The diploma thesis is focuses on the value of the goodwill and the value of the brand of the selected construction company and the methods currently used for their determination. In the theoretical part of the thesis are described basic theoretical terms, which relate to the issue of goodwill, brand, construction company and their value. I also describe methods of goodwill and brand calculation and managed interview method. At the end of the theoretical part, I described marketing planning. In the practical part of the thesis, the thesis deals with selected methods of valuation of goodwill value and value of company brand. I have set three hypotheses and questions about a controlled interview. At the end of my diploma thesis, I proposed marketing strategies to maintain and enhance the value of goodwill and company brand.

Titel: Goodwillredovisningens värderelevans i de börsnoterade bolagens finansiella rapporter. Nivå: Examensarbete på Grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Lisa Renvall och Daniella Sajfi Handledare: Fredrik Hartwig Datum: 2021-Juni Syfte: Syftet med föreliggande studie är att undersöka huruvida en goodwillnedskrivning på svenska bolag noterade på Stockholmsbörsen påverkar deras värdering Metod: Denna uppsats präglas av en kvantitativ forskningsmetod med en deduktiv ansats. Data har samlats in via alla börsnoterade bolagens årsredovisningar på Stockholmsbörsen, Large, Mid och Small Cap mellan åren 2005 - 2019. Vidare har ytterligare data samlats in via databasen Thomson Reuters Eikon. Med hjälp av de sammanställda data har en korrelations - regressionsanalys samt ytterligare t-tester om goodwillposten utförts.  Resultat & slutsats: Hypotesprövningarna kunde stödja alla tre hypoteser som formulerades. Resultaten visade på att en goodwillnedskrivning inte har någon effekt på aktiekursen. Hypotes två och tre testade om goodwillposten tagit en större andel av totala tillgångar mellan 2005–2019 samt att goodwillnedskrivningen minskat mellan dessa år, vilka vi fann stöd till.  Examensarbetets bidrag: Studiens resultat bidrar till ökat kunskap kring goodwillpostens betydelse i börsnoterade bolagens balansräkning. Den bidrar med kunskapen att en goodwillnedskrivning inte har någon signifikant effekt på aktiekursen. Resultaten bidrar även till en pågående stor diskussion mellan olika redovisningsorgan. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Första förslaget till vidare forskning är att utföra studien i andra länder eller kombinera andra länder med Sverige. Denna studie har endast utförts i Sverige och resultat är därför endast applicerbara på den svenska marknaden. Men för vidare forskning kan studier med utländska bolag göras för att förstå deras tankesätt kring goodwillposten. Ett annat förslag är att använda så kallade avkastningsmodeller som har i syfte att visa aktieprisets förändring över tid. / Title: The goodwill accounting value relevance in the listed companies' financial reports. Level: Student thesis, final assignment for bachelor’s degree in business administration  Author: Lisa Renvall and Daniella Sajfi Supervisor: Fredrik Hartwig Date: 2021 – June  Aim: The purpose of the study is to examine whether a goodwill impairment on Swedish companies listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange affects their valuation. Method: This essay is characterized by a quantitative research method with a deductive approach. Data has been collected via all the listed companies' annual reports listed on NASDAQ Stockholm, Large, Mid and Small Cap between the years 2005 - 2019. Furthermore, additional data has been collected from the Thomson Reuters Eikon database. Using the compiled data, a correlation, regression analysis and further t-tests regarding the goodwill were performed. Result & Conclusions: The hypothesis test could support all three hypotheses. The results showed that a goodwill impairment has no effect on the share price. Hypothesis 2 and hypothesis 3 tested whether goodwill took a larger share of the total assets between the years 2005-2019 and that the goodwill impairments decreased between these years in which we found support for. Contribution of the thesis: The results of the study contribute to increased knowledge about the importance of goodwill in the listed companies' balance sheet. It contributes with the knowledge that a goodwill impairment has no significant effect on the share price. The results also contribute to an ongoing major discussion between different accounting bodies. Suggestions for future research: The first proposal for further research is to carry out the study in other countries or combine other countries with Sweden. This study has only been performed in Sweden and results are therefore only applicable on the Swedish market. But for further research, studies with foreign companies can be done to understand their way of thinking about goodwill. Another proposal is to use so-called return models that aim to show the change in share prices over time.

The subject matter of this dissertation thesis is a proposal for a method of valuation of special effects that with impact on real estate prices. It deals with proposed procedures for valuation of intangible assets, and definitions of such property. Special effects are in particular name, historical value, design, quality of layout, security aspects, accessibility, conflictful groups of inhabitants in or near the property, and location. The value of special effects can be calculated as the difference between usual value and the material value of such property without coefficients of merchantability. For appraisal by official price, the thesis suggests to amend certain provisions and sections of the Act on Property Valuation No. 151/1997 Coll., and the implementing regulation of this Act, as amended. Part of the methodology is a general proposal for a method how to divide the assets into tangible and intangible part. As concerns the concrete procedure when calculating real estate prices, the thesis specifies procedure for special effects valuation. A form of cumulative matrix comprising all such effects has been drafted. Prices in single methodologies for assets valuation has to be adjusted by reasonable quantity of impact. For real estate on the territory of the Czech Republic will be used also coefficients of merchantability Kp in accordance with the price regulation considering their development in historical statistics.

Goodwill is one of the most complex and unclear concepts within financial accounting; it is uncertain what it represents as an asset, it is only recognized during the creation of business combinations and is subject to impairments. The question becomes therefore what meaning is actually to be made from goodwill’s definite appearance as a financial statement line item? Due to a perceived low relevance by users of financial statements, it can be stated that the current narration by the accounting item goodwill fails to meet the fundamental purpose of accounting. Therefore, a study to bring a comprehensive clarification of the accounting item is required where this study attempts to achieve this objective by studying the acquirers’ perceptions of goodwill. First was a thorough theoretical background established that compiles a wide collection of relevant literature on goodwill. Then were semi-structured interviews conducted with top managers of nine different parent companies who had recently made a corporate acquisition. Based on the most salient perceptions derived from the empirical data in relation to the comprehensive theoretical background, this study obtained the following findings. Goodwill can be understood through three central aspects: the underlying objective reality as an intangible asset, the PPA process and the subsequential measurement process. In relation to the two latter aspects could a fourth aspect of managers’ influence be derived. In an overarching integration, these four aspects could be synthesized into a final holistic model of the accounting item goodwill. This model iii ultimately represents a comprehensive understanding of the current accounting item goodwill in financial statements based on the perceptions of acquirers. The findings of this study can be used to bring clarity to the users of financial statements when interpreting goodwill and therefore potentially increase its perceived relevance. Foremost can this study’s holistic model be used as a guideline for future research to further elaborate on the understanding of goodwill and generate improvements to its current accounting design.

Within professional football, their business today is run like corporations and in their balance sheets, the post intangible assets are growing from year to year. Since the end of the 1990s the economy for football clubs has grown rapidly when it concerns their income growth but also when it relates to their growth in income related to sales of football players. Through the influence of international accounting regulations have the football clubs the option to capitalize on transfer fees as intangible assets. To capitalize transfer fees as intangible assets when acquiring a football player means that the transfer fee is recorded as an asset in the balance sheet and is then written off after the length of the contract. The purpose of this study is to examine how the football clubs in Allsvenskan accounts for transfer fees and which influence the two different accounting methods, capitalizing or expensing, have on their result and equity. The football club’s equity is in focus in this review depending on the rules of the Swedish Football Association which claims that positive economic equity is required to receive a license. The study will examine football clubs that are part of the 2021 season of Allsvenskan and football clubs that have been participating in Allsvenskan during the last five years. This essay intends to contribute to the discussion on the choice of accounting method by studying a more economically results-oriented approach than what previously been researched and written about in essays. To examine the choice of accounting method was proven to be quite uncomplex in those cases where an annual account was readily present. However, the other part of the study was more complex, where we created our own analytical model to calculate the differences between capitalizing and expensing transfer fees as an accounting method. All information is assembled from the football club’s official annual reports. The study shows that most football clubs participating in Allsvenskan choose to capitalize on transfer fees and consequently account for them as intangible assets in their balance sheet. The study shows with its case, studies that during a 5-year period there is a difference in both result and equity between the two accounting methods. If one examines specific years in these cases the study shows that the economic outcome is quite different between the two accounting methods. / Inom den professionella fotbollen drivs verksamheter som företag och i deras balansräkningar blir posten immateriella tillgångar allt större år för år. Sedan slutet av 90- talet har fotbollens ekonomi blivit mer omfattande när det gäller intäkter för klubbar men även i sambandet - försäljning av fotbollsspelare. Med påverkan av internationella regelverk men även av interna regelverk har klubbarna möjligheten att aktivera övergångssumman som en immateriell tillgång. Att aktivera en övergångssumma som en immateriell tillgång vid ett spelarförvärv innebär att den tas upp som en tillgång i balansräkningen och sedan skrivs av planenligt under kontraktslängden.  Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur klubbarna i Allsvenskan redovisar sina spelarförvärv samt vilken påverkan val av redovisningsmetod, aktivering eller kostnadsföring, har på klubbarnas ekonomi i form av resultat och eget kapital.Det egna kapitalet ligger i fokus med tanke på de krav som Svenska Fotbollsförbundet ställer på sina elitklubbar. Studien kommer undersöka deltagande klubbar 2021 och samtidigt även klubbar som har deltagit i Allsvenskan under en femårsperiod.  Att undersöka redovisningsmetoden visade sig vara enkelt i de fall det gick att få tag på årsredovisningar. Däremot så var den andra delen av studien mer komplex, där vi skapade en egen analytisk modell för att beräkna skillnader mellan aktivering och kostnadsföring som redovisningsmetod. All data om klubbarna är inhämtad från deras egna årsredovisningar.  Studien visar på att majoriteten av de allsvenska klubbarna väljer att aktivera sina spelarförvärv och således redovisa dem som immateriella tillgångar i balansräkningen. Studien visar med hjälp av fall på att det under en femårsperiod finns en viss skillnad ekonomiskt emellan dessa redovisningsmetoder. Går man in på specifika år i dessa fall visar studien på att det kan skilja en hel del i ekonomisk påverkan emellan redovisningsmetoderna.

In a widely acclaimed contribution to Management International Review, Hennart (2007) challenged one of the mainstream theories of International Business, the S-curve relationship between multinationality and performance, by arguing that there is no positive impact on performance aside from the scale enhancing effect resulting from increasing multinationality. We examine his arguments by analyzing 3876 firms from Canada, Germany, Japan, the UK and the US over the period from 2002 to 2016. We find that the empirical evidence for a direct positive impact of multinationality on performance is not convincing. However, increasing multinationality leads to a significantly higher firm performance via the economies of scalechannel. Multinationality seems to be more important as a means to increase scale for firms from small home markets compared to firms from large domestic markets. Intangible assets appear to amplify the impact of scale on performance much more than the impact of multinationality on performance. In the end, it’s size that matters.

No description available.

Intangible assets are gaining market share in forest management and the economy. These solutions can be related to achieving carbon neutrality and creating services that incumbent forest companies do not provide.Incumbent companies may see the market changes and react to those. However, to avoid losing the market-leading position, incumbent companies can use disruptive innovation theory as a framework to evaluate the possible disruption. Moreover, the interviews and document analyses supported the framework usage in service innovation.Industry 4.0 has changed forest management with BigData and artificial intelligence technology and changed service management. Forests can be scanned with machines; for example, carbon sequestration can be calculated based on data and create a service for less-demand customers and niche markets. Intangible innovations have a field to serve these low-end consumers, and there is a potential for these markets to grow exceedingly and attract the main customers.

The growing globalization within the business world and of capital market are contributing to a need of further harmonize accounting practices. This is because the differences in the accounting rules created differences in the financial outcomes. In 2005, all members within EU decided to move from a rule-based framework to a principle-based framework. A transition to the international regulations, International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), created better conditions for companies and stakeholders. With the aim to minimize the discrepancies in accounting practices, the European standard setting body, IASB aligned with the American standard setting body, FASB in a harmonization project to create a common and harmonized framework. The project started in 2002, and IASB and FASB corporation towards a common goal of an improved comparability of the financial statements by a uniform set of accounting standards. The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the similarities and differences between IASB:s and FASB:s accounting for intangible assets and their attitude to the developments in the international harmonization process. We have conducted a study to what extent the different standards are harmonized in relation to each other. To fulfill this purpose the study has been performed from an abductive approach with a comparative design where we have classified different quots from each framework. The character of the analysis is qualitative and we chose to study four areas within each framework fair value, useful life, depreciation and impairments. Based on the information from the economic literature and scientific articles we used the dimensional theory to demonstrate how harmonized the standards are in relation to each other. The results show that there has been a harmonization between the IASB:s and FASB:s rules, however, disparity remain in terms of cultural and institutional differences. The analysis shows that IFRS:s are more rule-based than principle-based compared to US GAAP in terms of intangible assets. We think that a standard should include both rules and principles. / Det sker en ständig globalisering inom företagsvärlden, inte minst inom kapitalmarknadsområdet. I denna process har skillnader mellan regler kring olika redovisningssystem inte följt med i samma takt. Skillnader mellan olika redovisningssystem har påvisats skapa skillnader i finansiella utfall. Denna företeelse har i sin tur framkallat ett behov av att skapa ett harmoniserat redovisningssystem. År 2005 beslutade sig därför samtliga medlemsländer inom EU att en övergång från ett regelbaserat regelverk till ett alltmer principbaserat regelverk skulle äga rum. Övergången till det internationella regelverket, International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), skulle hjälpa till att skapa de förutsättningar som krävdes för en samstämmighet inom området. Konceptet riktade sig främst mot företag och intressenter som var verksamma på den internationella marknaden. För att praktiskt kunna minimera redovisningsskillnader mellan olika redovisningssystem ingick den internationella normgivaren IASB, tillsammans med den amerikanska normgivaren FASB, i ett konvergeringsprojekt. Syftet var att skapa ett gemensamt och harmoniserat regelverk. Projektet mellan IASB och FASB inleddes år 2002 för att arbeta mot ett gemensamt mål om en förbättrad jämförbarhet mellan de finansiella rapporterna. Syftet med studien är att undersöka och analysera skillnaderna mellan IASB:s och FASB:s hantering av immateriella tillgångar, samt hur de ställer sig till utvecklingen inom den internationella harmoniseringsprocessen. Utifrån detta syfte har vi valt att genomföra en kvalitativ studie då vi anser att denna forskningsform ger oss möjligheten till att besvara våra forskningsfrågor. I vår undersökning har vi studerat i vilken grad de olika standarderna harmoniserar med varandra. För att uppfylla syftet har studien genomförts utifrån en abduktiv ansats, med en komparativ design, där vi har klassificerat utdrag från vardera regelverk. Vi har utgått från en kvalitativ undersökningsansats där fyra områden valts ut och analyserats. Områdena består i redovisning av verkligt värde, nedskrivningar, avskrivningar och nyttjandeperiod. Utifrån ekonomisk litteratur och vetenskapliga artiklar, har vi med hjälp av dimensionsteorin, kunnat visa i vilken mån regelverken är harmoniserade. Resultatet visar att det har skett en harmonisering mellan IASB:s och FASB:s regelverk, dock kvarstår det kulturella och institutionella skillnader. Analysen visar att IFRS är mer regelbaserad än principbaserad i förhållande till US GAAP vad det gäller immateriella tillgångar. Slutsatsen motsäger alltså den generella bilden av att US GAAP är regelbaserad och IFRS är principbaserad. Slutligen går utvecklingen inom harmoniseringen mot att utövaren får användning av sitt professionella omdöme och att regleringarna blir mer klara och flexibla. Enligt vår mening är det mest effektivt att en standard innehåller både regler och principer.

自1990年代起，專業估價實務通用規範（USPAP）中即規定，估價師必須同時考慮有形與無形資產對整體價格的影響，並將價值分配到不同的要素成分。以往國外文獻探討無形資產對不動產價格所產生之影響，多將焦點放在收益性不動產上，綜觀諸研究文獻之結論，皆肯定無形資產對其整體價格將會產生影響，且佔有重要的地位，但相對地，針對住宅不動產的交易價格中是否含有無形資產價值之研究文獻則相當少見；而國內對此之探討著墨更少，僅有部分文獻提及建設公司商譽對住宅產品之價格所可能產生的影響，但亦僅止於文字敘述，無任何文獻透過實證分析，以證明商譽對住宅交易價格之影響力。因此，國內住宅不動產的交易價格是否會受到建設公司商譽的影響，仍有待實證研究加以探討。 鑑此，本研究擬探討建設公司商譽對住宅交易價格之影響，期望透過實證分析釐清商譽對價格的影響力。在研究內容上，商譽因素是否存在於住宅類型之產品中？哪些因素會影響商譽對交易價格的影響力？皆是本研究所欲討論的面向。藉由實證分析與探討，本研究之結論如下： 一、商譽價值確實存在於住宅不動產中，惟其影響並不一定具有普遍性，尚須其他特定因素（屋齡、區域發展特性）同時成立，商譽始會對住宅價格造成顯著的影響。 二、透過實證結果之分析可知，案例所屬的特定因素不同時，將會使得商譽影響價格的顯著與否產生變化。當案例屬於屋齡在一定年數以內之新屋，且其區域發展特性愈傾向以單純住宅區為主要發展型態時，此時商譽對價格的影響將具有顯著水準；反之，當案例屬於中古屋，或是其區域發展特性愈複雜時，則商譽對價格的影響力將消失。