaction has been presented as an important mechanism for firms, regions and countries technological development. Aiming to contribute to the understanding and clarification of the academy-industry interaction characteristics and its relation with the technological performance of Brazilian firms, this study attempts to identify whether the determinants of academy-industry interaction and the types of interactions influence on the relative performance to the technological innovation in products and processes of firms, besides verifying whether these features are distinct for the firms located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. From the presentation of the central concepts or the study, the description of the Brazilian innovation system and the structure of the innovation system of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, using a database consisting exclusively of firms that have developed interaction with universities or research institutes, the analysis were done using descriptive statistics, logistic regression and means and variances tests. It was confirmed the hypothesis that the type of academy-industry interaction is correlated with the technological performance related to the innovation in products and processes of Brazilian firms. The evidences indicate that firms that assign more importance to the interaction techniques that use technical information as information sources are less likely to introduce new products to the local market. In turn, those who assign greater importance to interactions with information about patents present higher probabilities of introducing new products and processes for the world market. On the other hand, the evidences also indicate that interactions aiming to access physical resources of the university or research institute do not increase the likelihood probability of innovation in products and processes. The results also indicate that the reasons for the firms to establish an interaction with universities or research institutes have no significant relation with the firms results in relation to the introduction of innovative products or processes. The study also indicated that the interaction determinants: firm size, the R&D intensity, and the industry have some association with their technological performance, whereas public funding did not show a significant relationship. As for firms located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, the study indicates that these behave like the rest of the country, since there were no significant differences in mean and variance, it was only found that in the RS the firms have significantly higher mean of introduction of processes innovations to the local market, however it has no direct connection with the academy-industry interactions. The paper presents as a contribution to the topic understudy, an alternative to the use of the information relating to R&D expenditure as a proxy for the R&D intensity, proposing a new one consisted by the number of R&D employees, existence of continuous R&D activity or not and existence of R&D department in the firm. Another contribution is the propose of a taxonomy for the analysis of the academy-industry interactions types, consisting of three types: interactions with the use of technical information, interaction with the use of physical resources of the university or research institute, and interaction with the use of information about patents.