Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2015-07-20T14:05:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ligia Maria Quiterio.pdf: 3090898 bytes, checksum: f660fb6118707979a5a91e1b08534f0a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-20T14:05:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ligia Maria Quiterio.pdf: 3090898 bytes, checksum: f660fb6118707979a5a91e1b08534f0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-21 / The purpose of this study was to investigate patients’ safety incidents that may be associated with management communication failures in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) with the purpose of providing information to develop strategies to increase patient safety and improve the quality of health care. This is an empirical, retrospective study of a descriptive nature, conducted through documental, literature research and action research with a quantitative and qualitative approach to the problem. The study period was from May 25 to August 25, 2009, with a population of 202 admissions of ICU patients from a public hospital, tertiary. We identified 999 patient safety incidents and we analyzed according to the international classification for patient safety (ICPS), with predominance of no harm incidents, with 626 (62.66%), and 248 (24.82%) incidents of harm. Age of patients who have suffered harm incidents was 52.77 years (average, SD = 20.01), with minimum variation of 15 and maximum of 96 years; the average length of stay in the units was 10.09 days (SD = 10.14), ranging from 0 to 70 days. Evaluating the Charlson comorbidity scale incidents by communication failures were more frequent (87.6%) when compared with other incidents (p <0.0005). This finding, can be partially explained, since patients with more comorbidities require intensified nursing care, as well as higher number of medications, more exams requests, so are patients who are more prone to incidents in general, standing out there communication. The incidents with no harm were related to documentation and to verbal communication, generating 62.66% of incidents. Written communication failures were associated to medications, diets and clinical processes and procedures. They accounted for most incidents with harm: 24.82%. In this study, all incidents related to communication failures were of preventable type. We developed a form to be used as a check list to reduce communication incidents that can be employed to improve communication and to increase patient safety in hospitals, especially those related to critical care. The detection of communication incidents were originated at medical prescriptions, nursing controls, medical rounds and nursing care. We identified 152 communication failures, in which 49.67% were related between physicians and the ICU nursing staff. Conclusion: The most observed safety incidents due to communication failure were those related to medications, diets and clinical processes and procedures. All of them were of avoidable type, demonstrating that healthcare manager may have a role in the prevention of patient safety incidents while propose strategies to improve the communication among ICU actors. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os incidentes de segurança que podem estar associados a falhas gerenciais de comunicação em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTIs), com o propósito de fornecer informações para desenvolver estratégias para aumentar a segurança do paciente e aprimorar a qualidade de assistência à saúde. É um estudo empírico, retrospectivo de natureza descritiva, realizado por meio de pesquisa documental, bibliográfica e pesquisa-ação, com abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa do problema. O período de estudo foi de 25 de maio a 25 de agosto de 2009, com uma população de 202 admissões de pacientes internados em UTIs de um hospital público, terciário, de São Paulo. Foram identificados 999 incidentes de segurança e analisados de acordo com a classificação internacional para a segurança do doente (CISD), tendo predominância os incidentes sem danos, com 626 (62,66). A média de idade dos pacientes que sofreram incidentes com danos foi de 52,77 anos (DP=20,01), com variação mínima de 15 e máxima de 96 anos; o tempo médio de permanência nas unidades foi de 10,09 dias (DP=10,14), variando de 0 a 70 dias. Avaliando as comorbidades pela escala de Charlson, os incidentes por falhas de comunicação foram mais frequentes (87,6%), quando comparados com os outros incidentes (p<0.0005), fato esse que pode ser parcialmente explicado, uma vez que pacientes com maior número de comorbidades necessitam de cuidados de enfermagem intensificados, assim como maior número de medicações, maior número de solicitações de exames complementares, logo são pacientes que estão mais sujeitos a incidente em geral, destacando-se aí os de comunicação. Os incidentes sem danos estão relacionados à documentação e à comunicação verbal, e geraram 62,66% dos incidentes. As falhas de comunicação escrita estão associadas a medicações, dietas e aos processos e procedimentos clínicos, e representaram a maioria dos incidentes com danos: 24,82%. Neste estudo, todos os incidentes relacionados às falhas de comunicação foram do tipo evitáveis. A proposta de um instrumento norteador para redução de incidentes de comunicação poderá ser empregada, com o objetivo de melhorar a comunicação e aumentar a segurança dos pacientes em ambiente hospitalar, notadamente relacionados aos cuidados críticos. Quanto à origem dos incidentes de comunicação, as prescrições médicas, controles de enfermagem, as visitas médicas e de enfermagem foram fontes de identificação dos incidentes de segurança dos pacientes. Foram detectadas 152 falhas de comunicação sendo que 49,67% estão associadas à comunicação entre médico e enfermagem da UTI. Conclusão: Falhas de comunicação em UTI foram frequentes no nosso estudo. As mais comuns foram aquelas relacionadas às medicações, às dietas e aos processos e procedimentos clínicos. Todas foram do tipo evitáveis, demonstrando que o gestor pode ter papel na prevenção de incidentes de segurança do paciente ao elaborar estratégias para aprimoramento da comunicação entre os atores da UTI.

Bakgrund Att bli förälder till ett barn som vårdas på en neonatalavdelning kan upplevas som en mycket chockartad och stressande händelse, vilket kan försvåra för föräldrarna att knyta an till barnet. Barnets behov av professionell vård hindrar föräldrarna att ge barnet naturlig omsorg, vilket kan skapa känslor av förlust av föräldrarollen. Ofta separeras barnet från sina föräldrar. Denna separation kan få negativa effekter på såväl anknytning som på föräldraskap. För att främja anknytning och stärka föräldrarollen är det viktigt att föräldrarna är delaktiga och tar ansvar för barnets omvårdnad. Sjuksköterskan har en viktig roll i att stödja föräldrarna i detta.   Syfte Syftet med föreliggande studie var att beskriva upplevelser av delaktighet hos föräldrar till barn som vårdas på neonatalavdelning med fokus på faktorer som påverkar delaktighet.   Metod Som metod användes en allmän litteraturöversikt med deskriptiv kvalitativ ansats. Studien inkluderar 14 vetenskapliga artiklar som inhämtades från databaserna PubMed och CINAHL samt via sekundärsökningar.   Resultat Utifrån litteraturgenomgången kunde fem teman urskiljas som utgör såväl främjande som hindrande faktorer för föräldrars upplevelser av delaktighet: bemötande, kommunikation, information, aktivt deltagande och vårdmiljö.   Slutsats Delaktighet är en viktig förutsättning för anknytning och för föräldrarollen. Det är därför centralt att underlätta för föräldrar att vara delaktiga i vården av sitt barn. Sjuksköterskan har en avgörande roll genom att bjuda in föräldrarna till att delta i omvårdnadshandlingar samt erbjuda föräldrarna ett gott bemötande, en öppen och ärlig kommunikation, kontinuerlig information och en familjevänlig vårdmiljö. / Background To become a parent to a child that is treated in a neonatal intensive unit can be a shocking and stressful experience, which can result in hindering the parents’ ability to bond with the child. The child’s need for professional care hampers the parents’ ability to give their child natural care, which can lead to feelings of powerlessness and of a loss of their parental role. The child is often separated from the parents. This separation can cause negative effects on bonding as well as the parental role. Parents’ participation in and responsibility for their infant’s care are important factors to strengthen bonding and to empower parents in their parental role. Nurses have an important role in supporting the parents to achieve this.    Aim The aim of this study was to describe parents’ experiences of participation in their child’s care in a neonatal intensive unit with focus on affecting factors.   Method This study was conducted as a literature review with a qualitative descriptive approach. It includes 14 scientific articles conducted in PubMed and CINAHL and through secondary searches.   Results From the literature review five themes were identified as supportive factors or barriers for parents’ experiences of participation: treatment, communication, information, active participation and care environment.   Conclusion Participation is important for bonding and parenting. Thus, it is central to support parents to participate in the care of their child. Nurses have a crucial role by inviting parents to participate in caregiving activities and offering good treatment, an open and honest communication, continuous information and a family friendly care environment.

Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) refers to the withdrawal infants exposed to opioids in utero may experience following birth. In recent years, the number of infants born who present with NAS has grown exponentially. This increase in the number of infants with NAS has led to a new population within the caseloads of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) who work in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). SLPs’ knowledge base and skill set of assessment and treatment of swallowing and feeding disorders in infancy play a vital role in the treatment of infants with NAS in the NICU. A dearth of research exists regarding the specific nature of the feeding problems and skills of infants with NAS and whether SLP intervention for infants with NAS needs to differ from that of other infant NICU populations. Identifying how SLPs can best serve infants with NAS in the NICU is essential to their immediate well-being as well as the development of these infants. The purpose of this survey-based research study was to examine NICU SLPs’ perceptions of infants with NAS, and more specifically, how NAS affects the infants’ feeding skills, structural, and oral-motor characteristics. A questionnaire was developed based on an in-depth literature review to collect information on NAS, caseloads, treatment environment, and respondent demographics. The survey consisted of three sections: NAS (further divided into Assessment, Treatment, and Education), Environmental Description, and Respondent Demographics. The secure web-based questionnaire was distributed through SurveyMonkey™, an online survey platform. Survey research was conducted, and hospital-based speech-language pathologists within the USA acted as respondents. The findings will contribute to establishing a preliminary base of information on this topic. The results are expected to further inform the field as well as current practices in evidenced-based practice care for infants with NAS.

Trauma is an event during which individuals are confronted with a threat to their own or to someone else’s integrity. If intense fear, horror and helplessness are experienced during the event there may be psychological traumatisation. However, individuals may experience physical trauma and require hospitalisation. The patients’ subjective experiences from the hospitalisations may precipitate further trauma. Although families of patients are not involved in the traumatic event, they may experience their own traumatisation. The individuals and their families experience the trauma on the biological, psychological and social levels. Medical literature is mostly positivistic and there is little qualitative research on the experience of hospitalisation, particularly of family experiences of the intensive care unit (ICU). There is also a paucity of research on psychological experiences in the medical world. The research that has been conducted in psychology is mostly with psychiatrists. The aim of this research is to explain the sense families make of physical trauma using narrative. Narrative is the sense individuals make of experiences across time through telling and re-telling stories. Qualitative research is most suited to explore these subjective experiences of individuals. Social constructionism is one form of qualitative research and a process exploring the world of individuals in the context of culture, history and social interaction. Individuals arrange these stories using myths, symbols and archetypes that will provide coherence to the lived experience. Languaging the experiences facilitates meaning attribution that informs behaviour. Data was collected through photographs taken by the participants and individual interviews were conducted. The co-construction of this text occurred in the context of the researcher as a counsellor, the researcher as a previous physical trauma patient and the family perspectives of the participants. The exploration of the photographs and their sequence are followed by a narrative analysis of the interview texts using storymaps. Narratives were co-created in this context. The participants selected the stories and created coherence by narrating and ordering the sequence of photographs. Since the family language this lived experience, the members explored various selves and their relationships with their worlds. The family was impacted biopsychosocially and is writing an alternate story in the discourse of the medical world that says further rehabilitation is difficult, if not impossible. They have made sense of the physical trauma by searching for unique outcomes and narrating on a temporal framework: stories of their self, relationships with others, their physical self and their physical environments. This will create space for their alternate story. / Dissertation (MA (Counselling Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Psychology / unrestricted

Bakgrund: Suicid och suicidförsök är ett känt folkhälsoproblem både internationellt och nationellt. I Sverige är det ca 15 000 personers som utför suicidförsök varje år och över 150 000 personer lider av allvarliga suicidtankar. En del av dessa patienter kommer att behandlas inom intensivvården, vilket ställer stora krav på intensivvårdssjuksköterskans professionella och etiska förhållningssätt i interaktionen med patienten och anhöriga, för att bygga upp och säkerställa en god vårdande relation Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa intensivvårdssjuksköterskans upplevelse av att vårda patienter som utfört suicidförsök.  Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie med induktiv ansats användes. Tio intensivvårdssjuksköterskor inkluderades i studien. Datainsamling genomfördes med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer som analyserades med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys.  Resultat: Resultatet presenteras genom fyra kategorier; Upplevelsen av svårigheter i mötet med patienten, Upplevelsen av begränsningar i omvårdnadsarbetet, Upplevelsen av svåra tankar i omvårdnadsarbetet och Upplevelsen av otillräckligt stöd från olika professioner. Resultatet påvisar sjuksköterskornas upplevelse av bristande samarbete mellan professioner, bristande utbildning och känslomässigt engagemang. Vilket ger en känsla av frustration som leder till svårigheter i mötet med den nämnda patientgruppen. Slutsats: I den kliniska vården finns det flera centrala faktorer som kan gynna eller försvåra vårdandet av patienter som försökt begå suicid såsom kommunikationen i mötet med patienten, sjuksköterskans professionella roll och tvärprofessionell samverkan mellan kliniker samt utbildning och kompetens. Som blivande intensivvårdssjuksköterskor anser författarna att studien ger viktiga infallsvinklar i ämnet som kan vara användbara och stärka den kommande yrkesrollen. Det kan upplevas känslomässigt komplicerat att behandla patientgruppen, detta i sin tur är viktigt att följa upp och ses över av enhetschefer och ansvariga för yrkesgruppen.

Bakgrund: Intensivvård är en avancerad behandling med noggrann övervakning av kritiskt sjuka patienter. Patienterna är i ett utsatt läge och i beroendeställning av vårdpersonal såväl sina närstående. Tidigare studier tar upp vikten av delaktighet men utifrån ett patientperspektiv. Det har erfarits att närstående inte görs delaktiga i vården som de skulle kunnat vara. Det saknas även studier där närståendes delaktighet undersökts. Att vara närstående till en kritiskt sjuk person kan vara svårt och det är intensivvårdssjuksköterskans ansvar att göra de närstående delaktiga. Negativa effekter kan ske för de närstående som inte får vara delaktiga, så kallat “post-intensive care syndrom”. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att beskriva närståendes upplevelser av delaktighet i vården av en vuxen kritiskt sjuk person på intensivvårdsavdelningen. Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie med kvalitativ ansats med 15 vetenskapliga artiklar. Artiklarna har analyserats med hjälp av Bettany-Saltikov och McSherrys metod. Resultat: I resultatet framkom tre huvudkategorier: Att finnas till för patienten, Involverad i kommunikationen med vårdpersonal samt Delta i den fysiska omvårdnaden. Slutsats: Närståendes upplevelse av delaktighet har en betydande roll för intensivvården. Närstående känner sig delaktiga genom att få vara med fysiskt i omvårdnaden men även att vara passiv. De uppskattar att få information, att få valmöjligheter och på så sätt känna sig delaktiga. Närståendes delaktighet speglades även när de var nära, uppmuntrade och förde patientens talan. Att ta vara på närstående och göra dem delaktiga på intensivvårdsavdelningen är något att ta lärdom av. / Background: Intensive care involves an advanced treatment and close monitoring of critically ill patients. Patients are in a vulnerable position that depends on both their next-of-kin as well as advanced health care. Previous studies address the importance of participation but from a patient perspective. Former experiences from intensive care have pinpointed that relatives are not as involved in the care as they could be. There currently are few studies where the participation of relatives has been investigated. Being close to a critically ill person can be difficult and it is the intensive care nurse´s responsibility to involve the relatives. Negative effects can occur for the relatives who are not allowed to participate, so called “post-intensive care syndrome”.  Aim: The aim of the study was to describe relatives' experiences of participation in the care of an adult critically ill person in the intensive care unit. Method: A systematic literature study with a qualitative approach from 15 scientific articles. The articles have been analyzed using Bettany-Saltikov and McSherry´s method. Results: The results showed three main headings: To be there for the patient, Part taking in the communicational aspects with the care givers and Participate in physical care. Conclusion: Relatives' experience of participation has a significant role for intensive care. Relatives feel involved by being physically engaged in the care, but also by being passively active. They appreciate recieving information, having choices and through that feeling more involved. The participation of relatives was also reflected when they were close, encouraged and brought the patient´s voice. Taking care of relatives and making them involved in the intensive care unit is something to learn from.

Esta investigación tiene como propósito principal desarrollar un proyecto de diseño interior para la renovación del pabellón de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) del Hospital de la Policía Nacional del Perú Luis Nicasio Sáenz (Jesús María), de manera que se mejore su funcionalidad y confort. Como objetivos específicos, se plantearon proponer replanteamientos de distribución según las zonas negra, gris y blanca; proponer un diseño de iluminación que permita a los usuarios cumplir con las funciones habituales del área; y plantear un diseño que otorgue identidad, de manera que este pueda ser replicado en cada área del hospital. En esa línea, se desarrolla la problemática actual del entorno hospitalario, se conceptualiza qué es una UCI, sus características y tipos; asimismo, se expone cómo la arquitectura se articula con la humanización. En cuanto a la estrategia de diseño, esta incluye el diagnóstico, la intervención y aspectos específicos, como en el uso de colores, materiales e iluminación. Esta información se presenta mediante diversas figuras, que detallan el programa arquitectónico, el organigrama y la zonificación de espacios. Los desperfectos encontrados en el nosocomio sirven de partida para realizar la nueva propuesta de diseño. Las ideas se plantean de acuerdo con guías normativas para la implementación de una unidad tan crítica, de manera que el resultado sea un espacio que resulte funcional para el equipo del personal médico, así como confortable para los pacientes. / The main purpose of this research is to develop a project of interior design for the renovation in the pavilion of intensive care unit (ICU) of the National Police Hospital of Perú Luis Nicasio Sáenz (Jesús María), to improve its functionality and comfort. As specifics objectives, it is proposed a new distribution according to black, gray and white areas; also it is proposed a lighting design that allows users to acomplish with the usual functions of the area; and it is propose a design that give an identity, so that could be replied in different areas of the hospital. Therefore, the current problems of the hospitals are developed, the concept of a intensive care unit (ICU) is conceptualized, also its characteristics and types; additionally, it is exposed how the architecture articulates with humanization. For the design strategy, diagnostics, interventions and specific aspects, such as the use of colors, materials and lighting, are included. This information is presented in figures, which detail the architectural program, the organization chart and the zoning of the spaces. The problems found in the hospital serves as a starting point to carry out the new design proposal. The ideas are presented in accordance with normative guidelines for the implementation of a critical unit, so that result while be a space that is functional for the team of medical personnel, as well as comfortable for patients. / Tesis

Bakgrund: Intuberade patienter inom intensivvården har en hög risk för att erhålla en ventilator-associerad pneumoni (VAP). Det finns evidensbaserade riktlinjer för vuxna somförebygger VAP. För barn behövs det däremot mer forskning för att klargöra vilka omvårdnadsåtgärder som kan standardiseras. Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva vilka omvårdnadsåtgärder som förebygger VAP hos barn inom intensivvården, en litteraturöversikt. Metod: En deskriptiv litteraturstudie med kvantitativ induktiv ansats valdes. 16 kvantitativa studier analyserades med en innehållsanalys. Det samlade materialet kvalitetsgranskades med hjälp av GRADE. Resultat: Fem huvudteman identifierades utifrån studiernas resultat. Huvudteman var VAP-omvårdnadspaket, munvård med klorhexidin, skötsel av endotrakealtub, olika nutritionssonder, omvårdnadsutbildning. VAP-omvårdnadspaket och omvårdnadsutbildning visade sig statistiskt signifikant sänka VAP-prevalensen hos barn. Munvård med klorhexidin kunde inte sänka VAP-prevalensen. Slutsats: Med rätt evidensbaserad vård kan VAP-prevalensen sänkas. Forskning kring VAP-prevention till barn saknar evidens i nuläget och kan ej anses vara evidensbaserad vård. För att göra vården evidensbaserad, rekommenderas att globala riktlinjer för VAP-prevention till barn tas fram. / Background: Intubated patients admitted to an intensive care unit have a higher risk ofacquiring ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). There are evidence-based guidelines for adults that prevent VAP. For children there is a need for more research in this area to clarifywhich nursing methods can be standardized. Aim: The aim was to describe which nursing care measures prevent VAP in children admitted to the intensive care unit, a literature review. Method: A descriptive literature study with a quantitative inductive approach was used. A total of 16 quantitative studies was analysed with a content analysis. A GRADE system was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Results: Five main themes were identified from the study’s results. The main themes where VAP-care bundles, oral care with chlorhexidine, care of endotracheal tube, different nutritional catheters, and nursing care education. VAP-care bundles and nursing care education showed to have statistically and significantly lowered the prevalence of VAP in children. Oral care with Chlorhexidine did not lower the prevalence significantly of VAP. Conclusion: The prevalence of VAP can be lowered with the right evidence-based practice. At the current situation research on preventing VAP in children lack evidence and can’t be considered as evidence-based practice. To make the nursing care evidence based, it´s recommended to create global guidelines of VAP-prevention for children.

Bakgrund: Invasiv monitorering och behandling inom intensivvården ökar risken för VRI, vilket hotar patientsäkerheten. CVK-relaterad blodburen infektion utgör 20 % av infektionerna inom intensivvården och leder till ökad mortalitet. Dock anses dessa infektioner i hög grad vara undvikbara. Sjuksköterskor inom intensivvården hanterar CVK dagligen och ansvarar för att detta görs på ett patientsäkert sätt, om patientsäkerheten brister kan det leda till vårdlidande för patienten. En viktig del av patientsäkerhetsarbetet är att sammanställa kunskap om vilka åtgärder sjuksköterskor kan genomföra för att minska antalet CVK-relaterade blodburna infektioner.  Syfte: Beskriva de åtgärder som sjuksköterskor kan genomföra vid hantering av CVK för att minska frekvensen av CVK-relaterade blodburna infektioner hos vuxna patienter inom intensivvården.  Metod: Litteraturstudie med systematisk ansats av observations- och interventionsstudier. Artikelsökning genomfördes i PubMed och CINAHL. Kvalitetsgranskning genomfördes med mall från Willman, Stoltz och Bahtsevani (2011). Resultatet utformades genom narrativ syntes och presenteras i löpande text samt sammanfattande tabeller. Resultat: Baserat på 20 kvantitativa studier med fokus på vuxna patienter med CVK som vårdas på IVA beskrivs de sex kategorierna: förband, hudtvätt, hängtid, proppar och ventiler, utbildning samt åtgärdspaket. Inom alla dessa kategorier fanns studier som visade på åtgärder som ledde till minskning av CVK-relaterad blodburen infektion.  Slutsats: Denna studie tydliggör att sjuksköterskan vid CVK-hantering har möjlighet att arbeta infektionsförebyggande. Genom att använda desinfektionsproppar och injektionsventiler med desinfektionsbara membran, hudtvätt med klorhexidin, utbildning och åtgärdspaket kan sjuksköterskan således minska risken för patienters vårdlidande. Denna studie föreslår forskning av hur implementering ska ske för att öka följsamheten kring åtgärder för förebyggande av CVK-relaterad blodburen infektion. / Background: Invasive monitoring and treatment in intensive care increases the risk of healthcare associated infections, which is a threat for patient safety. Central line-associated bloodstream infection [CLABSI] accounts for 20 % of all infections in intensive care and leads to increased mortality. However, CLABSI is largely considered avoidable. Nurses in the ICU handle these devices on a daily basis and are responsible for ensuring that this is performed in a manner that complies with patient safety; lack of patient safety can cause suffering for the patient. An important part of improving patient safety is to compile knowledge about what measures nurses can implement to reduce the number of CLABSI. Aim: To describe the measures that nurses can implement when managing the central line to reduce the frequency of CLABSI in adult patients in intensive care. Method: Quantitative literature study with a systematic approach of observational and interventional studies. Search was performed in PubMed and CINAHL. Quality review was conducted using templates from Willman, Stoltz and Bahtsevani (2011). The results were developed through narrative synthesis and presented in text and summary tables. Results: Based on 20 quantitative studies focusing on adult patients with central lines cared for at the ICU, the six described categories are: dressings, bathing, hang time, port protectors and connectors, education and bundles. In all these categories, there were studies that showed measures that led to a reduction in CLABSI. Conclusion: This study clarifies that the nurse in central line-management has the opportunity to prevent infection. By using port protectors and connectors with disinfectable membranes, bathing with chlorhexidine, education and bundles, the nurse can therefore reduce the risk of patients suffering from care. This study proposes research on how implementation should take place to increase compliance with measures for the prevention of CLABSI.

Team collaboration is a fundamental part of Quality Management (QM), and working together successfully is an important part of improving an organization. Team collaboration is also essential for achieving quality of care, patient safety and care continuity, especially when handling critically ill patients. Transferring a patient from an intensive care unit (ICU) to a general ward demands planning, communication, competence, a system view, and a quality culture. This patient transfer process, called ICU transitional care, extends across hospital boundaries, which have different organizational cultures, technologies, and knowledge. It is a challenge to manage these differences in order for team collaboration to meet the needs of patients, relatives and co-workers. To achieve this, further research is required to understand how care teams, both within hospital units and between organizational boundaries, can collaborate more successfully and efficiently to achieve quality of care in the ICU transitional care process. The overall purpose of this thesis is to contribute to a deeper understanding of how to improve team collaboration within ICU transitional care aiming to increase quality of care. To achieve this, four research questions were formulated and three case studies conducted. In the first case, a systematic literature review was performed to explore the extent to which Quality Management and Nursing Science can offer complementary perspectives to provide better quality of care by looking at Quality Management core concepts and tools. Findings from this study revealed, among other things, a need for further research on team collaboration in ICU transitional care. The purpose of the second study was to develop and test a questionnaire aiming to measure the perception of team collaboration in the patient transfer process from the ICU to the general ward. This study also aimed to analyze the results to see how the questionnaire could help improve team collaboration within ICU transitional care. Empirical data were collected from two ICUs at two hospitals. Participants at the ICUs answered the developed questionnaire, and the results showed that it could be used for measuring perceived team collaboration in this patient transfer process. The results from the questionnaire also gave insights that might be useful for improving team collaboration in this ICU transitional care process. The purposes of the third study were, first, to describe how co-workers’, within a team, perceived team collaboration in patient transfers from ICU to general wards and, second, to describe co-workers’ suggestions for an improved future state of team collaboration. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted at two hospitals to answer the two questions. There were several findings from the study, and the results indicated that team collaboration has an important role when creating prerequisites for a holistic view of the process, and that there was a perceived need among the co-workers to improve team collaboration over organizational boundaries. Co-workers also expressed a need for more involving patients and relatives when improving team collaboration.   Four overarching conclusions can be drawn from this research. Firstly, Quality Management is used in ICU transitional care to improve the quality of care. Secondly, multi-professional team collaboration is perceived to be easier and better developed within hospital units than between them. Collaborating in teams between hospital units is challenging for several reasons. Some reasons are unclarity in routines for communication and decision-making, for example who decides what.  A third conclusion is the importance of how teams and team collaboration are defined and structured in ICU transitional care. This involves roles and responsibilities of teams. Teams have specific characteristics that are important for their performance. A fourth conclusion is an expressed need to involve patients and relatives more when it comes to improve team collaboration in ICU transitional care. The main findings from the three studies presented in this thesis have given insight and deeper understanding of how co-workers perceive team collaboration within ICU transitional care at two hospitals located in Sweden, and co-workers’ suggestions for how team collaboration can be improved aiming to increase quality of care. / <p>Vid tidpunkten för framläggningen av avhandlingen var följande delarbete opublicerat: delarbete 3 (inskickat).</p><p>At the time of the defence the following paper was unpublished: paper 3 (submitted).</p>