Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:53:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2221689 bytes, checksum: 2caf09731ed57422d5d9f71ca325797b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research proposes a comparison between data from the survey about technological innovation in Brazil, and data from Spain. These two countries were selected because of the existence of a database that follows the Oslo Manual, and the proximity of the author with to reality of Spain, obtained from the Erasmus Mundus Exchange Program. The comparison of science, technology and innovation systems in different countries shows great differences and characteristics in common. In spite of the evident weaknesses, Brazil offers some promising growth potential and this attracted the attention of international investors, academics and businessmen to identify its particularities. Therefore, it became necessary to measure critical aspects in the process of innovation, and the Oslo Manual was created with this purpose. Developing countries need to increase their innovative potential in order to compete with the great world powers. However, Brazil has 10% fewer IFs than Spain. Thus, we observe that, despite the efforts made by these companies, there is much to be improved, in order to reduce the shortage of foreign technologies, particularly for process innovation, because most of the innovations of this sort are not the responsibility the company itself. In Brazil, the companies which are directly dependent on science and technology are the most innovative. The Brazilian IFs recognize the importance of information sources, but their practices do not seem consistent with this. However, this property may be a consequence from the problem of lack of qualified personnel. The internal R&D activities are not common in the Brazilian IF, and the result is the dependence of the technology produced externally. Training is an activity more common in Brazil. As main results, Brazil has 3% more innovative firms (IF) than Spain. About the methodology, this work can be classified as a bibliographical and documentary research, regarding the means, and as an exploratory and descriptive study, regarding the purposes. The results show that the Brazilian reality is not far from the reality of a developed country. There are deficiencies in our system that must be addressed in order to reduce the problems and obstacles imposed to the companies, and increase the use of knowledge generated internally. / Países em desenvolvimento precisam aumentar substancialmente seu potencial inovador, a fim de conseguir se sobressair perante as grandes potências mundiais. Surge então a necessidade de mensurar aspectos críticos envolvidos no processo de inovação, com esse intuito foi criado o Manual de Oslo. Apesar das debilidades do Brasil, seu potencial de crescimento vem despertando a atenção de investidores internacionais e os interesses acadêmico e empresarial em identificar suas particularidades. Comparar sistemas de ciência, tecnologia e inovação de diferentes países mostram grandes diferenças e características em comum. O presente estudo propõe-se a comparar dados da pesquisa em inovação tecnológica do Brasil com dados da Espanha, selecionados devido à existência de uma base de dados que seguem o Manual de Oslo, e a proximidade da autora com a realidade espanhola, obtida através do intercâmbio do Programa Erasmus Mundus. No tocante à metodologia, quanto aos meios, a pesquisa é classificada como pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, e quanto aos fins, exploratória e descritiva. Como principais resultados, o Brasil possui 3% mais empresas inovadoras (EIN) que a Espanha. As atividades internas de P&D não são comuns às EIN brasileiras, o resultado é a dependência das empresas brasileiras de tecnologias produzidas externamente. A capacitação é uma atividade mais comum no Brasil. No entanto, essa propriedade pode ser reflexo do problema de falta de pessoal qualificado. As EIN brasileiras mostram conhecer a importância das fontes de informação, mas as suas práticas não parecem condizentes com isto. No Brasil, as empresas dependentes diretamente de ciência e tecnologia são as mais inovadoras. No entanto, apresentam 10% menos EIN do que a Espanha. Dessa forma, se observa que, apesar dos esforços despendidos por essas empresas, ainda há um caminho a ser percorrido, no sentido de diminuir a carência de tecnologias externas, principalmente para inovar em processo, pois a maioria das inovações desse tipo não está sob responsabilidade da própria empresa. Os resultados revelam que a realidade brasileira não está tão distante da realidade de um país desenvolvido. Há pontos de inflexão em nosso sistema que devem ser trabalhos no sentido reduzir os problemas e obstáculos impostos às empresas, e potencializar o uso do conhecimento gerado internamente.

[pt] Esta dissertação teve como objetivo verificar se a presença de gestores de Fundos de Venture Capital influencia a curva de crescimento de empresas inovadoras, baseado na análise da carteira do Programa INOVAR da Finep – Inovação e Pesquisa. Para tanto, foi elaborado um questionário e enviado para 73 empresas que faziam parte da carteira do Programa INOVAR no final de 2013, das quais 54 (74 porcento) responderam à pesquisa. O questionário procurou avaliar três dimensões principais: Resultados Financeiros, Governança Corporativa e Inovação, além de outros aspectos de características mais gerais, como diferencial competitivo das empresas e aspectos qualitativos da atuação dos gestores no dia-a-dia destas. Em 2013 as empresas pesquisadas apresentaram um faturamento bruto agregado da ordem de 7,870 bilhões de reais, e um lucro líquido de 419 milhões de reais. Os fundos tinham uma participação média de 29,2 por cento do capital social nessas companhias. No que concerne à inovação, 83 por cento das empresas declararam ter inserido produto ou serviço novo no mercado nacional, e 4 por cento afirmaram ter inovado no mercado mundial. Além dos aspectos já mencionados, a maioria dos empreendedores (70 por cento) avalia que o ingresso do fundo em suas empresas promoveu mudanças significativas em seus processos de gestão, cujos efeitos permanecerão mesmo após a saída do fundo. / [en] This study aims to investigate whether the presence of Venture Capital funds managers influence the growth curve of innovative companies based on an analysis of Finep - Innovation and Research- INOVAR Program portfolio companies. For this purpose, a questionnaire was developed and sent to 73 companies that were part of the INOVAR Program portfolio at the end of 2013, and 54 (74 percent) of them responded to the survey. The questionnaire sought to assess three main dimensions: Financial Results, Corporate Governance and Innovation, and other aspects of general characteristics. In 2013 the surveyed companies had aggregated gross revenues of 7,870 billion reais and a net profit of 419 million reais. The funds had an average share of 29.2 per cent of the equity in these companies. With regard to innovation, 83 per cent of the companies reported having inserted new product or service in the domestic market, while 4 per cent said they brought innovation to the world market. Besides the aspects mentioned above, the majority of entrepreneurs (70 per cent) estimates that the contribution of the funds to their companies promoted significant changes in their management processes, whose effects will remain after the exit of the funds.

Le rôle de l’intelligence économique et stratégique (IES) est maintenant reconnu. Cependant, malgré le développement des pratiques dans les entreprises, des doutes quant à l’efficacité des dispositifs d’IES semblent subsister. Aussi notre recherche propose une contribution à la mesure de l’efficacité de l’IES qui a été très peu étudiée dans la littérature. En l’absence d’une méthodologie disponible pour effectuer cette évaluation, nous avons créé un système de mesure qui repose sur les possibilités offertes par la modélisation de la mise en œuvre du concept d’IES et l’élaboration d’un protocole d’analyse. Plusieurs configurations du modèle ont d’abord été générées à partir de deux critères relatifs à la formation du personnel à l’IES et à l’évaluation des dispositifs d’IES au sein de l’entreprise. Ces configurations ont été ensuite opérationnalisées en utilisant le terrain empirique des entreprises innovantes du secteur de l’aéronautique et de l’espace. Ce choix est justifié par les enjeux de l’innovation et l’importance des pratiques d’IES dans ce secteur de pointe. L’option d’une étude quantitative a permis de calculer des profils de performance servant à positionner une entreprise dans un domaine qui est circonscrit par une limite basse et une limite haute et qui constitue une marge de manœuvre pour l’entreprise. Ce résultat montre la possibilité de mesurer la performance de la mise en œuvre du concept d’IES. Il permet d’envisager l’amélioration de la performance de l’entreprise à la suite de la mise en œuvre d’un processus d’IES. La modélisation de la mise en œuvre du concept d’IES permet de déduire des pistes pour améliorer encore ce processus / The role of Competitive Intelligence (CI) is now recognized. However, despite the development of practices in companies, questions remain concerning the effectiveness of the implementation of CI. Thus, our research provides a contribution to the measurement of the efficiency of CI which has seldom been studied in the literature. In the absence of an available methodology to conduct this evaluation, we created a system of measurement based on the possibilities offered by modeling the implementation of the CI concept and the development of an analysis protocol. Several model configurations were first generated from two criteria based on training of personnel in CI and on the evaluation of CI within the company. These configurations were then put into operation in the empirical field of innovative companies in the aeronautics and aerospace sector. This choice is justified by the importance of innovation and the importance of CI practices in this sector. Conducting a quantitative study allowed us to compute performance profiles for situating businesses in an area bounded by upper and lower limits which provide a certain flexibility for the company. These results show the possibility of measuring the performance of the implementation of the CI concept. It allows businesses to consider improving performance by following the implementation of the CI process. The modeling of the implementation of the CI concept will allow us to deduce future ways to improve this process

Notre recherche consiste à essayer de faire comprendre ce qu’est l’incubateur Produit en Bretagne. Elle vise principalement à répondre à la question suivante : « Quels sont les attributs qui peuvent permettre l’ébauche d’un modèle d’incubation performant pour l’incubateur Produit en Bretagne ». Afin de construire en marchant, puisque nous avons participé activement à la création et à la gestion de l’incubateur Produit en Bretagne, nous avons mené une recherche-intervention que nous avons même fini par qualifier de participative. En effet, au moment où nous avons commencé notre thèse, nous avons été responsable de l’incubateur étudié qui était en phase de création. Cette recherche qualitative, basée sur une proximité forte avec notre terrain et, notamment, avec les 19 porteurs d’idées hébergés dans l’incubateur depuis 2006, nous a permis de faire de nombreux apports. Cette recherche permet de positionner l’incubation au centre du processus entrepreneurial et, notamment, dans le domaine de la création d’entreprises innovantes. Grâce à cette recherche, nous pouvons aussi mieux cerner le champ d’intervention de l’incubateur Produit en Bretagne. Nous avons alors noté que le fonctionnement des incubateurs à dominante technologique serait à revoir, afin de s’assurer que toutes les conditions d’accès aux facteurs clés de succès (FCS) de la création d’entreprises, soient véritablement données aux porteurs d’idées intégrant ces incubateurs. Dans le cadre d’une recherche-intervention, nous avons pu agir positivement sur notre terrain et le faire évoluer tout en confortant le mode opératoire concernant le fonctionnement de l’incubateur Produit en Bretagne. Nous souhaitons souligner l’importance de nos quatre statuts différents (intervenant-chercheur, intervenant-expert, responsable de l’incubateur, intervenant-enquêteur) et de la proximité avec notre terrain, qui nous ont permis de régénérer en permanence la connaissance produite, dans un climat de confiance totale. / In our research, we are making a description and an analysis of how is working “Produce in Britanny incubator”. At the same time, we were doing our research, we did set-up this new incubator in Britanny. For this reason, we have doing an intervention-research that we did qualified, at the end, as a participative one. We did work out some contributions, as we are close to our study area with 19 people getting some ideas (to set-up new companies), in our incubator and since 2006. This research allows us to clarify the position of our incubator inside the creation process of new and innovative companies. Our research lets us understand our intervention ground of Produce in Britanny incubator. We did put in light the fact that technological incubators do not give good opportunities to access to keys factors of success to set-up new companies. With our intervention-research, we did act in a positive way in our study ground, that is to say, in the incubator we are managing. At the same time, we were able to make it evolving and keeping good elements regarding its operational way. At the end, we would like to emphasize the fact that we did regenerate our intellectual contribution, during 4 years, in links with our 4 status (researcher, expert, manager of an incubator, leader in investigation).

Questa tesi si compone di tre capitoli che analizzano a livello empirico le fonti e le caratteristiche dell’attività innovativa di imprese giovani e mature operanti in due stati europei: Italia e Spagna. Nel dettaglio, nel Capitolo 2 l’attenzione è rivolata all’analisi delle determinanti della R&S delle giovani imprese, mentre nel Capitolo 3 e 4 si analizzano possibili differenze fra imprese giovani e mature circa la natura del legame esistente fra differenti input e output innovativi. I risultati delle stime econometriche realizzate nei 3 capitoli forniscono rilevanti indicazioni in merito a questi aspetti. In particolare, sembrerebbe che l’età sia un fattore fondamentale nel determinare le scelte e la performance innovativa di un’impresa. Entrando maggiormente nel dettaglio, differenti caratteristiche di impresa e fattori di mercato giocano un ruolo distinto nel determinare le peculiarità del processo innovativo svolto da imprese di differente età. In aggiunta a ciò, si riscontrano importanti differenze anche in merito ai fattori che determinano la performance innovativa di imprese giovani e mature. Queste evidenze di tipo generale potrebbero essere un segnale della scarsa efficacia delle innumerevoli politiche “erga-omnes” poste in essere a livello europeo al fine di aumentare l’intensità della spesa innovativa (con particolare riferimento alla R&S). / This thesis consists of three essays that explore the sources and modes of innovation activity in mature and young firms. In detail, Chapter 2 focuses on the determinants of young companies’ R&D activity, while Chapter 3 and 4 study the relationship between different innovative inputs and different innovative outputs by distinguishing among firms of different ages (mature vs young). The results of the econometric analyses performed in the three chapters shed some important light on the peculiarities of the innovative process of the young companies operating in two European countries: Spain and Italy. More in detail, they clearly suggest that the age of a firm is a relevant factor in determining its innovative behavior and its innovative performance. To be precise, what emerges is that various firm and market characteristics play distinct roles in boosting different types of innovation activities for young and mature firms. In addition, these two groups of firms seem to show important differences also with reference to the impact of various innovative inputs on their innovative performance. These general evidence could represent a signal of the ineffectiveness of “erga-omnes” polices aimed at increasing the level of R&D expenditure across all types of industries.

L'innovation est aujourd'hui l'une des variables essentielles de la croissance économique et de l'emploi. Toutefois, son financement est complexe. Ce qui justifie l'intervention des pouvoirs publics. Ainsi en France, la puissance publique dispose de deux outils principaux pour inciter les entreprises à augmenter leurs dépenses de R&D, les aides directes et apparentées et les incitations fiscales. Toutefois, c'est une mesure d'aide fiscale, le crédit d'impôt recherche (CIR), qui constitue le dispositif majeur de soutien à l'innovation en France. Puissant instrument d'encouragement à la R&D depuis 1983, il est devenu depuis sa dernière grande réforme, en 2008, le dispositif incitatif le plus prisé des entreprises et la deuxième dépense de l'État. Une sortie de l'anonymat suivie d'une entrée dans la polémique car en raison de son poids de plus en plus prégnant dans l'économie française, le CIR soulève plusieurs interrogations. La plus partagée concerne naturellement la réalité de son efficacité, opposant partisans et détracteurs de la mesure. Mais celle-ci appelle pourtant d'autres questions et d'autres observations. Car s'il semble partagé que ce crédit présente de nombreux avantages pour ses bénéficiaires, la sécurité fiscale de ceux-là apparaît néanmoins fragile. Puis, le choix même de la dépense fiscale comme mesure de soutien interpelle, tant s'agissant de son opportunité réelle dans l'ordre interne que de son articulation avec la réglementation européenne des aides d'État. Ce qui pourrait justifier une adaptation du mécanisme à partir des modalités d'un autre dispositif opérant dans un autre secteur et ne souffrant pas à ce jour des mêmes carences que le CIR. / Today, innovation is one of the essential variables of the growth of the economy and employment. However, its financing is complex. This justifies the intervention of public authorities. In France, the public powers therefore have two main tools for encouraging companies to increase their R&D expenses, direct aids (and similar) and tax incentives. However, the main mechanism in support of innovation in France is a fiscal aid measure, namely the research tax credit. A powerful instrument for encouraging R&D since 1983, it has become, since its last major reform in 2008, the preferred incentive measure of companies and, at the same time, the State's second leading expenditure. A departure from anonymity followed by a step into controversy, since due to its increasing weight within the French economy, the research tax credit is prompting many questions. The most widely-shared question naturally relates to the reality of its efficiency, with supporters and detractors in equal measure. But this mechanism also elicits other questions and other observations. Since while it seems to be agreed that this credit offers many advantages for its beneficiaries, the fiscal security of the latter nevertheless appears to be fragile. Moreover, the very choice of a fiscal expenditure as a support measure is of concern, both with regard to its actual advisability within the internal order and in terms of its linkage with the European regulations relative to State aid. This could justify an adaptation of the mechanism on the basis of the provisions of another system used in another sector, but that does not currently have the same deficiencies as the research tax credit.

The overall aim of this thesis was to identify and analyze good innovation management practices in Sweden’s most innovative large companies, excluding governmentally owned organizations. Out of 500 large organizations in Sweden, the top 25 most innovative companies have been ranked based upon over 7,000 printed press articles from 2018 available through Retriever Media. The companies are ranked by their innovations score which is calculated by the number of articles a company is mentioned in, adjusted to the company size, and multiplied with the mean sentiment score. The top 25 companies from the ranking was compared with 25 reference companies, active within the same industry based on the Swedish Standard Industrial Classification (SNI) number, that received a lower innovation score. Good innovation management practices were analyzed based on 14 qualitative interviews in 12 of the top 15 ranked companies and a quantitative survey responded by 20 top ranked and 17 reference companies. The interviews were semi structured with open ended questions to identify used practices, and the reasoning behind them. Spearman’s correlation method has been used to investigate if there was any correlation between the company’s innovation score, the mean performance score, and the mean importance score rated by respondents. The company case studies provide authentic examples on how and when different methods and concepts are used within industry. However, while theoretical frameworks often are strictly defined and described in solitary, the interviews have shown that when used within industry, it is rather the opposite. In many of the interviewed companies, frameworks and methods are modified, combined and constantly evolving. Aspects that the interviewees have expressed as important for an innovative company are: Innovation and change should be iterative, decentralized and started in small scale while receiving full support from top management. Examples of identified practices are: The innovation vision is used in the decision-making process for new ideas. Keywords connected to innovation are used for guiding new aspirations. There is an overall aim to become industry or/and digital leaders. Although the interviewed companies had similar innovation management practices, they were usually modified to fit within the company’s own organization and industry. The interviews contributed with interesting collection of practices within their authentic setting from which other companies could draw inspiration from. Lastly, a handbook was created describing how to conduct the innovation ranking annually, including a description of how to use the software as well as the required script of code. / Det övergripande syftet med denna uppsats har varit att identifiera och analysera hur ett antal stora och framgångsrika bolag bedriver innovationsledning. Av 500 svenska företag har de 25 mest innovativa rankats baserat på hur företagen framställts i över 7000 tryckta artiklar under 2018. I artiklarna som tagits fram via Retriever Media har företagen poängsatts efter antalet artiklar som de omnämnts i, korrigerat efter företagens storlek, multiplicerat med artiklarnas genomsnittliga sentimentvärde. De 25 högst rankade företagen jämfördes sedan med 25 referensföretag aktiva inom samma bransch enligt standarden för svensk näringsindelning (SNI). God innovationsledningspraxis identifierades och analyserades genom 14 intervjuer med 12 av de 15 högst rankade företagen, samt en enkätstudie som besvarades av 20 av de 25 högst rankade företagen och 17 av referensbolagen. Intervjuerna var semi strukturerade med öppna frågor för att identifiera den innovationsledningspraxis som företagen använder sig av samt bakomliggande resonemang. Spearmans rangkorrelation användes för att identifiera eventuella korrelationer mellan företagens innovationsrankning och hur företaget presterar med avseende på olika innovationsaspekter samt hur viktiga dessa aspekter anses. Analysen av innovationsledningspraxis resulterade i praktiska exempel på hur och när olika metoder, verktyg och strategier användes inom företagen. Managementteorier som kan uppfattas som strikta i litteraturen visade sig kombineras, modifieras och utvecklas i flera av de intervjuade företagen. Aspekter som företagen lyfte fram som viktiga var att innovation och förändring behöver ske iterativt, decentraliseras och startas småskaligt med full uppbackning av företagsledningen. Några av de olika sätt att framgångsrikt leda innovation som identifierats är att: Det finns en vision för hur för företaget ska jobba med innovation och denna vision ligger till grund för mycket av den beslutsfattande processen när det kommer till nya idéer. Nyckelord kopplade till olika innovationsmål används frekvent för att leda forskning och utveckling i rätt riktning. Det finns även ett övergripande mål om att bli det ledande företaget inom olika områden och näringsgrenar. Även om många av de intervjuade företagen hade liknande innovationsledningspraxis så var denna ofta modifierade för att passa det enskilda bolaget eller branschen. De intervjuade företagen bidrog med en stor mängd intressanta metoder och insikter som andra företag kan inspireras och dra nytta av för att förbättra sin innovationsledningsförmåga. Slutligen sammanställdes en handbok för att genomföra en innovationsrankning, inklusive hur man använder de programvaror som krävs samt all nödvändig kod för att möjliggöra en återkommande rankning av innovativa företag.