Le développement de l’intercommunalité donne lieu à des recompositions territoriales et gouvernementales majeures. Les élus se confrontent alors à l’exercice complexe de la coopération et à la définition d’un projet territorial. Il s’agira d’étudier la coopération intercommunale au regard des apprentissages (techniques, politiques et territoriaux) opérés par les maires. Ce propos est illustré par l’étude de l’agglomération toulousaine qui, fragmentée en trois communautés d’agglomérations ou urbaine, donne à voir des territoires plus ou moins avancés dans le mouvement d’intégration communautaire. A cette occasion, plus de 80 maires, ainsi que des responsables techniques, ont été interrogés. / The development of the inter-municipal cooperation gives rise to some major territorial and governmental reorganization. The elected in charge are then confronted to the complex exercise of the inter-municipal cooperation and the definition of a territorial project. It will be a question of studying the inter-municipal cooperation towards the technical, political and territorial apprenticeships operated by the mayors. That is illustrated by the study of the Toulouse city région, which is splited in three communities of town : it shows more or less advanced territories in the movement of community integration. Some technical managers and more than eighty mayors were asked about that.

The aim of the thesis was to describe the impacts of economic crisis on municipalities of the Microregion Horní Vltava Boubínsko.

The thesis is focused on the possibilities of municipal cooperation in the Czech Republic, specifically on voluntary groups of municipalities. The aim is to analyse their activities and the advantages they bring to the involved municipalities. In the theoretical part, the various possibilities of municipal cooperation are generally outlined. Further, some important terms and aspects of regional development and municipal cooperation are explained, including the most important preconditions for such cooperation. In the practical part two examples of municipal cooperation are shown - The group of municipalities of the river Desná valley and Jesenicko Micro-region. Basic information about those subjects, their formation and activities including their most important projects can be found in here. The last two chapters deal with comparison of both micro-regions, especially in the fields of fundraising and management. They include also the results of the structured interviews with some of the representatives of involved municipalities and the data gained from a survey carried out among the citizens of some of those municipalities.

Earlier research on the topic of inter-municipal cooperation (IMC) seems to be standing on ground too fragmented to constitute a solid basis for future research. Additionally, this research seems to be far too generic and not sufficiently detailed for any municipality to make reasonable use of. Therefore, the existing knowledge is reviewed and put together in a manner that makes the identified determinants of IMC sufficiently complarable so as to enable proper and exhaustive deliberation on the matter. Once this question is settled for the time being, the determinants themselves are examined as to their own determinants, related mechanisms and how these variables all relate to each other. The attained results are not enough to generate any widely generalizable conclusions. However, the combination of exhaustive width and detailed empirical descriptions makes for a basis that somewhat enables the construction of a tentative framework for understanding the drivers behind IMC and their nature.

For municipalities to address challenges that come alongside a population decrease, inter-municipal cooperation is seen as an effective measure but, as this thesis shows, it comes not without a cost. This essay's thesis strives to investigate in what ways inter-municipal cooperation affects democratic legitimacy. To do so, a document analysis is applied on a large number of different relevant documents such as audit reports, annual reports and board minutes. The documents are analyzed through a lens of three legitimating dimensions, input, throughput and output. The analysis results in several interesting observations. Firstly, by being part of a joint committee, the municipality receives a lower input-value. Secondly, there are tendencies that when entering inter-municipal cooperation, the operation becomes less transparent and thereby obtains a low throughput-value. Thirdly, there are weak tendencies that inter-municipal cooperation causes the operation to work somewhat more efficiently and will thereby obtain slightly higher output-value. The analysis concludes that yes, the democratic legitimacy does get affected by inter-municipal cooperation, but whether it is for the better or worse depends on the individual trade-off between the values.

La question des disparités territoriales, pourtant ancienne, se pose aujourd'hui de manière accrue et renouvelée avec l'ouverture européenne et la globalisation qui induisent une concurrence des territoires toujours plus forte. Or, si celle-ci n'est pas maîtrisée, les conséquences peuvent se révéler importantes en termes de cohésion spatiale. Ainsi, une réflexion approfondie sur les outils de traitement de la question sensible des disparités territoriales s'avère tout à la fois pertinente et nécessaire. Nous retenons ici deux types d'intervention publique qui peuvent apparaître aujourd'hui comme les outils les plus significatifs de réduction des disparités territoriales et que nous étudions dans un contexte de mobilité interrégionale. La thèse est donc organisée autour de deux parties bien distinctes, mais complémentaires quant au fond. La Partie I traite de la péréquation financière comme outil de réduction des disparités territoriales. Le Chapitre 1 a pour vocation d'offrir une revue approfondie et raisonnée de la littérature sur la péréquation financière dans un contexte de mobilité des agents économiques et par conséquent dans une perspective d'efficacité économique. Le Chapitre 2 s'inscrit dans la suite du premier et étudie la capacité d'un système transparent de péréquation financière à restaurer l'efficacité économique. La Partie II de la thèse s'intéresse quant à elle à un second instrument de réduction des disparités territoriales, la coopération intercommunale et à son implication sur la pression fiscale. Le Chapitre 3 évalue cette question d'un point de vue théorique tandis que le Chapitre 4 consiste en une analyse empirique appliquée au cas Français. / The question of territorial disparities, although not a new one, appears to be a very topical issue with European opening and globalization. If the higher competition between territories that arises in this context is not controlled, the consequences can be extremely important in terms of social cohesion. Thereby, a detailed analysis about the instruments used to deal with the sensitive issue of territorial disparities is both relevant and necessary. We then focus on two types of public intervention that appear as the most important instruments used in the reduction of territorial disparities and that we analyze in a context of mobility. The thesis is then organized in two parts that are distinct but complement each other. The Part I is interested in the issue of fiscal equalization as a device to reduce fiscal disparities. The Chapter 1 provides a detailed survey of literature on equalization payments in a context of economic agents' mobility and therefore in an economic efficiency perspective. The Chapter 2 is in line with the first one and analyses the ability of a transparent equalization scheme to be efficiency enhancing. The Part II of the thesis studies a second instrument reduction of territorial disparities, inter-municipal cooperation, and its impact on fiscal pressure. The Chapter 3 look at this issue from a theoretical point of view, while the Chapter 4 is an empirical analysis applied to the French case.

The theme of this diploma thesis will be an introduction of a process of municipalities involvement in international relationships for which a term paradiplomacy has been established. The aim of the thesis is to point out the origins of formation of intercommunal cooperation between the villages of canton Bern and South Bohemia. A case study of a chosen South Bohemian city Sezimovo Ústí and Swiss village Thierachern will be used. Mapping of the first steps in the nineties of the twentieth century which lead to relationship establishment and its progressive development until now will be necessary. Interviews with representatives of both municipalities using an oral history method will become an integral part of this thesis. Methods of politology, history and sociology will be used to write this diploma thesis.

Au début de la décennie 2000, en France, les intercommunalités d'agglomération deviennent compétentes afin d'élaborer les politiques urbaines de transport et de déplacements. Ce changement pose la question des objectifs prioritaires assignés à ces politiques urbaines. Pour qui et pour quoi sont élaborées les politiques urbaines de transport et de déplacements ? Ce travail de thèse pose l'hypothèse d'une différenciation des objectifs prioritaires de ces politiques urbaines selon l'histoire sociale, économique et urbaine des territoires urbains. La confrontation systématique des objectifs prioritaires des politiques urbaines de transport et de déplacements aux identités territoriales des territoires intercommunaux aboutit au résultat central de ce travail, à savoir une opposition idéale typique de la substance des politiques urbaines de transport et de déplacements. D'un côté, des territoires à l'histoire ouvrière et industrielle, en quête de solidarité, déploient des politiques urbaines de transport et de déplacements qui s'emploient à réactualiser la dimension sociale de la mobilité dans un contexte de ville motorisée. De l'autre côté, des territoires à l'histoire bourgeoise, en quête d'attractivité, déploient des politiques de transport et de déplacements dominées par l'impératif du rayonnement et de l'attractivité de la ville-centre à l'échelle de la région urbaine. Ce résultat de recherche interroge directement les registres de la solidarité métropolitaines qui émergeront de la future métropole Aix-Marseille-Provence. / During the first decade of the 21 century, in France, responsibility for the planning of urban transportation and mobility policies was transferred to the inter-municipal institutions. This major evolution now raises the question of the priorities assigned to these urban policies. For whom and why are these urban transport and mobility policies developed? In this context, this thesis is based on the assumption of a diferentiation in these urban policies priorities related to the social, economic and urban history of the urban territories. We will first describe the four supra-communal Marseille Urban Region identities. Then we will analyze the urban public transit and parking regulation policies implemented since the early 2000s by these four inter-municipal institutions. The systematic confrontation of these urban identities with the key objectives of these urban transport and mobility policies brings us to the central result of this work: a typical ideal opposition of the substance of these urban policies. On the one hand, industrial and working class territories, seeking more solidarity, develop urban transport and mobility policies putting forward the social dimension of mobility in a motorized city context. On the other hand, the bourgeois territories, in search of more attractiveness, devise urban transport and mobility policies dominated by the imperative of influence and attractiveness of the core city over the urban region. This research result directly brings up questions about the nature of the metropolitan solidarity that will emerge from the future Aix-Marseille-Provence metropolitan institution.

My research problem is that there are different ways to organize a chief guardians office at the same time as the Deputy Inquiry (2021:36) gives suggestions on making one type of organization form mandatory. The chief guardians are not uniform and the muncipalities can organize their chief guardians office in different ways. At the same time, the Deputy Inquiry (2021:36) have given a proposals to restrict municipal self government in order to ensure increased quality and legal certainty in the exercise of authority through a certain type of organization.The purpose of my thesis is to shed light on muncicipalities choice of organizational form for their chief guardians office and officials perceptions of its advantages and disadvantages of the same. The thesis theoretical framework is partly organizations as instruments, partly the values of democray, rule of law and efficiency. I use a qualitative reserach design where my material consists of interviews and public documents. My conclusion is that there are different reasons/purposes for the chosen forms of organization. The purposes are not identical with each other. The purposes also differs between whether the chief guardians office is conducted in-house or through collaboration.My thesis shows that the pros and cons of the different types of form of organization differs.Regardless of whether the organization is in collaboration or under its own auspeices, the bord of chief guardian or chief guardian can contribute to organizational structures that can have different advantages and disadvantages. Chief guardians that are organized via intermunicipal collboration can easily recruit personel, has judicial competence and has more personel. They also contribute to increased uniformity over a larger geographic area. But they can also have negative effects such as can be derived from structure. An unexpected but interesting finding that emerged during my work is to be ”made visible”. In my analysis Iargue that democracy maybe is the value that underlies efficieny and rule of law.There are perceptions about a most appropriate way to organize the chief guardians office of. My conclusion is that the joint committe is perceived to be the most appropriate form of organization.

This thesis focuses on the issue of the development of the Šumava National Park, which is in the long-term determined by external political and social circumstances. In terms of the local development there are defined key actors whose activities and level of their cooperation affects the quality of social capital, which influences the character of horizontal and vertical social networks. An important aspect of the social-economic development of the case study area is the relationship between local municipalities and the Šumava National park management, whose activities are regulated by specific laws. Based on field survey of representatives of local development we identified key factors forming this relationship and affecting the social development of the protected area. Key words: local development, social networks, social capital, local development actors, inter- municipal cooperation, nature protection, the Šumava National Park