The aim of the thesis is valuation of the domain name heureka.cz on the date 1.7.2010. The thesis consists of strategic analysis, financial analysis, analysis and prognosis of generators of value and financial plan. The value of the domain name is determined by the excess earnings method and as additional method is used residual method based on DCF equity and market coparison.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:25:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Albuquerquer Saliba.pdf: 1153089 bytes, checksum: 3e44bc91df3992d6dd16d73ec82ce69e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-08 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / The objective of this work is to implement and test constructs, proposed by Gu and Lev (2003, 2011) to measure intangible assets, in the consumer goods sector of public American companies.Using data gathered from DataStream/Thomson-Reuters, were investigated, through panel data analysis, potential linear relationships among constructs denoted by Intangible Driven Earnings (IDE) and Intangible Capital (IC) and financial statement variables that are commonly associated with intangibility, as for instance, Research and Development investments (R&D), Sales, General and Administrative expenses (SGA) and Capital Expenditures (CAPEX); it was also investigated if the Intangibles Driven Earnings (IDE) and the operational performance (EARN) represented by EBITDA can explain the creation of value measured by total shareholder return (TSR); the relation between the Comprehensive Value and the market value of the company; and, finally had been investigated relations between indexes of intangibility with the total shareholder return, representing the value creating of company for the period from 2003 to 2007.In particular, results from data between 2003 and 2007 suggest that (i) the constructs IDE and IC are positively related to variables associated with intangibility, (ii) variations of earnings have a positive relationship with shareholder return, (iii) the Comprehensive Value (CV), which tries to express the real value of a firm, is positively related to its market value and (iv) indexes of intangibility denoted by Intangible Capital Margin (ICM), Intangible Capital Operating (ICOM) and Market to Comprehensive Value (MtCV) have a positive and significant impact on shareholder return. / Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo testar a teoria proposta por Gu e Lev (2003, 2011) para mensuração dos ativos intangíveis para o setor de bens de consumo do mercado norte americano.Usando variáveis da base de dados da DataStream da Thomson Reuters, investigou-se através de análise de dados em painel a relação das variáveis associadas a intangibilidade, tais como pesquisa e desenvolvimento (RD), gastos com capital (CAPEX) e gastos administrativos, gerais e com vendas (SGA), no constructo IDE e no capital intangível (IC); foi investigado também se o constructo de intangibilidade (IDE) e o desempenho operacional (EARN) representado pelo EBITDA podem explicar a criação de valor medida pela variável retorno ao acionista (TSR); a relação entre o Comprehensive Value e o valor de mercado da empresa; e, por último foram investigadas relações entre os índices de intangibilidade com o retorno ao acionista, representando a criação de valor da empresa para o período de 2003 a 2007.Os resultados indicam que: (i) o constructo IDE e o capital intangível (IC) apresentam relações positivas com variáveis ligadas a intangibilidade, que (ii) IDE e ΔEARN possuem relação positiva com o retorno ao acionista, que (iii) o real valor da empresa o Comprehensive Value possui relação positiva com o valor de mercado da empresa, e que (iv) os índices de intangibilidade IDEM, ICOM E MtCV demonstram relação positiva e significativa com o retorno ao acionista

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:25:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Erica Sumoyama Braune.pdf: 1695612 bytes, checksum: 77d29d722c605b6606c7ccbb7676468f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-08 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / Companies are focusing on intangible assets with the intention of gaining competitive advantage. However, there is not a systematic way to calculate them. Gu and Lev (2003; 2011) propose a model of measurement of intangible assets, where the company's economic performance is generated by physical, financial and intangible assets. Based on this proposal, we calculate the Intangible Capital (IC) and Intangibles-Driven-Earnings (IDE) for companies in the consumer services sector of the United States according to data availability in the period from 2001 to 2010. We also investigate intangibility indexes proposed by Lev (1999); Gu e Lev (2003) and their relationship with value creation to shareholders. So we intend to provide a response to the following survey problem: Which is the influence of intangible assets on the value creation of consumer services companies? Based on a panel data, results show that the Comprehensive Value (CV) has a positive and significant relationship with the market value of firms and that there Intangible Capital (IC) and Intangibles-Driven-Earnings (IDE) are positively related to Research and Development (RD) and Capital Expenditure (CAPEX), financial variables that are commonly used to measure intangibles. In addition, we found most of the indices of intangibility have positive and significant relationship with the total shareholder return, showing they can be good indicators of intangibility. / As empresas estão focando nos ativos intangíveis com a intenção de obter vantagem competitiva. Contudo, não há uma forma sistemática de calculá-los. Gu e Lev (2003; 2011) propõem um modelo de mensuração dos ativos intangíveis, onde o desempenho econômico da empresa é gerado por ativos físicos, financeiros e intangíveis. Baseado nessa proposta nós calculamos o Intangible Capital (IC) e o Intangibles-Driven-Earnings (IDE) para empresas do setor de serviços ao consumidor dos Estados Unidos de acordo com a disponibilidade de dados no período de 2001 a 2010. Também investigamos os índices de intangibilidade propostos por Lev (1999); Gu e Lev (2003) e sua relação com a criação de valor aos acionistas. Assim pretendemos responder ao seguinte problema de pesquisa: Qual a influência dos ativos intangíveis na criação de valor de empresas do setor de serviços ao consumidor? Baseado no modelo de dados em painel, os resultados mostram que o Comprehensive Value tem uma relação positiva e significante com o valor de mercado das empresas e que o Intangible Capital (IC) e o Intangibles-Driven-Earnings (IDE) são positivamente relacionados com as variáveis de pesquisa e desenvolvimento (RD) e dispêndio de capital (CAPEX), variáveis financeiras que são comumente utilizadas para medir os intangíveis. Além disso, verificamos a maioria dos índices de intangibilidade, possuem relação positiva e significante com o retorno total ao acionista, mostrando que podem ser bons indicadores de intangibilidade.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:25:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Albuquerquer Saliba.pdf: 1154072 bytes, checksum: 8704c7f53448fef0453b8daada621021 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this work is to implement and test constructs, proposed by Gu and Lev (2003, 2011) to measure intangible assets, in the consumer goods sector of public American companies. Using data gathered from DataStream/Thomson-Reuters, were investigated, through panel data analysis, potential linear relationships among constructs denoted by Intangible Driven Earnings (IDE) and Intangible Capital (IC) and financial statement variables that are commonly associated with intangibility, as for instance, Research and Development investments (R&D), Sales, General and Administrative expenses (SGA) and Capital Expenditures (CAPEX); it was also investigated if the Intangibles Driven Earnings (IDE) and the operational performance (EARN) represented by EBITDA can explain the creation of value measured by total shareholder return (TSR); the relation between the Comprehensive Value and the market value of the company; and, finally had been investigated relations between indexes of intangibility with the total shareholder return, representing the value creating of company for the period from 2003 to 2007. In particular, results from data between 2003 and 2007 suggest that (i) the constructs IDE and IC are positively related to variables associated with intangibility, (ii) variations of earnings have a positive relationship with shareholder return, (iii) the Comprehensive Value (CV), which tries to express the real value of a firm, is positively related to its market value and (iv) indexes of intangibility denoted by Intangible Capital Margin (ICM), Intangible Capital Operating (ICOM) and Market to Comprehensive Value (MtCV) have a positive and significant impact on shareholder return. / Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo testar a teoria proposta por Gu e Lev (2003, 2011) para mensuração dos ativos intangíveis para o setor de bens de consumo do mercado norte americano. Usando variáveis da base de dados da DataStream da Thomson Reuters, investigou-se através de análise de dados em painel a relação das variáveis associadas a intangibilidade, tais como pesquisa e desenvolvimento (RD), gastos com capital (CAPEX) e gastos administrativos, gerais e com vendas (SGA), no constructo IDE e no capital intangível (IC); foi investigado também se o constructo de intangibilidade (IDE) e o desempenho operacional (EARN) representado pelo EBITDA podem explicar a criação de valor medida pela variável retorno ao acionista (TSR); a relação entre o Comprehensive Value e o valor de mercado da empresa; e, por último foram investigadas relações entre os índices de intangibilidade com o retorno ao acionista, representando a criação de valor da empresa para o período de 2003 a 2007. Os resultados indicam que: (i) o constructo IDE e o capital intangível (IC) apresentam relações positivas com variáveis ligadas a intangibilidade, que (ii) IDE e ΔEARN possuem relação positiva com o retorno ao acionista, que (iii) o real valor da empresa o Comprehensive Value possui relação positiva com o valor de mercado da empresa, e que (iv) os índices de intangibilidade IDEM, ICOM E MtCV demonstram relação positiva e significativa com o retorno ao acionista.

A sociedade está cada vez mais competitiva e baseada no conhecimento. Neste sentido, ganha significativa importância o estudo dos ativos intangíveis relacionados ao conhecimento, como pesquisa, inovação, relacionamentos, denominados Capital Intelectual (CI). Nos anos 90 surgem as primeiras experiências no ambiente industrial de identificar e mensurar estes ativos intangíveis, identificados como diferencial competitivo. Na virada do século, as instituições de ensino superior (IES) e centros de pesquisa também passam a perceber a importância da avaliação do CI, uma vez que estes ativos intangíveis são ao mesmo tempo seus principais insumos e também seus resultados. A partir de então, a literatura aponta diversas iniciativas para identificar, mensurar e gerir o CI das IES, entre outras motivações como forma de agregar valor às suas atividades de produção e disseminação do conhecimento. É neste contexto que se insere este trabalho que busca propor uma estrutura de indicadores para apoiar a gestão dos ativos intangíveis de CI das Instituições Federais de Ensino Superior (IFES) A partir da revisão da literatura foi possível identificar características comuns às iniciativas existentes, em particular às relacionadas ao ambiente acadêmico. Com base nestas características optou-se pela divisão do CI em 3 componentes: humano, organizacional e relacional. Cada um destes componentes foi dividido em diferentes elementos intangíveis, e estes em indicadores. Durante a etapa de construção da proposta de estrutura foi necessário fazer alguns ajustes de forma a alinhar as experiências internacionais com a realidade das IFES brasileiras. Como forma de testar a eficiência da proposta foi realizado um estudo aplicado na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. O resultado deste estudo aplicado possibilitou a avaliação da estrutura e dos indicadores, ajustados ao contexto particular da instituição. Além disso, foi possível sugerir algumas formas de análise dos indicadores apurados, bem como identificar o peso de cada um deles no contexto da instituição. / Society is increasingly competitive and knowledge-based. In this sense, is gaining importance the study of intangible assets related to knowledge, such as research, innovation, and relationships, called Intellectual Capital (CI). In the 90s, it occur the first experiences in the industrial environment to identify and measure these intangible assets, identified as a competitive differential. At the turn of the century, higher education institutions (HEI) and research centers also come to realize the importance of IC assessment, since these intangible assets are at the same time their main inputs and also their results. Since then, the literature points several initiatives to identify, measure and manage the HEI IC, among other motivations as a way of adding value to its activities of production and dissemination of knowledge. It is in this context that this work is inserted to seeks to propose a structure of indicators for the intangible assets of CI of Brazilian Federal Institutions of Higher Education (IFES). From the literature review it was possible to identify characteristics common to existing initiatives, in particular those related to the academic environment. Based on these characteristics, we chose to divide the IC into 3 components: human, organizational and relational Each of these components was divided into different intangible elements, and these into indicators. During the construction phase of the structure proposed it was necessary to make some adjustments in order to align the international experiences with the reality of the brazilian IFES. As a way to test the efficiency of the proposal, a study was carried out at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. The results of this study allowed the validation of the structure and the indicators, adjusted to the particular context of the institution. In addition, it was possible to suggest some ways of analyzing the identified indicators, as well as to identify the weight of each of them in the context of the institution.

This dissertation consists of two self-contained chapters that empirically examine bidder firm returns of U.S. companies in cross-border mergers and acquisitions. In chapter one I examine how cultural distance between bidder and target country impacts internalization benefits. The results suggest that shareholders are initially concerned about the acquisition in culturally distant countries, which outweighs any potential benefits from internalization. However, in the long-run we observe a significant reversal of these findings. In the second and third year following the announcement, greater cultural distance positively impacts the bidder firm's operating performance and the bidder experiences significant internalization benefits from technological know-how when cultural distance is great. Long-run calendar-time returns further support this finding. These results add to the existing literature by highlighting the importance of cultural distance when examining internalization benefits. In chapter two I attempt to explain abnormal bidder firms' returns in cross-border mergers and acquisitions by comparing the first-mover hypothesis to the late-mover hypothesis. I also study the reactions of rival firms to bidder firm announcements as a further test of the first-mover hypothesis. The findings suggest that cross-border acquisitions are generally value-destroying for strategic pioneers unless cultural distance between the U.S. and the target country is great. Further, I find positive announcement effects for followers as long as cultural distance is small.

The definition for a culture of innovation (COI) is the perception of a company that prioritizes the advancement of new ideas that create value across all operations. On the face of it that seems a precious attribute for any company to nurture and exploit, but measuring and valuing a culture of innovation has proven elusive for corporations. There is a tendency to break down innovation into R&D, patents granted, and new product development and while these are all significant components of innovation a cultural definition is more encompassing of the entirety of a company and the financial results should be reflected in the financial performance as a whole. The research for this dissertation utilizes the CoreBrand Index® (CBI) quantitative research database and fields for the first time an inquiry about 160 large public companies among engaged but impartial observers about their perceptions of the culture of innovation. The findings are then correlated to the cash flow multiple (CFM), which is a firm-wide financial variable. Analysis evaluates whether COI is more or less predictive of the CFM than historical attributes in the CBI. This dissertation verifies past research by the author and extends the study into new and expedient pathways to measure, value and manage intangible assets.

<p><strong>Bakgrund: </strong>När IFRS-regelverket blev tvingande för svenska börsföretag år 2005 fanns förhoppningar om att immateriella tillgångar och goodwill, som uppstod vid förvärv, skulle redovisas på ett mer transparent och jämförbart vis än tidigare. De studier som gjorts på området har dock visat att dessa förhoppningar inte har besannats fullt ut.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Syfte: </strong>Syftet med studien är att jämföra hur börsföretag identifierar och redovisar förvärvade immateriella tillgångar med de uppfattningar som finns hos företagens nyckelpersoner, angående samma tillgångar. Vidare syftar studien till att ge svar på varför eventuella skillnader, mellan sättet att redovisa och nyckelpersoners uppfattningar om immateriella tillgångar, förekommer.<strong> </strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Metod: </strong>Studien har klassificerats som explorativ då den syftar till att undersöka ett relativt outforskat område. Kvalitativ metod har använts och data har samlats in genom intervjuer med både varumärkesnyckelpersoner och redovisningsnyckelpersoner på svenska börsföretag. Även årsredovisningar har använts som datamaterial.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Slutsatser: </strong>Det föreligger skillnader mellan varumärkesnyckelpersoners uppfattningar om företagens varumärken och den information som presenteras i företagens årsredovisningar. Mellan företagens varumärkesnyckelpersoner och redovisningsnyckelpersoner föreligger även skillnader i uppfattningarna om vad ett varumärke egentligen är. Kommunikationen mellan dessa har identifierats som en bidragande orsak till att varumärkesnyckelpersonernas uppfattningar om företagens varumärken skiljer sig från informationen som presenteras i årsredovisningarna.</p> / <p><strong>Background: </strong>When IFRS became mandatory for listed Swedish companies there were expectations that intangible assets and goodwill, deriving from business combinations, would be accounted for in a more transparent and comparable manner. Recent studies have shown that these expectations have not been entirely been fulfilled.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The purpose of this study is to compare how listed companies identify and report acquired intangible assets with the perceptions held by key personnel, concerning the assets. Furthermore, the study aims to provide answers to why any differences between the way of accounting and key personnel perceptions of intangible assets, are present.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The study was classified as exploratory as it seeks to explore a relatively unexplored area. Qualitative methodology was used and data were collected through interviews with key personnel, both within brands and accounting. Financial statements have also been used as a data.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There are differences between key brand personnels’ perceptions of the companies’ brands and the information presented in financial statements. There are also differences concerning what a brand really is, between key brand personnel and key accounting. The communication between these two kinds of key personnel has been identified as a contributing factor to why there are differences between the key brand personnels’ perception of brands and the information presented in the companies’ financial statements.</p>

<p>Since the year 2005 listed companies are supposed to use international accounting standards when they set up their group accountancy. One thing that has changed with the new standards is the accounting of goodwill and long-lived intangible assets. Earlier companies were supposed to write of their goodwill during the years they had expected the extra profit to arise. According to the new regulation, an impairment test shall be done annually, as well as when there is an indication of decreased value. According to IAS 36 point 134, the company shall provide information in their accountancy about the impairment test.</p><p>The aim of this study is to find out if some companies may be willing to reveal less information in their accountancy, and if there are any factors that affect this. We will investigate if there is any relation between how much the three largest owners in each company hold both in equity- and vote share and how much information that is provided in the accountancy. We will also investigate if there is any relation between the expectations of returns from the market and how much information that is provided. The first hypothesis is: If companies are expected to get a high future cash flow, which implies a high market value in relation to book value of equity, then the company will reveal less information conveying much knowledge about the market to their competitors. The second hypothesis claim that if the three largest owners together holds a large equity- vote share, where small asymmetric information exists, then the company should want to disclose less information in their accountancy.</p><p>In this research we analyse the accountancy of each company listed at the OMX exchange by 31 Dec 2005. To see how much information that is disclosed in the accountancy, we have chosen to analyse how and if the companies accomplish their accounting according to IAS 36 point 134. To be able to compare how much information the companies provided about this, we have created a score structure. Furthermore we have used SPSS to make a regression analysis, which should show if there are any relations. Our results however show that there is no relation between how much information that is given and how large the market value compared to book value of equity is. Neither did we find any relation between how large the three largest owners where and how much information that was provided. Our results differ from earlier studies. One cause for that might be that we only picked three variables, while their studies could have included a lot more variables. Our study only focuses on a small part of the accountancy; if we had analyzed the entire accountancy we might have arrived to a different result. The year 2005 was furthermore the first year that the companies were obliged to follow the standard, which also could have had a certain impact on the result.</p>

Bakgrund: När IFRS-regelverket blev tvingande för svenska börsföretag år 2005 fanns förhoppningar om att immateriella tillgångar och goodwill, som uppstod vid förvärv, skulle redovisas på ett mer transparent och jämförbart vis än tidigare. De studier som gjorts på området har dock visat att dessa förhoppningar inte har besannats fullt ut. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att jämföra hur börsföretag identifierar och redovisar förvärvade immateriella tillgångar med de uppfattningar som finns hos företagens nyckelpersoner, angående samma tillgångar. Vidare syftar studien till att ge svar på varför eventuella skillnader, mellan sättet att redovisa och nyckelpersoners uppfattningar om immateriella tillgångar, förekommer. Metod: Studien har klassificerats som explorativ då den syftar till att undersöka ett relativt outforskat område. Kvalitativ metod har använts och data har samlats in genom intervjuer med både varumärkesnyckelpersoner och redovisningsnyckelpersoner på svenska börsföretag. Även årsredovisningar har använts som datamaterial. Slutsatser: Det föreligger skillnader mellan varumärkesnyckelpersoners uppfattningar om företagens varumärken och den information som presenteras i företagens årsredovisningar. Mellan företagens varumärkesnyckelpersoner och redovisningsnyckelpersoner föreligger även skillnader i uppfattningarna om vad ett varumärke egentligen är. Kommunikationen mellan dessa har identifierats som en bidragande orsak till att varumärkesnyckelpersonernas uppfattningar om företagens varumärken skiljer sig från informationen som presenteras i årsredovisningarna. / Background: When IFRS became mandatory for listed Swedish companies there were expectations that intangible assets and goodwill, deriving from business combinations, would be accounted for in a more transparent and comparable manner. Recent studies have shown that these expectations have not been entirely been fulfilled. Aim: The purpose of this study is to compare how listed companies identify and report acquired intangible assets with the perceptions held by key personnel, concerning the assets. Furthermore, the study aims to provide answers to why any differences between the way of accounting and key personnel perceptions of intangible assets, are present. Method: The study was classified as exploratory as it seeks to explore a relatively unexplored area. Qualitative methodology was used and data were collected through interviews with key personnel, both within brands and accounting. Financial statements have also been used as a data. Results: There are differences between key brand personnels’ perceptions of the companies’ brands and the information presented in financial statements. There are also differences concerning what a brand really is, between key brand personnel and key accounting. The communication between these two kinds of key personnel has been identified as a contributing factor to why there are differences between the key brand personnels’ perception of brands and the information presented in the companies’ financial statements.