Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:25:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricia do Amaral Merofa.pdf: 525774 bytes, checksum: 93a997b9583f8444f2512daf9af4e746 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-08 / In the current economic scene, where the changes are fast and constant, the importance of a differentiated performance of the companies is evidenced by the increasing interest in the intangible assets. The innovation process confers to the companies singular ways to compete. The pharmaceutical sector presents caracteristics, sending to the profile of organizations directed to innovation process as a way to keep than competitive in this industry. Thus, the object of study of this research is operating pharmaceutical laborories in the national scope. In this study a panel data was carried through 1995 to 2005 to analyse possible relations between the performance and intangible assets of the investigated companies, represented for the amout of proper, generic and similar medicines. The results demonstrate significant and positive relations between the revenue and the amout proper medicines and the generic ones, maybe it can explain the performance of the laboratories in search to extend as a way to compete in the national pharmaceutical industry. / No atual cenário econômico, onde as mudanças são rápidas e constantes, a importância de uma atuação diferenciada das empresas é evidenciada pelo crescente interesse nos ativos intangíveis. O processo de inovação confere às empresas maneiras singulares de competir. O setor farmacêutico apresenta características únicas, remetendo ao perfil de organizações voltadas ao processo de inovação como forma de se manterem competitivas na sua indústria, por meio de investimentos contínuos em pesquisa e desenvolvimento, marcas e patentes. Assim, o objeto de estudo deste trabalho são os laboratórios farmacêuticos atuantes no âmbito nacional. O estudo foi realizado a partir de um painel de dados no período entre 1995 e 2005 com o propósito de analisar possíveis relações entre o desempenho das empresas investigadas e os ativos intangíveis, representados pelas quantidades de medicamentos próprios, genéricos e similares. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram relações significantes e positivas entre a receita líquida e a quantidade de medicamentos próprios e os genéricos dos laboratórios estudados, o que pode explicar uma atuação dos laboratórios em busca de aumentar seu tamanho como forma de competir na indústria farmacêutica nacional.

Uppsatsen undersöker hur väl resultat och bokförda värden förklarar marknadsvärde och avkastning för bolag noterade på Stockholmsbörsen under perioden 1999-2017. Vidare undersöker uppsatsen om värderelevansen av resultat och bokförda värden skiljer sig mellan hög- och lågteknologiska bolag samt om införandet av IFRS har påverkat värderelevansen. Justerad förklaringsgrad för tre regressionsmodeller används för att undersöka värderelevansens förändring över tid. Undersökningen visar att värderelevansen av resultat har minskat. Värderelevansen av bokförda värden av tillgångar och skulder, samt av resultat och bokfört värde av eget kapital kombinerat, har ökat. Alla tre modellerna visar, förutom i ett fall, på högre värderelevans för högteknologiska bolag än för lågteknologiska bolag. Vid en jämförelse av perioden innan införandet av IFRS och perioden efter har värderelevansen av resultat minskat, medan värderelevansen av bokförda värden, samt av resultat och bokfört värde av eget kapital kombinerat, ökat under samma tidsperiod. / This thesis examines the explanatory power of earnings and book values for market value and stock return for firms noted on the Nasdaq Stockholm exchange during the period 1999-2017. Further, this thesis examines if the value-relevance of earnings and book values differs between high-tech and low-tech firms, and if the implementation of IFRS has affected the value-relevance. The coefficient of determination of three regression models is used to examine the change in value-relevance over time. The examination shows that the value-relevance of earnings has declined. The value-relevance of book values of assets and liabilities, and of earnings and book value of equity, have increased. All three models show, except in one case, higher value-relevance for high-tech firms than for low-tech firms. A comparison of the periods before and after the implementation of IFRS shows that the value-relevance of earnings has declined, while the value-relevance of book values, and of earnings and book values combined, have increased.

Project leadership requires a diverse blend of technical and behavioral skills. Researchers have focused on the technical aspects of project management, leaving a void in understanding the behavioral skills of project leadership. The purpose of this correlational study was to gain insights into the behavioral aspects of projects by understanding the social capital and knowledge integration abilities of project leaders. Nahapiet and Ghoshal's social capital definition and its structural, relational, and cognitive attributes form the basis for the social capital theory constructs used in this study. The focus of the research questions was on the relationship of social capital to knowledge integration and project success. A self-designed survey (α = .925) was used to measure the latent variables of a project leader's social capital and knowledge integration abilities on the observed variable of project success. Survey research, conducted using a sample of project management professionals (N = 108), elicited project members' perceptions on the behavioral aspects of project leaders. Structural equation modeling validated that knowledge integration assists in achieving project success and that 2 types of social capital, structural and relational, have a significant influence on knowledge integration. Structural social capital has a positive effect, and relational social capital has a negative effect. The findings indicated that project management professionals need not only technical skills, but also behavioral skills. Having project leaders with the right blend of competencies will improve project success rates, affecting social change by enabling organizations to achieve greater economic benefits from better understanding the behavioral aspects of project teams.

Domain names are still a relatively unknown occurrence and despite being a natural part in most people’s every-day life, there are few who reflect over their importance. The original function of domain names was merely to serve as technical addresses and to facilitate the locating of websites on the Internet. Today domain names are much more than this. In addition to the address function, domain names may also serve as indications of goods, services, businesses or information. The domain name is usually the first contact one gets with a website and it has become crucial for businesses to have their company name or trade marks registered as domain names. The issue of the legal status of domain names has mainly been discussed from an American point of view and in Sweden this discussion has almost entirely fallen under the radar. If the legal status of a domain name were clear, it would be easier for businesses to avail themselves of the value of that domain name. It would possibly even contribute to strengthening the legal protection for the domain name holder, in for example insolvency or bankruptcy procedures. Intellectual property exists in many different forms, the main being patents, trade marks, copyright and design rights. Although there are many differences between them, they all have in common that they establish property protection over intangibles such as ideas, inventions, signs and information. As a domain name is not a physical object, there can be no doubt that it is an intangible. The question is whether it is property. Intellectual property is not a static area and it can, in line with societal and technological development, be expanded to include new types. The legal status of domain names is generally discussed in the light of the close connection they have with trade marks. Except from their original function, the trade mark function of domain names can probably be considered as one of the most commonly accepted. It is indicated in this thesis that that function contributes to that a domain name can be considered as a distinctive sign and thereby obtain protection, in the same way as an unregistered trade mark. According to current accounting rules, businesses may, to some extent, avail themselves of the value of a domain name. Domain names are under certain circumstances identified as intangible assets and even as ‘similar rights’ to for example trade marks and patents in accounting and taxation situations. At this time it is not possible to legislate on the area of the legal status of a domain name on a Community level, as this most likely would have to include a consideration of the existence of property rights and consequently fall outside the legislative powers of the Community. Both the legal development and the legal discussions on the topic of the legal status of domain names in Sweden have been relatively sparse. Nonetheless, there have been some interesting opinions. By investigating what positions the different authorities, academics and practitioners have taken on the legal status of domain names it can be concluded that the prevailing opinion in Sweden is that domain names are not considered as property. The reason for this seems to be that domain names as such, are in fact no more than technical constructions and that by registering a domain name the registrant only becomes the holder of a contractual right. However, there are some diverging opinions which could suggest that the legal status of domain names in Sweden is not yet settled. The aspects which are then taken into consideration include that domain names have developed to become important and valuable assets for an increasing number of businesses. A domain name is a precondition for the creation of a website and therefore of crucial importance for, in particular, online based businesses. However, they are of increasing importance for all businesses to reach out to and compete over the same customers. It is advocated that the fact that domain names are freely traded with indicates that domain names are property. It has also been questioned whether an asset with a true economic value, such as a domain name, can exist without being considered as an item of property. The steps taken in other jurisdictions have shown that the legal status of domain names is not even clear in some of the countries with the greatest experience of domain names. Nonetheless, the legal status is given attention in those countries and the discussion has been initiated. In general, it can be concluded that the development seems to go toward higher awareness of the value of domain names.

本研究旨在檢視我國無形資產移轉訂價之相關規定是否完備，並藉由外國立法例與案例之借鏡，據以針對未盡完備之處進行深入之探討，以作為我國未來制定或施行相關規範之參考。 首先，本研究以無形資產為範圍，對於主要國家與我國無形資產移轉訂價制度加以比較，以瞭解我國相關規定不足之處。研究結果發現，我國關於成本分攤協議之規定最為欠缺，因此本研究亦以上述之主要國家為參考對象，彙整與分析可參考之內容，擬具我國未來制定成本分攤協議相關規範之框架。經由本研究之整理，我國未來制定成本分攤協議相關規範所應著重之主要項目包括定義、應分攤之成本、合理預期收益、成本與收益之比率相符、參與者之異動與協議之終止、稅捐稽徵機關之調整、租稅待遇、協議內容以及稽徵行政等九大項目。 其次，借鑒相關案例之爭議與本研究之設想，本研究擬定我國未來制定或施行成本分攤協議之法規所可能面臨之問題或應考量之事項，分為稅務面、法制面與稽徵行政面，並據以提供相關建議。稅務面主要可分為分攤協議之成本、使用協議所開發之無形資產、成本分攤給付以及買進與買斷給付之稅務處理，法制面為應考量制定之法律位階與訂定內容之相關配套措施，稽徵行政面則須評估預審制度之效益、權責單位之規劃與其保密義務之限制、專責人員之專業素養與獨立性以及對於成本分攤協議進行技術輸出管制之重要性。 / This research examines whether the transfer pricing regulations of intangible assets in Taiwan are sufficient or not. It focuses on lack of regulations pertaining to cost sharing arrangements (CSA) in Taiwan. With the references to foreign legislations and cases, the research further discusses the legislation defects and provides suggestions for Taiwan’s legislatives as to enactment or enforcement of related regulations in the future. Specifically, this research locates the legislation deficiencies by comparing transfer pricing systems of intangible assets between major countries and Taiwan. Examples of such major countries are used as a framework of CSA regulations for Taiwan. This framework covers the following main items: definition of a CSA, intangible development costs (IDC), reasonably anticipated benefits (RAB), the consistency between IDC shares and RAB shares, changes in participants and the termination of CSAs, adjustments by tax administrations, tax treatment of CSAs, elements of a CSA, and administration of tax collection. Based on the above analysis and controversies of related cases, this research points out problems that may arise and issues that should be considered when CSA regulations are to be enacted or enforced in Taiwan. Such problems and issues can be separated into three aspects, namely, taxation, legal system, and administration of tax collection. The research concludes by offering suggestions on each aspect. For the taxation aspect, the tax treatment relating to certain conditions should be contemplated, including IDC shared by each participant in a CSA, exploiting the intangible assets developed by a CSA, cost sharing transaction payments (CST payments), and buy-in/buy-out payments. With regard to the aspect of legal system, the legal position and supplementary measures of CSA regulations should be taken into account. As to the aspect of administration of tax collection, many factors should be taken into consideration, such as assessing the feasibility and benefit of issuing a CSA advance ruling, determining the appropriate tax authorities in charge of CSAs, training and developing qualified tax officials to audit CSAs, and controlling the technologies export via CSAs.

Bakgrund: Inkonsekvensen i hanteringen av internt upparbetade immateriella tillgångar har uppmärksammats av bland annat standardsättarna IASB, AASB, ASBJ samt organisationen RFR. RFR menar att mer fokus bör läggas på identifieringen och redovisningen av internt upparbetade immateriella tillgångar på grund av deras markanta ökning samt betydelse för företag och kunder. Syfte: Studien ska beskriva den kontext där internt upparbetade immateriella tillgångar förekommer, och därmed bidra till en förståelse över hur deras egenskaper och identifiering behandlas redovisningsmässigt, inom branschen konsumentvaror och -tjänster. Metod: Studien är gjord utifrån en kvalitativ ansats och är baserad på intervjuer med företag inom branschen konsumentvaror och -tjänster som har internt upparbetade immateriella tillgångar. Resultat: Branschen konsumentvaror och -tjänster använder sig av både formella och informella tumregler vid identifiering av internt upparbetade immateriella tillgångar på grund av den osäkerhet som råder vid bedömning. Existensen av tumregler påverkas av faktorerna nyckelpersoner, erfarenheter samt storleken på företaget och posten internt upparbetade immateriella tillgångar. Branschen anser att det finns svårigheter i de existerande regelverken men att standarden IAS 38 är tillräcklig överlag. / Background: The inconsistency, in the management of internally generated intangible assets, is addressed by the standard setters IASB, AASB, ASBJ and by the Swedish organization RFR. RFR argue that more attention should be placed on the identification and recognition of internally generated intangible assets, this due to their significant increase and impact on companies and customers. Aim: The study is describing the context in which internally generated intangible assets exist. Hence, contributing to an understanding of how their characteristics and identification are treated in accounting, in the consumer goods and service industry. Completion: The study has a qualitative approach and is based on interviews with companies with internally generated intangible assets in the consumer goods and service industry. Result: The consumer goods and service industry use formal and informal heuristics in order to identify internally generated intangible assets due to the uncertainty in the assessment. The existence of heuristics is affected by the following factors; key personnel, experience, company size and size of the internally generated intangible assets. The industry perceives difficulties in the existing regulations, but finds IAS 38 to be, overall, adequate.

<p>Domain names are still a relatively unknown occurrence and despite being a natural part in</p><p>most people’s every-day life, there are few who reflect over their importance. The original</p><p>function of domain names was merely to serve as technical addresses and to facilitate the</p><p>locating of websites on the Internet. Today domain names are much more than this. In</p><p>addition to the address function, domain names may also serve as indications of goods,</p><p>services, businesses or information. The domain name is usually the first contact one gets</p><p>with a website and it has become crucial for businesses to have their company name or</p><p>trade marks registered as domain names. The issue of the legal status of domain names has</p><p>mainly been discussed from an American point of view and in Sweden this discussion has</p><p>almost entirely fallen under the radar. If the legal status of a domain name were clear, it</p><p>would be easier for businesses to avail themselves of the value of that domain name. It</p><p>would possibly even contribute to strengthening the legal protection for the domain name</p><p>holder, in for example insolvency or bankruptcy procedures.</p><p>Intellectual property exists in many different forms, the main being patents, trade marks,</p><p>copyright and design rights. Although there are many differences between them, they all</p><p>have in common that they establish property protection over intangibles such as ideas,</p><p>inventions, signs and information. As a domain name is not a physical object, there can be</p><p>no doubt that it is an intangible. The question is whether it is property. Intellectual</p><p>property is not a static area and it can, in line with societal and technological development,</p><p>be expanded to include new types.</p><p>The legal status of domain names is generally discussed in the light of the close connection</p><p>they have with trade marks. Except from their original function, the trade mark function of</p><p>domain names can probably be considered as one of the most commonly accepted. It is</p><p>indicated in this thesis that that function contributes to that a domain name can be</p><p>considered as a distinctive sign and thereby obtain protection, in the same way as an</p><p>unregistered trade mark.</p><p>According to current accounting rules, businesses may, to some extent, avail themselves of</p><p>the value of a domain name. Domain names are under certain circumstances identified as</p><p>intangible assets and even as ‘similar rights’ to for example trade marks and patents in</p><p>accounting and taxation situations.</p><p>At this time it is not possible to legislate on the area of the legal status of a domain name</p><p>on a Community level, as this most likely would have to include a consideration of the</p><p>existence of property rights and consequently fall outside the legislative powers of the</p><p>Community.</p><p>Both the legal development and the legal discussions on the topic of the legal status of</p><p>domain names in Sweden have been relatively sparse. Nonetheless, there have been some</p><p>interesting opinions.</p><p>By investigating what positions the different authorities, academics and practitioners have</p><p>taken on the legal status of domain names it can be concluded that the prevailing opinion</p><p>in Sweden is that domain names are not considered as property. The reason for this seems</p><p>to be that domain names as such, are in fact no more than technical constructions and that</p><p>by registering a domain name the registrant only becomes the holder of a contractual right.</p><p>However, there are some diverging opinions which could suggest that the legal status of</p><p>domain names in Sweden is not yet settled. The aspects which are then taken into</p><p>consideration include that domain names have developed to become important and</p><p>valuable assets for an increasing number of businesses. A domain name is a precondition</p><p>for the creation of a website and therefore of crucial importance for, in particular, online</p><p>based businesses. However, they are of increasing importance for all businesses to reach</p><p>out to and compete over the same customers.</p><p>It is advocated that the fact that domain names are freely traded with indicates that domain</p><p>names are property. It has also been questioned whether an asset with a true economic</p><p>value, such as a domain name, can exist without being considered as an item of property.</p><p>The steps taken in other jurisdictions have shown that the legal status of domain names is</p><p>not even clear in some of the countries with the greatest experience of domain names.</p><p>Nonetheless, the legal status is given attention in those countries and the discussion has</p><p>been initiated. In general, it can be concluded that the development seems to go toward</p><p>higher awareness of the value of domain names.</p>

The purpose of this study is to answer the research question of how a service company (ServiceCo) could achieve a transfer price of its services. This is of particular interest, due to the growth of service firms that have rapidly increased and surpassed the manufacturing firms, as well as the dominant logic shifting towards services. However, the problem with this field of study is that transfer pricing with regards to the service industry, is a rather unexplored phenomenon in which the guidelines and theories are mostly directed towards manufacturing firms. This study uses a single case study approach where ServiceCo’s organizational characteristics were analyzed in order to attain the information required to understand how ServiceCo could achieve a transfer price of its services. Furthermore, this study uses the Eccles (1983) MAP and the OECD Guidelines, as well as incorporating Porter’s (1985) value chain. This study assesses that ServiceCo, in its current state, uses a sub-optimal transfer pricing method of its services. Therefore, a change in the transfer pricing method was suggested to ServiceCo. Given the organizational characteristics of ServiceCo, the results led to the conclusion that ServiceCo could benefit from a residual analysis in the profit split method, in which an actual full cost plus mark-up compensation could be used on its routine functions, and the residual profit could be split between the entities based on the intangible assets employed, functions performed and the risks carried.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:51:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LorenaKSR_DISSERT.pdf: 1168365 bytes, checksum: 84c65d52d5a6558ac4b662d2f0f40ddb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-27 / Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte / The study aims to analyze the perception of managers on intangible assets as strategic and competitive resources in small hotels in Natal/RN, through the theory of the Resource Based View (RBV). This is a qualitative study of exploratory and descriptive, conducted with managers of the means of hosting small the capital of Rio Grande do Norte through semi-structured interviews, which was applied later, the technique content analysis based on the results of the information obtained in the interviews. Thus, research has shown that managers of small hotels visited (A, B, C) are not sufficient and satisfactory knowledge to set as their unique intangible assets of the company and makes use of them, on an occasional basis, without understanding or in essence understand its true value as a resource that can be used strategically for sustainable competitive advantage in the hotel market in Natal/RN. This means that managers do not know how to create new attributes and use them strategically. And they need to expand their partnerships with stakeholders. Given the importance of the subject of the present research, the information achieved by this analysis may contribute to the provision of information to establish a current situation with regard to the attributed to the knowledge and use of resources (intangible assets) importance as a strategic source and competitive for the internal management of the company by managers and thus, enabling a differential and greater economic profit over time in this segment / O estudo tem como objetivo analisar a percep??o dos gestores sobre os ativos intang?veis como recursos estrat?gicos e competitivos em hot?is de pequeno porte em Natal/RN, atrav?s da teoria da Vis?o Baseada em Recursos (RBV). Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa do tipo explorat?ria e descritiva, realizada com os gestores (gerentes e propriet?rios) dos meios de hospedagem de pequeno porte da capital do Rio Grande do Norte por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, onde foi aplicada, posteriormente, a t?cnica da an?lise de conte?do com base nos resultados das informa??es obtidas nas entrevistas. Assim, a pesquisa mostrou que os gestores dos hot?is de pequeno porte visitados (A, B e C) n?o possuem conhecimento suficiente e satisfat?rio para definir os seus ativos intang?veis como sendo exclusivos da empresa e faz uso deles, de maneira ocasional, sem compreender ou entender em ess?ncia o seu verdadeiro valor quanto um recurso que pode ser utilizado de forma estrat?gica para obter vantagem competitiva sustent?vel no mercado hoteleiro de Natal/RN. Isso significa que os gestores n?o sabem como criar novos atributos e utiliz?-los estrategicamente. E precisam ampliar suas parcerias com os Stakeholders. Haja vista a import?ncia do tema da pesquisa em pauta, as informa??es alcan?adas por esta an?lise poder?o contribuir com o fornecimento de informa??es para estabelecer um panorama atual no que diz respeito ? import?ncia atribu?da ao conhecimento e uso de recursos (ativos intang?veis) como fonte estrat?gica e competitiva para a gest?o interna da empresa pelos gestores e com isso, possibilitar um diferencial e maior lucro econ?mico ao longo do tempo neste segmento

I den moderna ekonomin är organisationens individer centrala för verksamheten. Den ekonomiska utvecklingen har gått från ett industribaserat samhälle till ett företagsklimat med mer komplexa behov och högre kompetenskrav på anställda. Personalens kunskap, erfarenhet och effektivitet utgör ofta en mycket viktig tillgång, framför allt för kunskapsföretagen i tjänstesektorn. De anställdas kännedom och förmåga att skapa värde för organisationen kategoriseras i redovisningen som företagets humankapital. Trots humankapitalets ökande betydelse så får inte organisationens personal tas upp som en tillgång i årsredovisningen, vilket leder till att intressant information uteblir och organisationens faktiska värde osynliggörs. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur omfattningen av humankapitalredovisningen ser ut i svenska företag för att jämföra kunskaps- och industriföretag samt att analysera humankapitalredovisningens utveckling över tid. För att besvara syftet granskas årsredovisningar från 12 börsnoterade företag, varav 6 kunskapsföretag och 6 industriföretag. Uppsatsen har en kvalitativ ansats då det utifrån årsredovisningarna tolkas hur företagen har valt att redovisa sitt humankapital, både i text och i siffror, som sedan poängsätts i en scoreboard. Översiktligt kan resultatet sammanfattas med att det råder en skillnad i omfattningen av humankapitalredovisningen mellan kunskaps- och industriföretag. Det är främst uppgifter gällande medarbetarna som åtskiljer organisationstypernas årsredovisningar. Humankapitalredovisningen har också blivit något mer omfattande över den undersökta tidsperioden. / In the modern economy, the organization's individuals are central to the business core. Economic development has shifted from being industry-based into a business environment with more complex needs and higher requirements on employee expertise. Employee knowledge, experience and efficiency have become a very important asset, especially for knowledge companies in the service sector. The employees' knowledge and ability to create value for the organization is known as the company's human capital. Despite the increasing importance of human capital, the organization's employees can't be included as an asset in the annual report, which means that intriguing information is not available and the actual value of the organization becomes invisible.The purpose of this paper is to investigate the width of the human capital disclosure in Swedish companies to compare knowledge and industry companies and to analyze the development of human capital disclosure over time. To answer the purpose, annual reports are reviewed from 12 listed companies; 6 knowledge companies and 6 industrial companies. The essay has a qualitative approach since its interpreted how companies have chosen to report their human capital from the annual reports, both in text and in numbers, which is then presented in a scoreboard.In conclusion, the results can be summarized as a difference in the width of the human capital disclosure between knowledge and industrial companies. It is primarily employee information that separates the annual reports between the type organizations. The human capital disclosure has also become somewhat more extensive over the surveyed period of time. This study is written in Swedish.