特約條款於我保險法之體例中始終為一灰色地帶，不僅立法原意付之闕如，學術探究與實務應用亦呈二極化，學說上之論述多謂與英美法中之warranty相當，惟深入以視，英美法中之warranty可大致區分為海上保險之warranty與非海上保險之warranty，細分之又有數種迥異之類型，相較於我國之特約條款，於意義上並無法完全契合；於效力上亦有所扞格；加以實務界所應用之特約條款林林而群，種種而生，與我保險法之規定亦有矛盾，接踵而至的疑問，激盪出筆者澎湃之思緒，是以筆者乃自我期許能自不同之角度切入以觀，由比較中知其所異，由質疑中求其真意，不為任何權威所左右，所有之論述皆立於制度之原創性，希能抽絲剝繭，以明特約條款於我國法上之立意、內涵、功能，亦希冀實務界能藉本論文，掙脫出文字之泥淖與制式之束縛，俾能導正其觀念上之繆誤，以杜爭議，筆者擬分為六章論述: 首章述明本論文之研究動機、目的、方法及其範圍。第二章則以特約條款之立法沿革與立法目的為主軸，求諸立法文獻與學者意見，初探其核心，再輔以各國之立法例，並以對價平衡、特約條款之內容、warranty之立意等不同角度，切入其核心。第三章乃深入探究特約條款之法律性質與法律定位，相較英美法上warranty之分類與學者立論，相互其間是否全然契合無缺，並提出管見以測其圓融性，加以與其他相關法律概念如除外、不包括條款、據實說明義 務、基本條款、定型化契約條款等之比較，以明其相互間之差異與關係，使特約條款之真意與缺陷得以完全現形。第四章為效力層面之探究，首觀英美法上warranty之效力，次以我保險法上之架構，分為積極效力與消極效力，於積極效力之架構下探求主體義務人、違反特約條款之效力與解約後之相關問題；於消極效力之架構下，則論及例外事由與情事變更原則之應用，併論特約條款效力上之嚴厲性與矛盾性。第五章係就實務運作之情形以為研析，是否實務上應用之特約條款皆符我保險法上之意義？其效力是否與我保險法有所扞格？是否亦合其立法原意？是以筆者擬將其予以類型化，以明實務曲解特約條款之處。第六章，筆者綜合前述五章之相關爭點提出結論並給予建議，以竟全功。

Summaries in English and Afrikaans / Wanvoorstelling van wesenlike feite deur omiss/o aan 'n versekeraar kan tot gevolg he dat die versekeringskontrak ongeldig verklaar word ingevolge die gemene reg. In Mutual and Federal Insurance Co Ltd v Oudtshoorn Municipality 1985 (1) SA 419 (A) is beslis dat wesenlikheid bepaal moet word vanuit die oogpunt van die redelike man. In 'n paging om bewys van die wesenlikheid van feite te vermy, het versekeraars vereis dat aansoekers die voorstellings in die kontrak moat waarborg. Dit het tot gevolg gehad dat voorstellings wat in die kontrak gewaarborg is outomaties wesenlik was. Sedert die invoering van artikel 63(3) van die Versekeringswet 27 van 1943 deur die wetgewer gedurende 1969, is die wesenlikheid van voorstellings egter 'n vereiste, selfs waar dit in die kontrak gewaarborg is. Versekeraars sou dus in die toekoms nie agter kontraktuele wanvoorstellings kon skuil nie. Hierdie maatreel het meer beskerming aan die versekerde gebied. In Qilingele v South African Mutual Life Assurance Society 1993 (1) SA 69 (A) is die toets vir wesenlikheid, soos vereis deur artikel 63{3), aangespreek. Dit het die vraag laat ontstaan of daar twee aparte toetse vir wesenlikheid bestaan, naamlik gemeenregtelik en statuter, en of daar een algemene toets bestaan. / Misrepresentation by omissio of material facts to an insurer may lead to an insurance contract being declared invalid in terms of the common law. In Mutual and Federal Insurance v Oudtshoorn Municipality 1985 (1) SA 419 (A) it was decided to determine materiality in the eyes of the reasonable man. To avoid proving materiality of facts, the insurers required proposers to warrant the representations in the contract. This resulted in the facts automatically being material. In 1969 parliament, .however, enacted section 63(3) of the Insurance Act 27 of 1943 whereby materiality of presentations, even where it was warranted in the contract, became a requirement. Therefore insurers could in future not hide behind contractual misrepresentations. This provided more protection to the insured. Qilingele v SA Mutual Life Assurance Society 1993 (1) SA 69 (A) addresses the test for materiality as required by section 63(3). This resulted in the question whether two separate tests for materiality in terms of common law and statute, or only one exists. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.M.

L'étude des mécanismes d'indemnisation des victimes des accidents de la circulation suppose préalablement l'examen des principes, des conditions et du fondement de la responsabilité civile en général.<p>Nous l'avons déjà souligné :le droit positif privé congolais à cette particularité d'être dualiste, tout au moins en ce qui est du droit des obligations et du droit de la réparation.<p>C'est pourquoi,il est indispensable, pour la compréhension du système juridique congolais, de recourir à l'examen des mécanismes de droit coutumier traditionnel qui continuent, très souvent, si pas dans la perception mais en tout cas dans l'application/ de régir les institutions et les rapports de droit privé. Il importe ainsi d'examiner d'abord,la structure de la responsabilité civile en droit positif écrit (Titre 1er),ensuite en droit coutumier traditionnel (Titre II) afin d'en ressortir les apports mutuels qui puissent nous permettre de fonder, dans le système juridique congolais, un meilleur droit de la réparation. / Doctorat en droit / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

As a medium-sized life insurance company Assupol Life provide life insurance products to clients within government departments, although the company entered the broader private market. The enactment of the Financial Advisory and Intermediary Services Act, 2002 and the Financial Intelligence Centre Act, 2001 impacted financial service providers and the research analysed the influence of regulation on managerial decision making, marketing and sales, finance, human resources, training and the structures within the organisation to comply with the legislation. The study endeavoured to determine the influence of regulation on the company and the measures implemented by the management of Assupol Life. The research results confirmed that the primary challenge faced by the company is to find a balance between compliance, managing human capital and creating value for shareholders. The major impact of the legislation involves the human resource- and training functions and the study illustrated that other influences was less severe. / Business Administration / M. Tech. (Business Administration)

Law / LL.D. / The contract of insurance is one of the more frequently concluded commercial contracts. The premium which is undertaken in terms of an insurance contract is one of the essential features of the insurance contract. Notwithstanding the obvious importance of the role of the premium and the legal aspects surrounding it, it has in the past often received but scant treatment in insurance-law materials. In this thesis it is shown that there exist a number of aspects regarding the premium which are unclear and in need of careful scrutiny. In the case of certain other aspects (regarding the premium), although there is certainty as to their contents it is necessary to identify and (re-)define their place in the broader scheme of the insurance law. The study commences with an investigation into the historical development of the concepts of "insurance" and "premium". This is followed by a study of the relevant principles of Roman-Dutch law. A comparative study is made of the law in a number of countries, namely, the Netherlands, Belgium, England and Australia. The position in South African law is also considered. An introductory study is made regarding those concepts in South African indigenous law which are insurance-like. Finally, a number of conclusions are drawn and recommendations are made in respect of a selection of aspects regarding the premium which are unclear. These aspects concern the nature of the premium; the question whether "premiumless" or "free" insurance is legally possible; the question whether the parties may agree to insure at a "reasonable premium"; the protection of the insured in the case of the non­ payment of the premium; the receipt of the premium by the broker; the return of the premium where the insured has acted fraudulently; the legal tenability of the practice of insuring the premium; the possibility that the contribution in terms of some concepts of our indigenous law may resemble the premium; and finally, the analogous method as a source of law to extend and broaden the pool of legal principles applicable to the insurance contract.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

As a medium-sized life insurance company Assupol Life provide life insurance products to clients within government departments, although the company entered the broader private market. The enactment of the Financial Advisory and Intermediary Services Act, 2002 and the Financial Intelligence Centre Act, 2001 impacted financial service providers and the research analysed the influence of regulation on managerial decision making, marketing and sales, finance, human resources, training and the structures within the organisation to comply with the legislation. The study endeavoured to determine the influence of regulation on the company and the measures implemented by the management of Assupol Life. The research results confirmed that the primary challenge faced by the company is to find a balance between compliance, managing human capital and creating value for shareholders. The major impact of the legislation involves the human resource- and training functions and the study illustrated that other influences was less severe. / Business Administration / M. Tech. (Business Administration)

Law / LL.D. / The contract of insurance is one of the more frequently concluded commercial contracts. The premium which is undertaken in terms of an insurance contract is one of the essential features of the insurance contract. Notwithstanding the obvious importance of the role of the premium and the legal aspects surrounding it, it has in the past often received but scant treatment in insurance-law materials. In this thesis it is shown that there exist a number of aspects regarding the premium which are unclear and in need of careful scrutiny. In the case of certain other aspects (regarding the premium), although there is certainty as to their contents it is necessary to identify and (re-)define their place in the broader scheme of the insurance law. The study commences with an investigation into the historical development of the concepts of "insurance" and "premium". This is followed by a study of the relevant principles of Roman-Dutch law. A comparative study is made of the law in a number of countries, namely, the Netherlands, Belgium, England and Australia. The position in South African law is also considered. An introductory study is made regarding those concepts in South African indigenous law which are insurance-like. Finally, a number of conclusions are drawn and recommendations are made in respect of a selection of aspects regarding the premium which are unclear. These aspects concern the nature of the premium; the question whether "premiumless" or "free" insurance is legally possible; the question whether the parties may agree to insure at a "reasonable premium"; the protection of the insured in the case of the non­ payment of the premium; the receipt of the premium by the broker; the return of the premium where the insured has acted fraudulently; the legal tenability of the practice of insuring the premium; the possibility that the contribution in terms of some concepts of our indigenous law may resemble the premium; and finally, the analogous method as a source of law to extend and broaden the pool of legal principles applicable to the insurance contract.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-11-21T08:58:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Garbelini Chiquito.pdf: 1661155 bytes, checksum: 51c1d3fd662927bf2049fda1d247cd3c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-21T08:58:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Garbelini Chiquito.pdf: 1661155 bytes, checksum: 51c1d3fd662927bf2049fda1d247cd3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-24 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The present study aims to analyze the structure and legal and economic bases of the health insurance contract. In a first moment, we will analyze the historical evolution of the insurance operation in the world, its essential characteristics and its legal nature in order to show the economic base that underlies it with due note of the main obligations of the parties involved in this type of contract. In a second moment, comments are made on contractual developments to demonstrate the overcoming of individual interests in a favor of a free, fair, egalitarian and solidary society. The guidelines and mechanisms introduced by the Civil Code of 2002 will be studied in an attempt to better adapt the institutes of private law to social and economic evolution, with emphasis on the incidence of the fundamentally constitucional rights guaranteed in private law relations and institutes. Also detailed are the classic principles of insurance contracts, with emphasis on the accessory duties of the parties to the relationship and their relevant social interest. Finally, the structure, functioning, legal and economic aspects of health insurance contracts will be evaluated, in order to highlight the factors and problems that the sector faces due to the increasing increases in the insurance costs, creating alternatives to mitigate this problem, without going into detail in the aspecto related to the judicialization of health. The approach adopted is not only legalistic in the doctrinal sense, but rather, there was a great concern to explain the phenomenon from its historical origins, as well as to relate them to the causes that have shaped its features, guidelines and principles. The aim was to demonstrate the appropriate degree of state intervention on contractual freedom without detracting the attributes that are essential to it, emphasizing the role of the judge in the application of general clauses and principles, as well as in the necessary self-responsibility, solidarity and cooperation of the members of the relationship of insurance so that the contract transcends the intersubjective relationship and reaches a social pacification / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a estrutura e as bases jurídicas e econômicas do contrato de seguro relativo à saúde. Em um primeiro momento, analisa-se a evolução histórica da operação de seguro no mundo, suas características essenciais e sua natureza jurídica, de forma a evidenciar a base econômica que lhe fundamenta com o devido apontamento das principais obrigações das partes envolvidas nesse tipo de contrato. Em um segundo momento, são tecidos comentários a respeito da evolução contratual para demonstrar a superação dos interesses individuais em prol de uma sociedade livre, justa, igualitária e solidária. Ainda são estudadas as diretrizes e os mecanimos introduzidos pelo Código Civil de 2002, na tentativa de melhor adequar os institutos de direito privado à evolução social e econômica, com ênfase na incidência dos direitos fundamentais constitucionalmente assegurados nas relações e institutos de direito privado. Também são pormenorizados os princípios clássicos atinentes aos contratos de seguro, com ênfase nos deveres acessórios das partes integrantes da relação e no seu relevante interesse social. Por último, são avaliadas as estruturas, o funcionamento, os aspectos jurídicos e econômicos dos contratos de seguro saúde, de modo a ressaltar os fatores e os problemas a serem enfrentados pelo setor em razão do crescente aumento dos custos do seguro, criando alternativas para amenizar este problema, sem adentrar, pormenorizadamente, no aspecto relativo à judicialização da saúde. A abordagem adotada não é apenas legalista no sentido doutrinário, mas sim houve uma grande preocupação em explicar o fenômeno a partir de suas origens históricas, assim como relacioná-las às causas que teceram suas feições, diretrizes e princípios. Buscou-se evidenciar o grau adequado de intervenção estatal sobre a liberdade contratual sem descaracterizar os atributos que lhe são essenciais, ressaltando o papel do juiz na aplicação das cláusulas gerais e dos princípios, bem como na necessária autorresponsabilidade, solidariedade e coperação dos integrantes da relação de seguro para que o contrato transcenda a relação intersubjetiva e alcance uma pacificação social

This project focused on developing the ideal Asset / Liability Model for credit unions with assets between one hundred million and five hundred million dollars. Ideally the model should be closely aligned with that of a successful credit union at the high end of this range. SELCO Community Credit Union of Eugene Oregon was used in creating the model.