School leadership and the principal’s important role in implementing national goals, efficiency in economy and administration and school development has gained increasingly interest the last decade. Both among politicians and researchers we find a lot of suggestions what kind of leadership is the most efficient to raise standards and solve the problems of decreasing student results and an increasing inequality between schools.  In the Swedish context, there is a school form that rarely is mentioned in this debate – the folk high school. On its own path, beside the ordinary school system, the folk high schools during 150 years, has brought education to adults from rural - and working class, served as a knowledge centre for the civil society and, during last years, played an important role in the integration of refugees and immigrants. The leadership in this school form is hardly at all investigated and needs to be highlighted.  The aim of this study is to give voice to principals in the Swedish folk high school and describe how they talk, and what they say, about their mission and their leadership.  This work builds upon qualitative interviews with eight principals in different folk high schools. Their stories have been processed by using a discourse-analytic approach. I have also identified the presence of different institutional logics working in their organizations. In the analysis, I have used theories made around the organizational field and the social context in schools.  My respondents describe a mission that is wide and quite open. The schools are small and the board consists of people who work voluntary to befriend the school. The principle has a large ability to design the mission him/herself. The mission also rephrases in the everyday interaction with the staff and the local culture, a culture where teachers, by tradition, has a lot of independence and great influence. This situation affects the principals’ possibilities and range of action. He/she is at the same time free and bounded. I also find that the principals, increasingly, must deal with multiple institutional logics, that affect ways of thinking, talking and acting, in their organizations.

The municipal housing company is a form of hybrid organization whose operations meet demands and expectations. These requirements can be perceived as competitive as the company is expected to act commercially but also fulfill a socially beneficial purpose. A municipal housing company operates in institutional environments where it influences and is influenced by its surroundings. Previous research has identified the concept of hybrid organization and the emergence of institutional logic. With this study, we have investigated how competing requirements from business and socially beneficial principles are handled internally within a municipal housing company. The purpose of this study is to describe and explain how competing requirements from socially beneficial and business principles are handled in municipal housing companies. Our study is conducted based on the theory of institutional logic. We have studied which strategies the municipal housing company uses in its operational management when they meet competing requirements. To fulfill our purpose and answer the question, we interviewed six employees with different positions within Halmstad Fastighet AB. The empirical material has been compared with our theoretical framework and then we have a discussion about how the company handles the competing requirements. The results of our study show that the organization defies institutional logic and acts more rationally than expected when dealing with the requirements of business and socially beneficial principles in its operations. Our conclusion is that we can see elements of all three strategies in the business: the decoupling, compromise and combination strategy. We note that a balance between business and socially beneficial principles is not possible as there is a dominant requirement. In order for a municipal housing company to succeed in handling competing requirements, the company needs to change shape. We also see a purpose in maintaining the ambiguity surrounding the prioritization of business and socially beneficial principles. / Det kommunala bostadsaktiebolaget är en form av hybridorganisation vars verksamhet ställs inför krav och förväntningar. Dessa krav kan upplevas som konkurrerande då bolaget förväntas agera affärsmässigt men även uppfylla ett samhällsnyttigt syfte. Ett kommunalt bostadsaktiebolag verkar i institutionella miljöer där den påverkar samt påverkas av sin omgivning. Tidigare forskning har identifierat begreppet hybridorganisation och uppkomsten av institutionell logik. Vi har med denna studie undersökt hur konkurrerande krav från affärsmässiga- och samhällsnyttiga principer hanteras intern inom ett kommunalt bostadsaktiebolag. Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva och förklara hur konkurrerande krav från samhällsnyttiga- och affärsmässiga principer hanteras i kommunala bostadsaktiebolag. Vår studie genomförs med grund i teorin om institutionell logik. Vi har studerat vilka strategier det kommunala bostadsaktiebolaget använder sig av i sin verksamhetsstyrning då de möter konkurrerande krav. För att uppfylla vårt syfte och besvara vår frågeställning har vi intervjuat sex medarbetare med olika positioner inom Halmstad fastighets AB. Det empiriska materiale thar jämförts med vårt teoretiska ramverk och därefter för vi en diskussion om hur verksamheten hanterar de konkurrerande krav. Resultatet av vår studie visar att organisationen inte går i linje med institutionell logik och handlar mer rationellt än förväntat vid hantering av kraven från affärsmässiga- och samhällsnyttiga principer i verksamheten. Vår slutsats är att vi i verksamheten kan se inslag av samtliga tre strategier; frikoppling-, kompromiss- och kombinationsstrategin. Vi konstaterar att en balans mellan affärsmässiga- och samhällsnyttiga principer inte är möjlig då det finns ett dominerande krav. För att ett kommunalt bostadsaktiebolag ska lyckas hantera konkurrerande krav behöver bolaget skifta i skepnad. Vi ser även ett syfte med att ha en otydlighet kring prioriteringen av affärsmässiga- och samhällsnyttiga principer.

Bakgrund och problem: Införandet av New Public Management har lett till förändringar inom hälso- och sjukvården. Förändringar som ska minska sjukvårdens kostnader samtidigt som den ska upprätthålla kvaliteten. Den offentliga sektorn har utmaningar som består av höga sjuktal, önskemål om högre lön och bättre arbetsmiljö. Inom hälso- och sjukvården finns det flera institutionella logiker som formar olika beteenden hos medarbetaren inom organisationen. När dessa möts kan det uppstå motstånd som resulterar i konflikter. Hur stor påverkan institutionella logiker har på medarbetarens dagliga arbete behöver studeras närmare för att på så vis öka kunskapen kring utmaningarna.Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka hur institutionella logiker kan visa sig i organisationen samt hur logiker kan påverka medarbetaren i det dagliga arbetet. Studien avser att ge organisationer inom hälso- och sjukvården en djupare bild över de två idealtyperna managementlogiken och professionslogiken och vilka effekter de kan få på medarbetaren.Metod: Eftersom studiens syfte är att få en insyn i hur medarbetaren påverkas av institutionella logiker baseras studien på kvalitativ metod. För att skapa en djupare bild kring medarbetares uppfattning av sin sociala kontext valdes en fallstudie att genomföras. Studien är baserad på nio stycken kvalitativa intervjuer med informanter som innehar olika professioner inom hälso- och sjukvården.Slutsats: Studien visar att de två idealtyperna av logiker, managementlogiken och professionslogiken existerar i verksamheten där professionslogiken är mest dominant. Den visar även att institutionella logiker påverkar medarbetaren i sitt dagliga arbete. Hur mycket beror på vilken logik medarbetaren identifierar sig med. Det gick även att urskilja att det existerar flera professionslogiker i verksamheten, vilket leder till spänningar mellan olika professionsgrupper. / Background and problem: The introduction of New Public Management has led to changes in healthcare. Changes in purpose to reduce healthcare costs while maintaining quality. However, on the contrary, this has resulted in challenges that consist of high rates of illness, a desire for higher wages and a better working environment. Within the healthcare organization, there are several institutional logics that shape different behaviors of employees within the organization. When they meet, resistance can result in conflicts. How much the impact of institutional logics has on the employee's daily work needs to be studied more closely in order to increase knowledge about the challenges.Purpose: The purpose is to investigate how institutional logics can manifest themselves in the organization as well as influence the employee in daily work. The study intends to give healthcare organizations a deeper picture of the two ideal types, management logic and professional logic and what effects they can have on the employee.Method: Since the purpose of the study is to gain an insight into how the employee is affected by institutional logic, the study is based on a qualitative method. In order to create a deeper understanding of employees' perceptions of their social context, a case study was chosen to be conducted. The study is based on nine qualitative interviews with informants who hold various healthcare professions.Conclusion: The study shows that the two ideal types of logics, management logic and professional logic exist in the business where professional logic is most dominant. It also shows that institutional logics influence the employee in their daily work. How much depends on which logic the employee identifies with. It was also possible to distinguish that there are several professional logics in the business, which leads to tensions between different professional groups.

Sustainability is a global issue, whilst the extant sustainability research is largely inclined towards the global north. China as one of most prominent emerging countries, itsimportance in sustainability research has been emphasized by many scholars. As one small step towards fulfilling the quest, this research explores how Chinese universitystudents perceive sustainability as a concept and sustainability related issues. The qualitative research method is being adopted in this research, to complement the few quantitative research done in China. In order to enable comparison and further analysis between respondents, also to simplify the societal structure complex, students’ perceptionon individual, organizational, national and international level are explored. Being inspiredby an ongoing project in Finland, one extra topic regarding the bottom-up approach insustainability initiatives is further included in the research. Research findings indicates: 1) student’s perception on sustainability as a concept is biased towards environmental aspect, with moderate awareness on economic and social sustainability; 2) The awareness regarding sustainability in higher education is found to be low among students, while they all perceive the sustainability performances of universities as good; 3) Students are largely skeptical about corporation’s sustainability performances,while they all hold high expectations for corporation’s role in improving sustainability performances of the society at large; 4) An universal optimistic stance is being observed among students, perceiving the sustainability performances of China as a country is good. Likewise, a univocal endorsement for China to help undeveloped countries to improve their sustainability performances, is being identified; 5) The awareness of achievements that have been made worldwide is low among students, with the most known one as the Paris Agreement, while very few only briefly heard of the SDGs. 6) Majority students perceivethe bottom-up approach should be considered in China, to work as complement of the traditional dominating top-down approach.The institutional logic perspective is chosen as the theoretical framework to understand why students perceive sustainability and related issues the way they do. It has been presented to account for both homogeneity and heterogeneity observed in research findings, with the formal caused by domination of the state logic, and the latter caused by the competition between the market logic, the community logic and the dominating statelogic. These findings advanced our understanding in this field, and could be deemed as contributions of this research.

Bakgrund: Det offentliga näringslivet kännetecknas av att de kombinerar olika institutionella logiker och på sikt blivit kallad för en hybridorganisation. Hybrida organisationer kan förklaras som att de blandar olika element som liknar både den privata och den offentliga sektorn. Hybrida organisationer är väldigt komplexa i förhållande till styrning och ledning. Men om hybrida organisationer lyckas att få det att fungera bra så blir de väldigt konkurrenskraftiga i och med att de lyckats kombinera element från de olika sektorerna. Incitament är studiens huvudfokus, då den är drivande för ekonomin och är essentiell. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att jämföra privata och hybrida energibolags omfattning av yttre-och inre incitament för medarbetarna. Metod: Studien har tillämpat en kvantitativ metod som bygger på en deduktiv ansats där två hypoteser har formulerats baserat på tidigare forskning inom incitamentsteori mellan privata-och offentliga sektorn. Studien tillämpar en kvantitativ innehållsanalys som omfattar att jämföra 30 hybrida och 30 privata energibolags årsredovisningar som operationaliseras för att beskriva omfattningen av redovisning om yttre-och inre incitament för medarbetarna. Slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att det finns samband mellan hybrida offentligt ägda bolag och omfattningen av yttre incitament i årsredovisningar. Sambandet är negativt signifikant korrelerade mellan oberoende variabel och beroende variablerna, yttre ord och meningar. Även en signifikant negativ korrelation mellan inre meningar och oberoende variabeln hittades. Av kontrollvariablerna för storlek visade totala tillgångar och antal anställda en positiv signifikant korrelation med omfattningen av redovisningen. / Background: The public sector is characterized by combining different institutional logics and in the long term being called a hybrid organization. Hybrid organizations can be explained as mixing different elements similar to both the private and public sectors. Hybrid organizations are very complex in relation to governance and management. But if hybrid organizations manage to make it work well, they will become very competitive as they manage to combine elements from the various sectors. Incentives are the main focus of the study, as it is driving the economy and is essential. Purpose: The aim of the study is to compare the extent of private and hybrid energy companies' extrinsic and intrinsic incentives for employees. Methodology: The study has applied a quantitative method based on a deductive approach where two hypotheses have been formulated based on previous research in incentive theory between the private and public sectors. The study applies a quantitative content analysis that includes comparing 30 hybrids public and 30 private energy companies' annual reports that are operationalized to describe the scope of accounting for extrinsic and intrinsic incentives for employees. Conclusion: The study's results show that there is a connection between hybrid publicly owned companies and the extent of extrinsic incentives in annual reports. The correlation is negatively significantly correlated between independent variable and dependent variables, extrinsic words and sentences. A significant negative correlation between intrinsic sentences and the independent variable was also found. Of the control variables for size, total assets and number of employees showed a positive significant correlation with the scope of the accounting.

Previous research has shown that institutional logics are the frame of reference used by individuals to make sense of their everyday life. This thesis aims to understand how such logics are displayed by actors in the public, private and non-profit sector and how they influence the construction of intersectoral collaboration for social innovation in a Swedish context. The aim is fulfilled through the research questions (i) How are institutional logics expressed by the informants? (ii) Do the interpretations of the ideal institutional logics influence the construction of boundary work? This is analyzed through the framework of boundary work.  This qualitative study was conducted through in-depth interviews with ten actors working in different sectors all participating in a coalition hosted by Mötesplats Social Innovation. The empirics demonstrate that the respondents display logics through four sub-themes; economic resources, incentives for activities through meaningfulness, source of authority and salient values. Various logics in the three sectors result in differences between the sectors. These differences lead to an advantage for intersectoral collaboration; thus, sectors hold different competencies and resources, resulting in fruitful collaboration, but also come with disadvantages such as unclear responsibilities, causing hindrance to collaborate. Actors base their actions in accordance with prevailing characteristics within the logic of their sector. Some characteristics overlap between sectors, and this answers research question two. Similar sectors tend to collaborate more than others, in this case, the public and non-profit, based on similar salient values and incentives for activities through meaningfulness but also due to a dependency from the non-profit sector’s side on the public sector for achieving economic resources. Further, logics create hindrances for intersectoral collaboration through its material attributes and lack of financial resources seems as the main hindrance to collaborate intersectoral for social innovation.

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The integration of defence companies in Europe and the U.S. has in the defence market’s environment for a long time received considerable interest. Companies see business opportunities and attractive technology on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. Governments advocate in a public discourse that transatlantic defence industry integration is highly desirable and that it would benefit all concerned. This supportive discourse is compared to the action; the corporate integration that has occurred. The aim of the thesis is to understand and explain the level and nature of the transatlantic defence industry integration and its driving forces and inhibitors. A combination of three focal theoretical concepts has been used: integration, discourse and organizational field. The thesis shows that there is a marked discrepancy between the discourse for and the actual extent of transatlantic defence industry integration. This discrepancy and the nature of the corporate integration is analyzed and explained through the combination of discourse and integration within an organizational field. The thesis shows that defence companies’ in transatlantic acquisitions achieve very limited influence over the acquired company’s strategy and operations, and that synergies and rationalization are strongly disencouraged by governments. The processual integration within trans-national groups and in transatlantic defence materiel collaboration is highly restricted by governments. The thesis also shows that the defence innovation largely is separated between the U.S. and Europe. The defence market is an example of a political market showing a very different corporate rationality compared to ideal models of corporate rationality as the SCP paradigm. The findings suggest that defence companies’ strategy and integration appear non-rational in isolation, but become rational when understood through the lens of the defence market seen as an organizational field – a perspective that emphasizes the influence of the government field. If you want to understand, analyze or engage in transatlantic defence industry integration, you should benefit from this study. It should be of interest to researchers who study the defence industry, defence procurement, political markets, organizational fields, regulatory governance and corporate integration. It should be of interest to policymakers and others engaged in the discourse that concerns reforms of political markets in general, and of the defence market in particular. Martin Lundmark is a researcher at the Center for Marketing, Distribution and Industry Dynamics at the Stockholm School of Economics. His research focuses on the defence market, defence procurement, Europeanization and the transformation within political markets. Martin also works as defence market and defence procurement analyst and deputy research director at the Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI). / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, 2011

Dans cette recherche, nous nous intéressons aux dynamiques du savoir dans le contexte d’une organisation hybride. Dans ce cadre, nous nous appuyons sur l’approche du savoir en pratique (Gherardi, 2000, 2006 ; Nicolini et al., 2003) et sur la littérature de l’hybridité organisationnelle (Battilana et Dorado, 2010 ; Pache et Santos, 2010 ; Battilana et Lee, 2014). Ainsi, à travers l’étude de cas unique au sein d’un syndicat professionnel (la Fnaim), nous étudions la manière dont le contexte hybride de la Fnaim, représenté par une logique de marché et une logique professionnelle, influence le savoir en pratique des permanents. Nous basons notre recherche sur le service juridique de l’organisation où l’hybridité est présente de manière très soutenue. Nous avons recueilli nos données à travers 12 entretiens semi-directifs approfondis (dont 7 juristes, ce qui constitue la moitié du service juridique) combinés à des observations de juristes en situation de travail et des documents d’archives. Nos résultats nous montrent que le contexte hybride s’exprime dans le travail des juristes par trois aspects: 1) par la manière dont ils hiérarchisent les différentes demandes; 2) par les outils matériels mobilisés dans leur travail et 3) par le développement d’un répertoire spécifique. / In our research, we focus on the dynamics of knowing in the context of a hybrid organization. We base our research on the knowing in practice approach (Gherardi, 2000, 2006; Nicolini et al., 2003) and the literature of hybrid organizations (Battilana and Dorado, 2010; Pache and Santos, 2010; Battilana and Lee, 2014). Thus, through the case study of a professional association (Fnaim), we study how the hybrid context of Fnaim, represented by a market logic and a professional logic, influences the knowing of workers. We base our research on the legal department of this association where the hybridity is strongest. We collected our data through 12 in-depth semi-structured interviews (including 7 lawyers, which is half of the legal service) combined with observations of lawyers in the workplace and archival documents. Our results show that the hybrid context is expressed in the work of lawyers by three aspects: 1) by the way they prioritize the various demands, 2) by the materials used in their work, and 3) by the development of their specific repertoire.

L’émergence des organisations paysannes en milieu périurbain et rural en République du Congo en particulier à Brazzaville et dans les Plateaux, s’inscrit dans une dualité de logiques : des logiques paysannes propres aux paysans eux-mêmes et, en même temps, des logiques institutionnelles sous l’impulsion des acteurs extérieurs, l’Etat, les ONG, les agences de coopération bilatérales et multilatérales. On voit donc apparaître de nouvelles dynamiques organisationnelles, ouvrant de nouveaux espaces à l’éruption d’acteurs sociaux qui, à travers des stratégies de positionnement et de promotion s’improvisent comme intermédiaires entre les flux financiers circulant dans ces milieux. Ces nouveaux acteurs se distinguent par leurs charisme, leurs compétences, leur connaissance endogène du milieu, leur appartenance sociale, et leur position dans l’arène locale. Elite, jeune, femme, religieuse, notable du village, etc., acquièrent ainsi une légitimité dans leur milieu, deviennent de véritables courtiers contrôlant les canaux de communication entre les donateurs et les paysans. Positionnement ou promotion, ces nouveaux acteurs jouent un rôle central dans l’arène des possibles. Quelles que soient leur origine, ces dynamiques n’enrayent pas les clivages qui ont existé et apparaissent actuellement sous des nouvelles formes, responsables de conflits entre les acteurs. Par ailleurs, l’aide au développement dont bénéficient les paysans et leurs groupements n’est assurément pas neutre. Elle véhicule l’idéologie des donateurs, et créée inévitablement des comportements d’adaptation des paysans aux exigences des structures d’appui et peut entraîner une perte au moins partielle de leur autonomie. / The emergence of peasant organizations in peri-urban and rural areas in Republic of Congo in particular with Brazzaville and in the Plateau, has a dual logical understanding; peasant farmers view and at the same time, institutional view influenced by external actors, the state, NGOs, bilateral and multilateral cooperation agencies. We see the emergence of new organizational dynamics, which lead to the creation of new spaces and the coming in of social actors who position themselves as intermediaries between financial flows circulating in these environments. These new players are distinguished by their charisma, their skills, their endogenous knowledge of the environment, social affiliation, and their position in the local arena. Elite, young, woman, religious, village elder, etc., they acquire legitimacy in their communities, become real brokers controlling the communication channels between donors and farmers. Whether self imposed or promoted, these new actors play a central role in the arena of possibilities. Whatever their origin, these dynamics do not wipe out the cleavages that have existed and still appear in new forms, the cause of conflicts between actors. In addition, development aid enjoyed by farmers and their associations is certainly not neutral. It conveys the ideology of donors, and influences the behavior of farmers to cope with the requirements of support structures and may result in different degrees of loss of their autonomy.