在社會科學的領域中，以生態觀點所發展出的命題一直受到相當的注意，東西方學者在這方面的實證與論述，或具體而嚴謹，或抽象得類似哲學，研究面向雖有不同，但是基本的思維邏輯卻是一致的。他們的特色是跳出既定的範疇，從環境的角度來審視整體的互動與平衡。本研究從較為寬廣的視野將特定的商業環境視為一個「企業生態系」，此生態系中的企業群聚由共生的企業族群所組成，單一個體或族群皆可能受到其他個體或族群的影響。 　　根據這樣的想法，本研究直接援引生物生態學中的「共同演化」觀點發展出觀念性架構並做實務現象的觀察與映證。因為共同演化的作用，一個企業族群的演化將直接對共生的企業族群產生選擇壓力，從而促成另一企業族群在同一方向上跟隨演化。在觀察演化的過程時，本研究認為產業環境的「制度力量」往往左右了演化的方向，因此將個別組織間的規範同形、模仿同形、強制同形與依賴同形等制度力量作為分析企業族群共同演化的基本驅動因子。 　　為觀察實務現象，本研究以兩岸的自行車成車與零件族群為個案分析的樣本，並實地走訪臺海兩岸業者，對兩岸自行車業發展、分佈的共同演化過程做了完整的觀察。根據實務分析的結果，本研究得到下列映證：一、自然生態界的共同演化現象同樣存在與產業界；二、制度同形過程是企業族群的演化機制；三、共生企業族群間的相互選擇壓力是促成共同演化的主要力量；四、共同演化是循序漸進的互動過程。在學術方面，本研究的主要貢獻是突破傳統組織生態學「結構惰性」與「獨立性」的基本假設，進一步觀察與映證更高層次的族群互動現象。 　　在實務上，對企業經營也有重要的策略涵義：一、要成為企業族群的領導者就必須率先發動演化；二、臺灣企業處於「大陸化」的生態體系中，應該在共生族群間主導同形與共同演化；三、跨海峽的共同演化不但提攜夥伴也扶植競爭者。因此，臺灣企業在演化過程中，中國大陸的改革開放是契機、轉機也可能是危機，臺灣企業必須持續掌握優勢資源、緊密合作攜手演化。

Act No. 108/2006 Coll., on social services and bureaucratization of the activities of NGOs This thesis deals with the Social Services Act (No. 108/2006 Coll.) in the context of the bureaucratization of the activities of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) that are providers of social services. The first order of business is to answer the question whether the law contains elements of the bureaucracy, which the law establishes in the activities of social services providers. A second related objective is to determine whether NGO consider the elements of bureaucracy contained in the Act on Social Services as the main obstacles for the way they operate and whether in connection with their introduction observe within their organization typical dysfunctions associated with the process of bureaucratization. Theoretical background and set of research tools are based on R.H. Hall's research in the field of dimensional analysis of elements present in the structure of bureaucratic organizations. As a research method to achieve the first objective is used quantitative content analysis. The results of the analysis confirm that the Social Services Act contains elements that bureaucratise activities of social services providers. As a research method to achieve the second objective of the thesis is a quantitative...

The main purpose of this study was to investigate how professionals working within the Swedish Church and the City Mission in a municipality in southern Sweden describe their work with individuals in financial crisis, as well as whether and, if so, how they perceive themselves as complementing or replacing the responsibilities of the municipal welfare agency. During the ongoing inflation, prices for essentials such as food, rent, and electricity have increased, placing additional strain on the welfare state and the efforts of social workers to meet the needs of individuals in economic hardship. There is a lack of consensus in the research regarding the role that the Swedish Church and the City Mission should play in social work and the extent to which they provide aid. In times of inflation, the question becomes particularly relevant as civil society actors become more relevant when societal resources are insufficient. To address our research questions, we conducted a qualitative interview study involving eight participants from the Swedish Church and the City Mission. We employed neo-institutional theory to interpret our empirical data. Our study revealed that the Swedish Church and the City Mission in a municipality in southern Sweden emphasize their multifaceted function and flexible approach, enabling them to address various forms of needs among individuals experiencing financial crisis. They described themselves as being able to complement certain aspects of the municipal welfare agency's responsibilities, but their resources were too limited to fully replace these functions. Our study demonstrated that they could provide limited amounts of food, financial resources, and create a sense of community and belonging inside their organization.

La présente étude a analysé l’évolution de l’Administration Canadienne de la Sureté du Transport Aérien (ACSTA) depuis sa mise en place jusqu’aujourd’hui, ainsi que les acteurs individuels ou institutionnels impliqués dans ce processus. L’ACSTA gravite dans un champ organisationnel ‐ensemble d’organisations qui constituent un domaine reconnu de la vie institutionnelle (DiMaggio et Powell, 1983)-­ au sein duquel agissent différents acteurs qui ont influencé non seulement sa création, mais qui ont continué à jouer un rôle important tout au long de son évolution. Nous avons défini le champ de la sûreté aérienne et au sein de celui‐ci, nous avons analysé les mécanismes institutionnels, tout en identifiant et définissant le rôle des différents acteurs en présence. Il ressort de nos analyses que principalement deux types de contraintes institutionnelles (DiMaggio et Powell, 1983) ont influencé la création et le développement de l’ACSTA. Premièrement, mis à part les contraintes coercitives émanant de la règlementation internationale de l’Organisation de l’Aviation Civile Internationale, il apparait que d’autres contraintes du même type proviennent du gouvernement américain, par le biais de pressions visant à la mise en place de mesures sécuritaires, tant au moment de la création que tout le long de l’évolution de l’organisation. Il est à noter, cependant, le rôle du terrorisme et des tentatives d’attentat comme provocant de telles contraintes. Deuxièmement, nous avons identifié des contraintes du type normatif, c’est-à‐dire celles qui proviennent des valeurs, des normes et du bagage professionnel lié à la sécurité et à la sureté aérienne. Il apparait que les contraintes normatives agissent constamment alors que les contraintes coercitives surgissent ponctuellement tout au long de la période analysée. / This study analyzed the evolution of the Canadian Air Transport Security Administration (CATSA) since its creation up to today, as well as the individual and / or institutional actors implied in this process. CATSA gravitates in an organizational field ‐the group of organizations that constitute a recognized area of institutional life (DiMaggio and Powell, 1983)- in which different actors, who not only influenced its creation, continued to play an important role all along its evolution. We have defined the air transport security field and within, we have analyzed the institutional mechanisms while identifying and defining the role of the different actors. Our analysis suggests that mainly two types of institutional isomorphisms (DiMaggio and Powell, 1983) have influenced the creation and the evolution of CATSA. Besides the coercive constraints coming from the International Civil Aviation Organization’s international regulation, it appears that other similar pressures emanate from the government of the United States by the means of coercive isomorphism, aiming the establishment of security measures all along CATSA’s evolution. It should be noted, however, the role of terrorists and their attempts to attack, as the catalyst actors and events of such coercive isomorphism. Second of all, we have also identified normative pressures originating from the values and standards from the professional network, or branch, linked to air transport security. It appears that the normative pressures appear regularly, while the coercive pressures emerge punctually all along the analyzed time period.

La présente étude a analysé l’évolution de l’Administration Canadienne de la Sureté du Transport Aérien (ACSTA) depuis sa mise en place jusqu’aujourd’hui, ainsi que les acteurs individuels ou institutionnels impliqués dans ce processus. L’ACSTA gravite dans un champ organisationnel ‐ensemble d’organisations qui constituent un domaine reconnu de la vie institutionnelle (DiMaggio et Powell, 1983)-­ au sein duquel agissent différents acteurs qui ont influencé non seulement sa création, mais qui ont continué à jouer un rôle important tout au long de son évolution. Nous avons défini le champ de la sûreté aérienne et au sein de celui‐ci, nous avons analysé les mécanismes institutionnels, tout en identifiant et définissant le rôle des différents acteurs en présence. Il ressort de nos analyses que principalement deux types de contraintes institutionnelles (DiMaggio et Powell, 1983) ont influencé la création et le développement de l’ACSTA. Premièrement, mis à part les contraintes coercitives émanant de la règlementation internationale de l’Organisation de l’Aviation Civile Internationale, il apparait que d’autres contraintes du même type proviennent du gouvernement américain, par le biais de pressions visant à la mise en place de mesures sécuritaires, tant au moment de la création que tout le long de l’évolution de l’organisation. Il est à noter, cependant, le rôle du terrorisme et des tentatives d’attentat comme provocant de telles contraintes. Deuxièmement, nous avons identifié des contraintes du type normatif, c’est-à‐dire celles qui proviennent des valeurs, des normes et du bagage professionnel lié à la sécurité et à la sureté aérienne. Il apparait que les contraintes normatives agissent constamment alors que les contraintes coercitives surgissent ponctuellement tout au long de la période analysée. / This study analyzed the evolution of the Canadian Air Transport Security Administration (CATSA) since its creation up to today, as well as the individual and / or institutional actors implied in this process. CATSA gravitates in an organizational field ‐the group of organizations that constitute a recognized area of institutional life (DiMaggio and Powell, 1983)- in which different actors, who not only influenced its creation, continued to play an important role all along its evolution. We have defined the air transport security field and within, we have analyzed the institutional mechanisms while identifying and defining the role of the different actors. Our analysis suggests that mainly two types of institutional isomorphisms (DiMaggio and Powell, 1983) have influenced the creation and the evolution of CATSA. Besides the coercive constraints coming from the International Civil Aviation Organization’s international regulation, it appears that other similar pressures emanate from the government of the United States by the means of coercive isomorphism, aiming the establishment of security measures all along CATSA’s evolution. It should be noted, however, the role of terrorists and their attempts to attack, as the catalyst actors and events of such coercive isomorphism. Second of all, we have also identified normative pressures originating from the values and standards from the professional network, or branch, linked to air transport security. It appears that the normative pressures appear regularly, while the coercive pressures emerge punctually all along the analyzed time period.

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