Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-10-19T12:10:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ALEXANDRE XAVIER VIEIRA BRAGA_.pdf: 1455154 bytes, checksum: e0ea785c5884f34e662fc1ee802dc095 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-19T12:10:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALEXANDRE XAVIER VIEIRA BRAGA_.pdf: 1455154 bytes, checksum: e0ea785c5884f34e662fc1ee802dc095 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-22 / Nenhuma / Embora existam investigações teóricas e empíricas sobre consórcio modular, estudos sobre as relações entre os modulistas, o fluxo de informações e a Gestão Interorganizacional de Custos (GIC) em arranjos de consórcio modular são embrionários. O consórcio modular e a GIC induzem as empresas a ultrapassar as fronteiras organizacionais, no intuito de permitir que toda a cadeia de valor se torne mais eficiente. A presente tese, configurada com um Estudo de Caso com Objetos Incorporados, defende a possibilidade de aceitação que a associação entre consórcio modular e GIC promove mútuo aprendizado e maior redução dos custos globais de operações na cadeia de valor automobilística, do que adotadas isoladamente. Entende-se que as abordagens adotadas pelo consórcio modular de Resende (modularização e GIC) são complementares e incluem diversos fatores comuns, tal como a partilha de projetos de P&D, entrosamento de seus funcionários em outras empresas, sistemas integrados de informações, transferência de conhecimento, bem como a necessidade de desenvolvimento de uma gestão interorganizacional mais eficiente. Neste contexto, o consórcio modular constitui-se em um elemento facilitador do processo de GIC, pois o custo admissível dos componentes é definido por equipes interorganizacionais de trabalho, que incluem design de produto, engenharia, compras e engenharia de produção. Assim, as empresas demonstram possuir uma relação de alta interdependência. Porém resta evidente que, nem sempre, os benefícios são compartilhados entre todos os atores envolvidos, em função da assimetria de poder entre a MAN e os modulistas. No que tange à troca de informações de custos os achados indicam forte ocorrência desta iniciativa, porém somente dos modulistas para a MAN. As evidências empíricas obtidas no presente estudo denotam o uso de poder pela MAN aos seus modulistas. O uso do poder pode favorecer a divulgação de dados de custos pelos modulistas, mas isso não garante o êxito da GIC em toda sua plenitude. Essa é uma limitação para a aplicabilidade da GIC através do open book accounting. / Although there are theoretical and empirical research on modular consortium, studies on the relationship between modulists, the flow of information and the Interorganizational Cost Management (IOCM) in modular consortium arrangements are embryonic. The modular consortium and IOCM induce companies to overcome organizational boundaries in order to allow the entire value chain becomes more efficient. This thesis, configured how a Case Study with Embedded Objects, defends the possibility of accepting that the association between modular consortium and IOCM promotes mutual learning and further reducing overall operating costs in the automotive value chain, rather than taken alone. It is understood that the approaches adopted by the modular consortium in Resende (modularization and IOCM) are complementary and include several common factors, such as the sharing of R&D projects, meshing of its employees in other companies, integrated information systems, knowledge transfer as well as the need to develop a more efficient inter management. In this context, modular consortium is on a facilitator of the IOCM process because the allowable cost of the components is defined by inter-working teams, which include product design, engineering, procurement and production engineering. Thus, companies have shown a high interdependent relationship. But it is evident that not always, the benefits are shared between all the actors involved, due to the asymmetry of power between MAN and modulists. Regarding the exchange of the findings indicate a strong occurrence cost information of this initiative, but only the modulists for MAN. The empirical evidence obtained in this study denote the use of power by MAN to its modulists. The use of power may favor disclosure by modulists cost data, but this does not guarantee the success of IOCM in all its fullness. This is a limitation to the applicability of IOCM through open book accounting.

Mobila betalningslösningar har blivit allt populärare och för att banker inte ska tappa konkurrenskraft behöver de införa olika mobila betalningslösningar som efterfrågas av bankernas kunder. En utmaning vid införande av mobila betalningslösningar är att det är många aktörer som är delaktiga i införandeprocessen. För att lyckas väl med införandet är samordning och samarbete mellan de olika aktörerna viktigt. När flera team samarbetar mot ett gemensamt mål är det vanligt att problem uppstår gällande att anpassa målen mellan teamen och det kan uppstå motstridiga mål mellan teamen vilket kan påverka kommunikationen, beslutsfattande och ömsesidigt förtroende. När flera team måste förlita sig på andras arbete för att få sitt eget arbete utfört finns också risk att mellanmänskliga konflikter uppstår, vilket kan leda till suboptimala resultat. Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats i informatik är att identifiera, beskriva och förklara framgångsfaktorer för en mellanprojektsrelation mellan kundens projektgrupp och systemleverantörens projektgrupp, och mellanmänskliga relationer inom respektive projektgrupp, vid införande av mobila betalningslösningar. Fallstudiemetoden har tillämpats och en litteraturstudie har genomförts. Utifrån litteraturstudien har en analysmodell utformats. Primära empiriska data har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer via Teams. Fem intervjuer med projektmedlemmar från Ålandsbankens och Crosskeys projektgrupper har utförts. Studiens viktigaste slutsatser är att följande framgångsfaktorer är särskilt betydelsefulla för bättre relationer: en öppen och tydlig kommunikation under hela projektet genom att projektmedlemmarna enkelt kan kontakta varandra utanför mötestider, genast tar upp oklarheter och alla projektmedlemmar tydligt informeras om vad som händer. Projektledarnas roll är också avgörande: de behöver vara engagerade och ha en högre grad av kommunikationsförmåga. Tidigare samarbete mellan projektmedlemmar medför att det redan från början av projektet finns ett ömsesidigt förtroende mellan projektgrupperna och individerna vilket också uppfattas som en viktig framgångsfaktor. Projektgruppernas storlek påverkar relationerna genom att en mindre grupp leder till att projektmedlemmarna har tydligare ansvarsområden, kommunikationen är enklare och det är lättare att samarbeta. Kunskapsbidraget från denna genomförda studie är tre indikatorer som lagts till i min modifierade analysmodell: Grad av tydlighet, Grad av öppenhet och Grad av tidigare samarbete.

In the context of sustainable supply networks, this research analyzes the evolution of governance mechanisms and network structure, including the interplay between network conditions, context factors, positional power and managerial actions. The study reports on a longitudinal empirical research on a multi-stakeholder sustainable sourcing network established by Nespresso, Nestlé’s specialty coffee subsidiary. The research analyzes both dyadic and multi-actor network dynamics and proposes a framework to study network evolution. Social network analysis techniques are also used to measure evolution of the network's structure and complexity as well as positional power opportunities. The research shows that in the initial start-up phase, in a context marked by uncertainty, pre-existing commercial and personal relationships were favoured in the choice of partners. These pre-existing relationships were also influential in defining the initial network structure and supporting an initial phase of exploration. Governance mechanisms initially relied mostly on informal mechanisms, while formal mechanisms were incorporated over time to enable the supply chain network to grow and to provide clarity to all actors. As the sustainability programme network expanded in size and complexity, Nespresso, the lead organization, also acted on the network's structure by introducing regional offices, thus increasing network centralization and reducing complexity. Power derived by actors occupying central or brokerage positions in multiplex networks also influenced power relationships in the sustainability network by moderating or expanding the power opportunities available to central actors. The research has implications for both the Inter-organizational Relationship and the Social Network Theory literatures. In contrast with prior literature, the research proposes that in conditions of uncertainty, the use of informal governance mechanisms can facilitate a search and experimentation process. Formalization of governance mechanisms can be used, not as a repair mechanism, but rather as an enabler for further growth and efficiency. The research also extends the concept of network complexity and proposes that network managers can reduce this complexity by introducing or managing nodes that in turn contribute to the re-centralization of relationships towards specific nodes. Lastly, the research has implications for managers and proposes mapping of existing commercial and personal relationships as a potentially valuable tool in the creation and management of networks, adapting coordination mechanisms to the objectives of the relationship and actively managing the network's structure as a mechanism to enable network growth and efficiency.

The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to understanding of the effect of organizational context on supply chain integration. One result is a context- based model that can provide support for practitioners regarding what level of integration to establish with suppliers and customers. Given the notion that most organizations are dependent on other organizations, it leads to a need for not only cross-functional integration but also for integration across organizational boundaries. However, in many organizations the level of integration with suppliers and customers is often inappropriate, inefficient and limited mainly to dyadic integration of order processing and operational scheduling. The existing literature provides only a limited insight concerning the essential circumstances for the integration and the slow growth of the implementation of inter-organizational integration has been attributed primarily to lack of guidelines for creating business relationships with supply chain partners. In the literature, “the more integration the better performance” solutions have often been presented without consideration of very complex internal and external organizational environments of involved companies. During recent years, questions have been raised regarding the nature of integration with suppliers and customers and the extent to which it can be accomplished. Instead of all-encompassing integration, selectivity has been suggested in terms of what level of integration should be applied to each link of the supply chain. The problem for an organization is not to find “one best way”; rather it is to search for solutions that advance integration and differentiation simultaneously. Preferable level of integration depends on many contextual factors associated with e.g. focal company, industry, competitive environment, and nature and type of products. However, in the previous research the focus has primarily been on studying single or limited sets of contextual factors and their impact on integration. These results are often fragmented, leading to multiple frameworks and models. A unifying model providing recommendations in terms of what level of integration to establish with suppliers and customers considering organization’s specific circumstances is desirable. In this study, a large number of contextual factors of integration with suppliers and customers were identified and structured. Additionally, the relationship between these factors and level of the integration was clarified. The study is based on the Grounded Theory methodology. To understand the effect of context on level of integration, two supply chains (triads) from two different industries - medical devices and fast moving consumer goods - have been selected as core samples. Findings are based on in-depth analysis of qualitative data obtained from fourteen interviews with practitioners such as CEOs, SC managers, sales managers, purchasing managers, and logisticians. Following the Grounded Theory methodology, the analysis of the collected data was conducted in three major rounds divided into six steps. The results were compared with a theoretical frame of reference. The main result of this study is a model that describes the relationship between contextual factors and integration activities with suppliers and customers. The findings suggest that the assumption of a fit between context and integration of the Structural Contingency Theory is applicable also from an inter-organizational perspective. The model can be applied to contextual factors both external and internal to an organization. It is supplemented by structured lists of identified contextual factors and integration activities. Recalling the notion of fit between value of contextual factors and level of integration with suppliers and customers, it can be stated that even low levels of integration can be appropriate as long as they are consistent with the values of certain factors representing organizational context. Furthermore, the model adds to existing models and frameworks as it can be used as a diagnostic tool. Applying this model, an organization can evaluate if current levels of integration fit with the corresponding values of contextual factors. Furthermore, the model support identification of misfits between values of contextual factors and present level of integration and it provides an opportunity to adjust or reevaluate the current levels of integration. The model, in combination with the lists of contextual factors and integration activities, can then be used to develop corrective actions in order to regain the desired fit. Intention of this study was to identify and analyze integration of triads in the studied supply chains, commonly known as Supply chain integration. However, this scope of integration has not been found, which is in line with previous research indicating that triadic integration is rare. To reflect the actual situation in more accurate way it is suggested to use the term Inter-organizational integration, implying dyadic scope of integration, rather than Supply chain integration.

In the context of sustainable supply networks, this research analyzes the evolution of governance mechanisms and network structure, including the interplay between network conditions, context factors, positional power and managerial actions. The study reports on a longitudinal empirical research on a multi-stakeholder sustainable sourcing network established by Nespresso, Nestlé’s specialty coffee subsidiary. The research analyzes both dyadic and multi-actor network dynamics and proposes a framework to study network evolution. Social network analysis techniques are also used to measure evolution of the network’s structure and complexity as well as positional power opportunities. The research shows that in the initial start-up phase, in a context marked by uncertainty, pre-existing commercial and personal relationships were favoured in the choice of partners. These pre-existing relationships were also influential in defining the initial network structure and supporting an initial phase of exploration. Governance mechanisms initially relied mostly on informal mechanisms, while formal mechanisms were incorporated over time to enable the supply chain network to grow and to provide clarity to all actors. As the sustainability programme network expanded in size and complexity, Nespresso, the lead organization, also acted on the network’s structure by introducing regional offices, thus increasing network centralization and reducing complexity. Power derived by actors occupying central or brokerage positions in multiplex networks also influenced power relationships in the sustainability network by moderating or expanding the power opportunities available to central actors. The research has implications for both the Inter-organizational Relationship and the Social Network Theory literatures. In contrast with prior literature, the research proposes that in conditions of uncertainty, the use of informal governance mechanisms can facilitate a search and experimentation process. Formalization of governance mechanisms can be used, not as a repair mechanism, but rather as an enabler for further growth and efficiency. The research also extends the concept of network complexity and proposes that network managers can reduce this complexity by introducing or managing nodes that in turn contribute to the re-centralization of relationships towards specific nodes. Lastly, the research has implications for managers and proposes mapping of existing commercial and personal relationships as a potentially valuable tool in the creation and management of networks, adapting coordination mechanisms to the objectives of the relationship and actively managing the network’s structure as a mechanism to enable network growth and efficiency.

In order to create sustainable competitive advantages, organizations are embedded in dyadic exchange relationships, which depend on the coordination of the behavior of the actors involved. Often, coordinated behavior is explained by trust. Since trust develops in a process of reciprocal responses to presumed trustworthy behavior, it is a reciprocity-based concept. While inter-organizational exchange relationships can appear in different stages (forming, establishing, broken), different reciprocity types (direct, indirect, negative) can be distinguished. The study links reciprocal behavior to different stages of inter-organizational exchange relationships in order to investigate reciprocity as a possible coordination mechanism of behavior and thus explore the basis of coordination of trust-based behavior. Qualitative Comparative Analysis as a set-theoretic approach is applied to analyze the empirical data consisting of 78 qualitative semi-structured interviews with managers of small-, medium- and large-sized companies. The results show that different reciprocity types become effective in different stages of an inter-organizational exchange relationship: For forming inter-organizational exchange relationships indirect reciprocal behavior, besides direct reciprocity, becomes effective while in establishing inter-organizational exchange relationships, direct reciprocal behavior is evident. Negative reciprocal behavior leads to a break up of relationships. Using these results, on the one hand, the concept of trust can be sharpened by deepening the understanding of the trust-building mechanisms and on the other hand, reciprocity can be seen as coordination mechanism in exchange relationships of different stages. In doing so, with this knowledge, relationships can be coordinated towards a long-term orientation in order to create sustainable advantages.

Esse trabalho tem como objetivo principal avaliar o atual cenário de biotecnologia no Brasil em termos econômicos, políticos e institucionais e, com base nessas informações, avaliar as condições pré-existentes que favorecem a implantação de uma rede inter-organizacional de empresas de biotecnologia no Brasil. Para que fosse possível tal avaliação foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica que trouxe informações sobre: a biotecnologia enquanto oportunidade de negócio; os cenários nacional e internacional de biotecnologia; as características das empresas de base tecnológica e de biotecnologia no Brasil; os principais conceitos de rede de cooperação; o atual ambiente e as políticas para inovação e estímulo ao desenvolvimento da biotecnologia no Brasil. Para validar o quadro conceitual realizou-se pesquisa de campo com o estudo da recente experiência da BRBiotec - Rede Brasileira de Empresas de Biotecnologia, que, nasce com o propósito de dinamizar as várias cadeias produtivas que utilizam a biotecnologia no Brasil. Adotou-se, para coleta de informações de campo, sistematização e interpretação dos dados metodologia quantitativa e qualitativa combinadas, na forma de questionário eletrônico. Os resultados obtidos apontam para a necessidade de institucionalização de uma rede como instrumento essencial para a consolidação da biotecnologia no Brasil, envolvendo, não somente organismos públicos, mas principalmente organizações empresariais. / This work has as main purpose the evaluation of the current biotechnology scenery in Brazil in economical, political and institutional terms and, based on those information, to evaluate the pre-existent conditions that favor the implantation of an inter-organizational net of biotechnology companies in Brazil. In order to make possible such evaluation it was accomplished a bibliographical review that brought information on: biotechnology as a business opportunity; the national and international biotechnology sceneries; the characteristics of the technological based companies and the biotechnology in Brazil; the main concepts of cooperation net; the current atmosphere and the politics for innovation and incentive to the development of the biotechnology in Brazil. To validate the conceptual picture a field research about the recent experience of BRBiotec - Brazilian Net of Companies of Biotechnology took place. This net was born with the purpose of impelling the several productive chains that use the biotechnology in Brazil. It was adopted, for collection of field information, systemization and interpretation of the data and quantitative and qualitative methodology combined as electronic questionnaire. The obtained results point to the need of institutionalization of a net as essential instrument for the consolidation of the biotechnology in Brazil, involving, not only public organization, but mainly business organizations.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:40:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA MARINALVA PINHEIRO BARROS.pdf: 1239839 bytes, checksum: 7ab8a95c4624597ade3f07dd316c8633 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-15 / Since the globalization age it has been discussed about companies learning necessity, and learning has not seen only as a source of competitive advantage for organizations, but also a great requisite for innovation in services and production process in companies. The development of business associations follow this trend as a result of some learn practices in organizational and in inter-organizational areas are developed among the group, in a shared way, aiming to link skills and competencies to achieve specific results. Thus, this work has the main objective to investigate what are the main learning in inter-organizational and innovation practices that there are in associated organizations in the Union clothing manufacturers networking in Taquaral - Goias and region (ÚNICA - Goiás), it is trying to understand how they occur. Therefore , the theoretical framework focused on topics related to the network business cooperation, organizational skills , organizational and inter-organizational learning, organizational knowledge creation and collaborative innovation as well as the relating aspects to the inter- learning practices . As a research strategy it was used some qualitative and quantitative survey through case study. The results have shown that the actors, especially SEBRAE - GO, had an important role in the perceived benefits, such as: economies of scale, learning and knowledge and innovation. It was observed that learning in the networking has made possible the accumulation of valuable skills and knowledge for the ÚNICA associated with the companies improvement. It was observed that the shared knowledge among them were that brought more benefits on the production process, suppliers, raw materials, technology and market. It was noticed that the networking does not answer the expectations of its members through a strategic definition in their objectives and that there is not a regular participation of its members at ÚNICA meetings. Moreover, they do not adopt tools as: shopping center and, shared marketing. / Desde o surgimento da globalização debate-se a necessidade sobre as empresas aprenderem, sendo a aprendizagem vista não apenas como fonte de vantagem competitiva para as organizações, mas também pré-requisito para a inovação em serviços e processo de produção nas empresas. O desenvolvimento de associações empresariais segue essa tendência, na medida em que, as práticas de aprendizagem organizacional e interorganizacionais são desenvolvidas entre o grupo, de forma compartilhada, visando unir capacidades e competências para o alcance de resultados específicos. Assim, esta dissertação tem como objetivo geral investigar quais as principais práticas de aprendizagem interorganizacional e inovação existentes nas organizações associadas na rede União dos Confeccionistas de Taquaral-Goiás e região (ÚNICA-GOIÁS), buscando compreender como as mesmas ocorrem. Para tanto, o referencial teórico enfocou tópicos referentes à rede de cooperação empresarial, competências organizacionais, aprendizagem organizacional e interorganizacional, criação do conhecimento organizacional e inovação colaborativa bem como aspectos relativos às práticas de aprendizagem interorganizacionais. Como estratégia investigativa optou-se por uma pesquisa com abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa mediante estudo de caso. Os resultados mostraram que os atores, principalmente o SEBRAE-GO, teve um papel fundamental para os benefícios percebidos, tais como: ganhos de escala, aprendizagem e conhecimento e inovação. Observou-se que aprendizagem na rede possibilitou o acúmulo de competências e conhecimentos valiosos para melhorias das empresas associadas ÚNICA. Verificou-se que os conhecimentos compartilhados entre elas que mais trouxeram benefícios foram sobre processo de produção, fornecedores, matéria-prima, tecnologias e mercado. Verificou-se ainda que a rede não atenda de forma igualitária aos anseios dos seus associados a respeito de uma definição conjunta de objetivos estratégicos e que não existe uma participação assídua dos associados nas assembléias gerais da ÚNICA. Além disso, não adotam ferramentas tais como: central de compra, marketing compartilhado.

A problemática fundamental desta pesquisa está alicerçada na falta de um modelo conceitual de análise da aplicação da Gestão de Custos Interorganizacionais, visto que os autores pesquisados não propõem um modelo conceitual definido. Assim, o que se fez nesse trabalho foi, através de uma análise crítica e argumentativa, sistematizar o conhecimento sobre Gestão de Custos Interorganizacionais e comparar a aderência dos fatores condicionantes, reportados na literatura, com observações realizadas em duas cadeias de organizações distintas. Desse modo, o estudo desenvolveu um exercício cientifico formal, organizando e sistematizando uma estrutura teórica. Tendo como elemento metodológico predominante o estudo de caso, realizou-se uma análise em duas cadeias de organizações que estão no setor de prestação de serviços corporativos. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, utilizou-se de diversas fontes de dados e informações: levantamento bibliográfico, roteiro de entrevistas, observação direta e análise de relatórios. Como resultado verificou-se que os fatores condicionantes são cinco: produtos, componentes, níveis de relacionamento, tipos de cadeia e mecanismos. A pesquisa também relacionou esses fatores teóricos com as práticas das duas empresas alvo deste estudo. / The fundamental approach of this research lies on the lack of a conceptual model designed to analyze the application of the Interorganizational Cost Management as the authors researched fail to propose a defined conceptual model. As a consequence, this research, through argumentative and critical reviews, systematizes the knowledge of the Interorganizational Cost Management and checks the adherence to the conditioning factors, as reported in the literature, against the findings from two chains of distinct organizations. Accordingly, the study developed a formal scientific exercise by arranging and systemizing a theoretical framework. Based on case studies as the prevailing methodological element, a study was conducted on two chains of organizations operating in the segment of corporate service provision. So as to meet the proposed goal, several sources of data and information were used: bibliography survey, interview plan, direct observation and report review. As a result, five conditioning factors have been found out: products, components, relation levels, types of chains and mechanisms. The research has also related such theoretical factors to the procedures adopted by the two companies addressed herein.

This dissertation is about the in/stability over time of a contract-based inter-organizational relationship (IOR) which existed mostly under conditions of government monopsony (MG). The MG consisted of the institutional arrangements between the NHS and Higher Education sectors in England for the provision of education for the NHS non-medical professional workforce. The IOR was between the NHS education buyer (the ‘GM’) and Middlesex University (MU). An agent-centred historical institutionalism was used as the overall approach in the inquiry. The main components of the approach were resource dependence theory, concepts of historical dependence, and events in the IOR and its institutional and organizational environments. A multi-dimensional concept of IOR in/stability from the standpoints of the GM and MU which was grounded in the practices of the IOR was constructed. The inquiry traced the origins and subsequent development of the MG and the in/stability of the IOR over an 18 year period, 1995 - 2013. The main findings of the inquiry were: (1) The IOR originated in, and continued to exist mostly under conditions of MG (2) The IOR became less stable over time from the standpoint of MU; reductions in IOR stability occurred in dimensions of risk relating to the future performance of the IOR (3) Instability and threatened instability in the IOR were brought about mostly by the exercise of power by the GM and by the power dependence responses of MU. The thesis developed in the dissertation is that instability and threatened instability in the IOR were due mostly to a power imbalance in the IOR, in favour of the GM, between the GM and MU. The source of that power imbalance was a combination of: • The resource dependency of MU on the IOR • The conditions of MG and bilateral monopoly under which the IOR existed. The dissertation is concluded with a critique of MG as a technique for public sector management. Recommendations are made for new NHS-HE inter-sector and IOR arrangements to be established which take account of power imbalances and relations of mutual dependence between stakeholders. Recommendations for further research are also made.