Thèse - Université de Fribourg. / Bibliogr.: p. 4-10.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität zu Köln, 1985. / Includes bibliographical references (p. iv-xxiii).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 273-304).

Thesis (Ed. D.)--West Virginia University, 1998. / Title from document title page. "October, 1998." Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 119 p. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 98-107).

Cette étude retrace l’historique des luttes ouvrières à Billancourt depuis les années 50, dans leur rapport à la politique communiste, alors que domine un modèle militant communiste porté par les ouvriers qualifiés. Elle met en évidence et analyse les facteurs cachés des transformations affectant les différents conflits, et les identités ouvrières qui s’y manifestent. La domination du modèle communiste des années 50, ébranlée par la dynamique des conflits des années 1968, est portée par les ouvriers spécialisés. Cette dynamique est activée par les transformations du travail engagées dans les décennies antérieures. Leur insubordination, leur contestation du travail et du racisme, la force des grèves bouchon, contrarient la politique du PCF. L’initiative de la rupture de 1977, au sein de la gauche, témoigne de l’échec de l’ambition du PCF de rester le parti dirigeant. En 1981, le PCF mise en vain sur la réussite d’une participation gouvernementale non souhaitée. Cette participation déçoit les ouvriers, activant les contradictions de son corps militant. Alors, le monde de l’usine se défait. La centralité ouvrière et le concept de classe ont perdu toute capacité opératoire, cependant que la politique communiste de particularisation catégorielle est impuissante à endiguer une «balkanisation» politique du salariat. Des désaccords violents éclatent dans les sections, et se manifestent dans l’usine par des pratiques divergentes. La campagne radicale pour les «dix de Billancourt», les propositions d’alternatives gestionnaires, échouent. Les liens entre le parti et les ouvriers sont distendus, laissant les immigrés seuls et impuissants face aux suppressions d’emplois. / This thesis retraces the history of the workers’ conflicts at Billancourt starting in the 1950ies in their connection with the communists’ policies, dominant at the time, and carried out by the skilled workers. It highlights and analyses the hidden factors of the transformations that affect the different conflicts and the worker identities that manifest themselves in these conflicts. The domination of the communist model of the 50ies, destabilized by the dynamics of the conflicts of the years around 1968, was the work of the skilled workers. This dynamism was stimulated by the transformation of work engaged upon in the previous decades. Their insubordination, their protests about work and racism, the strength of the blockade strikes, thwart the French communist party policy oriented towards the union from the unskilled workers to the engineer. The initiative of the rupture, in 1977, of the left, attested to the failure of the PCF’s ambition to remain the leading party. In 1981, the PCF counted in vain on a successful, but unwished for, participation in the government. This participation disappointed the workers, activating contradictions within its militant corps. The factory world dislocated. Working class centrality and class concept had lost all operational reality, while the communist policy of categorical particularization was powerless to stem a political "balkanisation" of wage earners. Violent disagreements broke out in the sections, and were seen in the factory by divergent practices. The radical campaign for the "ten of Billancourt", proposals for alternative management, failed. The ties between the party and the workers were weakened, leaving the immigrants alone and helpless in the face of job suppressions.

This thesis investigates the syntactic features, functions, and diachrony of a complex predicate called ‘the inceptive construction’ which is based on a grammaticalised use of the converbs ‘get up’, ‘pick up’, ‘grasp’, and ‘take’. The languages under investigation are Amharic, Argobba, Harari, Zay, and Selt’i. The data collection that was analized consists of elicitations, audio recordings, and written texts. The analysis shows that the converbs identify the initial phase of the event encoded by a following verb. The converbs are further associated with nuances like volition, surprise, and emphasis. The rise of such interpretations as surprise and emphasis appears to depend mainly on context, while volition is inherent to the construction. The languages generally do not show much variation. However, there is a notable difference in some co-occurrence restrictions. Moreover, there is a difference in the presence/absence of certain converbs mainly in Harari and Zay, which is clearly a matter of preference between individual consultants. Regarding the origin of the inceptive construction, collocation, frequency, and speakers’ conception of the action of the converbs are possible factors that lead the verbs to grammaticalize into markers of the inception phase. Only some traces of the construction are found in an old Amharic text from the 15th century. The converb is the main verb form used in the inceptive construction, although other verb forms are allowed which may take a coordinating conjunction (in the cases of Amharic and Argobba) and an iterative/simultaneity marker (‘while’). The Amharic conjunction =nna ‘and’ links the light verb with the reference verb in the inceptive construction, but is also used in causal(purposive) and conditional coordination. The criteria of tense iconicity and variable positions indicate that =nna is a coordinating conjunction in the former, but a subordinator in the latter. Lastly, the converb in Amharic is shown to become insubordinated, i.e. the main verb or auxiliary it depends on gets ellipsed over time and it comes to function as a main verb. An insubordinated converb is used in the expression of surprise/exclamation, interrogation, rhetorical questioning, wishing, and the resultative/perfective. The point is it is still possible to use the notion of ‘converb’ in the inceptive construction as this is a separate historical process.

O propósito do presente estudo consiste em construir uma relação entre as teorizações de Bertrand Russell matemático e filósofo de expressão no século XX e as preocupações mais recentes de matemáticos e educadores matemáticos contemporâneos, nomeadamente por meio das linhas de pesquisa emergentes nas últimas décadas, dentre as quais destaco a Etnomatemática, conforme a concebe Ubiratan DAmbrosio. Isto porque muito do debate acerca dos princípios e das motivações da educação matemática apresenta convergências muito relevantes com as mais importantes críticas russellianas aos modos de pensar e sentir da humanidade no século passado. Para isto, apoio-me no conceito de crise proposto em Hannah Arendt como um momento em que as respostas consolidadas pela tradição não respondem mais às questões emergentes da atualidade e, por isso, devemos reler os autores do passado como se ninguém jamais os houvesse lido antes. Afinal, afirma-se quase que consensualmente que a educação matemática encontra-se em crise e, inspirando-me em Arendt, sinto-me impelido à releitura de Russell para encontrar interpretações que colaborem para o enfrentamento das problemáticas em que nos debatemos. Remeto-me assiduamente à obra de Paulo Freire para fundamentar a perspectiva política da educação que também ocorre a Russell e a DAmbrosio. E daí decorre a elaboração de uma relação entre a obra russelliana e as quatro dimensões da paz propostas por DAmbrosio, que evidencia a atualidade da obra do filósofo. Considero este trabalho, efetivamente, uma construção em Filosofia da Educação Matemática que retoma em Russell aquilo que recentemente retornou ao centro das preocupações sociais, inclusive da perspectiva da educação matemática: nossas crises sociopolíticas, econômicas e ambientais. Trata-se, portanto, de um exame, inspirado em Russell, de nossas responsabilidades, como matemáticos e educadores matemáticos, com a paz em suas múltiplas dimensões algo que demanda insubordinações permanentes. / The purpose of this study is to build a relationship between the theories of Bertrand Russell mathematician and philosopher of expression in the twentieth century and the latest concerns of mathematicians and mathematics educators contemporaries, notably through emerging research areas in recent decades, among which highlight the Ethnomatematics, as conceived by Ubiratan D\'Ambrosio. This is because much of the debate about the principles and motivations of mathematics education has very relevant convergence with the most important russellian critics of the ways of thinking and feeling of humanity in the past century. For this, I support the concept of crisis proposed in Hannah Arendt as a time when the answers consolidated by tradition no longer respond to emerging issues of the day, and so we should reread the authors of the past as if no one had ever read them before. After all, it is said almost consensus that education mathematics is in crisis and, according to Arendt, I feel compelled to Russell rereading to find interpretations that collaborate to confront the problem in which we struggle. I refer myself assiduously to the work of Paulo Freire to support the political perspective of education that also occurs to Russell and D\'Ambrosio. And it follows the development of a relationship between Russell\'s work and the four dimensions of peace proposed by D\'Ambrosio, highlighting the relevance of the work of the philosopher. This is effectively a text in Mathematics Education Philosophy which takes in what Russell recently returned to the center of social concerns, including the perspective of mathematics education: our socio-political, economic and environmental crises. It is, therefore, an examination, inspired by Russell, of our responsibilities, as mathematicians and mathematics educators, with peace in their multiple dimensions something that demands permanent insubordination.

O propósito do presente estudo consiste em construir uma relação entre as teorizações de Bertrand Russell matemático e filósofo de expressão no século XX e as preocupações mais recentes de matemáticos e educadores matemáticos contemporâneos, nomeadamente por meio das linhas de pesquisa emergentes nas últimas décadas, dentre as quais destaco a Etnomatemática, conforme a concebe Ubiratan DAmbrosio. Isto porque muito do debate acerca dos princípios e das motivações da educação matemática apresenta convergências muito relevantes com as mais importantes críticas russellianas aos modos de pensar e sentir da humanidade no século passado. Para isto, apoio-me no conceito de crise proposto em Hannah Arendt como um momento em que as respostas consolidadas pela tradição não respondem mais às questões emergentes da atualidade e, por isso, devemos reler os autores do passado como se ninguém jamais os houvesse lido antes. Afinal, afirma-se quase que consensualmente que a educação matemática encontra-se em crise e, inspirando-me em Arendt, sinto-me impelido à releitura de Russell para encontrar interpretações que colaborem para o enfrentamento das problemáticas em que nos debatemos. Remeto-me assiduamente à obra de Paulo Freire para fundamentar a perspectiva política da educação que também ocorre a Russell e a DAmbrosio. E daí decorre a elaboração de uma relação entre a obra russelliana e as quatro dimensões da paz propostas por DAmbrosio, que evidencia a atualidade da obra do filósofo. Considero este trabalho, efetivamente, uma construção em Filosofia da Educação Matemática que retoma em Russell aquilo que recentemente retornou ao centro das preocupações sociais, inclusive da perspectiva da educação matemática: nossas crises sociopolíticas, econômicas e ambientais. Trata-se, portanto, de um exame, inspirado em Russell, de nossas responsabilidades, como matemáticos e educadores matemáticos, com a paz em suas múltiplas dimensões algo que demanda insubordinações permanentes. / The purpose of this study is to build a relationship between the theories of Bertrand Russell mathematician and philosopher of expression in the twentieth century and the latest concerns of mathematicians and mathematics educators contemporaries, notably through emerging research areas in recent decades, among which highlight the Ethnomatematics, as conceived by Ubiratan D\'Ambrosio. This is because much of the debate about the principles and motivations of mathematics education has very relevant convergence with the most important russellian critics of the ways of thinking and feeling of humanity in the past century. For this, I support the concept of crisis proposed in Hannah Arendt as a time when the answers consolidated by tradition no longer respond to emerging issues of the day, and so we should reread the authors of the past as if no one had ever read them before. After all, it is said almost consensus that education mathematics is in crisis and, according to Arendt, I feel compelled to Russell rereading to find interpretations that collaborate to confront the problem in which we struggle. I refer myself assiduously to the work of Paulo Freire to support the political perspective of education that also occurs to Russell and D\'Ambrosio. And it follows the development of a relationship between Russell\'s work and the four dimensions of peace proposed by D\'Ambrosio, highlighting the relevance of the work of the philosopher. This is effectively a text in Mathematics Education Philosophy which takes in what Russell recently returned to the center of social concerns, including the perspective of mathematics education: our socio-political, economic and environmental crises. It is, therefore, an examination, inspired by Russell, of our responsibilities, as mathematicians and mathematics educators, with peace in their multiple dimensions something that demands permanent insubordination.

L’anarchia désigne au sens propre la vacance du pouvoir dans la sphère militaire (la mort du chef sur le champ de bataille) et dans la sphère politique (la vacance de la magistrature, en particulier éponyme). La notion est vite devenue plus générale et exprime au figuré le manque ou le refus du commandement. Elle se rapproche des sens d’insubordination, insoumission, indiscipline, licence et désordre. L’expérience effective de la vacance du pouvoir dans les cités grecques, sa représentation et sa conceptualisation constituent les axes principaux de cette recherche. L’anarchia est envisagée à l’échelle de l’âme, de la famille, de la cité, voire de l’univers. Elle engage une réflexion sur l’articulation entre deux principes a priori antagonistes, l’aspiration à la liberté et la nécessité de l’ordre, et par conséquent sur les fondements de l’exercice légitime du pouvoir. L’étude repose sur l’analyse précise des emplois du terme anarchia dans les sources épigraphiques, historiques, littéraires et philosophiques. La première partie envisage les vacances effectives des magistratures dans le cadre du cours normal ou d’une rupture du fonctionnement des institutions ainsi que les palliatifs mis en place. Les occurrences du terme anarchia concernent les cités d’Athènes, Thasos, Téos, Syros et Bérénikè. S’ajoutent les emplois problématiques des termes akosmia à propos du régime crétois par Aristote et atagia dans les inscriptions thessaliennes. La deuxième partie envisage l’évolution sémantique du terme de l’absence de chef à l’anarchie chez les historiens et les poètes tragiques et la place de l’anarchia dans les théories du commandement élaborées par Xénophon, Platon et Aristote. / The term anarchia refers literally to the absence of power, in the military sphere (that caused by the loss of a commander), and the political sphere (the absence of archontes, specifically the eponymous archon). The concept quickly generalised, coming to designate in the figurative sense the lack and want of power or the rejection and negation of power. It approaches the meanings of insubordination, rebelliousness, unruliness, licentiousness and disorder. The actual experience of power vacuum in the cities of Ancient Greece and how the Greeks represented it and conceptualised it are the three main lines of this research. Anarchia is conceived not only in the city but also in the soul of the individual, in the family, or even in the universe. It demands reflection on the articulation between two seemingly antagonistic principles, the desire for freedom and the necessity of order, and consequently upon the foundations of legitimate authority. This work relies on a precise analysis of the term anarchia in the epigraphic, historical, literary and philosophical sources. The first part deals with actual periods of power vacuum in the ordinary course of political life or in the context of institutional disruption and the implemented remedies. The term anarchia is employed in the cities of Athens, Thasos, Teos, Syros and Berenike. One must add the problematical use of the terms acosmia by Aristotle regarding the Cretan regime and atagia in the Thessalian inscriptions. The second part deals with the semantic evolution of the term from the absence of ruler to anarchy in the work of historians and tragic poets and the role of anarchia in the theory of leadership developed by Xenophon, Plato and Aristotle.

Tomando como base o instrumental analítico desenvolvido na Geografia, particularmente na Geografia Humana, esta dissertação apresenta uma análise de algumas feiras agroecológicas organizadas por camponeses de assentamentos e comunidades rurais localizadas na Paraíba. A investigação de aspectos relativos ao processo de formação das feiras agroecológicas analisadas, bem como de elementos específicos da organização, produção e comercialização, levou-nos a considerá-las enquanto uma estratégia configurada pelos camponeses e assessores técnicos com o propósito de viabilizar a superação de adversidades no processo produtivo e de circulação da produção agrícola. Desta maneira, como decorrência da própria investigação empreendida, as feiras agroecológicas foram equacionadas como produto de um esforço dos camponeses paraibanos dirigido à superação de mecanismos de subordinação ao capital comercial e industrial no campo. Ao constituírem-se como formas de insubordinação camponesa, as feiras agroecológicas estudadas contribuíram, em grande medida, para viabilizar um maior controle dessa parcela do campesinato sobre o trabalho familiar e seus frutos, materializando assim frações territoriais dotadas de importantes especificidades. / Taking as base the analytical instrumental developed in the Geography, particularly in the Human Geography, this work presents an analysis of some agro-ecological fairs organized by peasants of settlements and rural communities located in Paraiba. The investigation of relative aspects to the process of formation of the agro-ecological fairs analysed, as well as of specific elements of the organization, production and marketing, made us consider them as a strategy shaped by the peasants and technical advisers with the purpose of making feasible the overcoming of adversities in the productive process and, also, of circulation of the agricultural production. In this way, as a consequence of the undertaken investigation, the agro-ecological fairs were equated as a result of an effort of the peasants from Paraíba guided to the overcoming of mechanisms of subordination to the commercial and industrial capital in the countryside. Constituted as ways of peasants insubordination, the agro-ecological fairs studied contributed, in great measure, to make feasible a major control of this portion of the peasantry on the familiar work and its products, materializing, in this manner, territorial fractions composed by important specificities.