Purpose The thesis purpose is to contribute with understanding about managers’ opinions about how to handle deviations caused by unit interdependence. Methodology Qualitative data has been gathered to this exploratory study by semi-structured interviews with 14 managers within the R&D, purchasing and production units at Scania, Södertälje. The result has been interpreted and analyzed by dividing the managers in five smaller groups.  Result from analyzing empirical findings It is found in the analysis that the largest part of the managers in this study seem not to believe it is worth striving for excellence through procedural justice. Reoccurring similarities in opinion between managers is that visualization, dialogue, clear responsibility and less tolerance towards deviations are needed for handling and preventing deviations. Differences in opinion are primarily related to how costs occurred from deviations should be allocated and the purpose with such reallocation. Most managers express a strong concern about undesired behavior developed by a control system where a causing unit always should take the effect from a deviation. However, all managers state that costs occurred from deviations due to interdependence with a external supplier should be invoiced to the supplier.  Conclusion The concern about undesired behavior that may be developed by the way of handling and preventing deviation is strongly mediated by the managers. Instead of handling deviations by justly reallocating effects according to the controllability principle it is perceived as more important to extend the areas of responsibility and increase consciousness between interdependent units through improved dialogue and cross-functional transparency. One should therefore not seek equitable allocation of impacts and cost of devices in dealing with anomalies of this type.

Love and sex change over the course of a relationship. The current research investigates the factors that contribute to sexual desire and sexual satisfaction in long-term couples. In two studies, the association between motivational goals for sex, interdependence, and sexual outcomes were explored. Study 1 was a cross-sectional survey. The results of Study 1 revealed that participants who engaged in sex more often for approach goals reported higher levels of desire, whereas participants who engaged in sex more often for avoidance goals reported lower levels of desire. Study 2 was a 21-day daily experience study involving a subset of the participants from Study 1. The results of Study 2 indicated that on days when participants reported engaging in sex more for approach goals they reported greater sexual desire, whereas on days when participants reported engaging in sex more for avoidance goals they reported lower levels of sexual desire. Partner-focused, as opposed to self-focused sexual goals, were primarily responsible for these associations. In both studies, relationship satisfaction was also associated with higher desire, and this was mediated by the tendency of people who are more satisfied to engage in sex more often for approach goals. In Study 2, approach goals moderated the impact of avoidance goals on sexual desire, and this association differed by gender. Stronger approach goals buffered against declines in sexual desire associated with avoidance goals for women, but not for men. The findings support the utility of applying a motivational framework to the study of sexuality in established couples and the greater relevance of partner-focused sexual goals in long-term relationships.

O presente texto tratará das intrincadas relações intersubjetivas que se desenvolvem no âmbito empresarial. Avaliará as questões implicadas nas estratégias de treinamento, desenvolvimento e aprendizagem que decorrem de novas abordagens no setor da administração, no interior das empresas, acerca da otimização e melhor desempenho funcional. A perspectiva da psicologia organizacional e as abordagens a partir de um viés da ética do cuidado e da ética da sensibilidade solidária nos ajudarão a avaliar modos e possibilidades de perceber problemáticas em torno das organizações como uma área voltada ao desenvolvimento humano e à saúde mental dos trabalhadores. Considerando que nenhum trabalho é isento de sofrimento, haja vista a necessidade premente de se trabalhar para sobreviver, e que para todos existem fatores e demandas que direcionam as pessoas a grandes investimentos psíquicos, em diferentes configurações e ocorrências, muitas pessoas são conduzidas a viverem experiências tensas e gratificantes no setor de trabalho administrativo. As emoções são parte integrante do ambiente organizacional- empresarial, elas perfazem o pano de fundo que conduzem pessoas e grupos, refletindo no pensar e no agir de cada um, a terem que lidar com certa inteligência emocional diante de configurações que remetem ao irracional e ao esgotamento psíquico. Como as equipes de trabalho lidam com as emoções, os relacionamentos interpessoais realmente irão delimitar a extensão do clima organizacional. Os valores que estabelecem o comportamento organizacional é que qualificam a atmosfera organizacional, e sobre estas relações é que a presente pesquisa fará alguns aportes, a fim de compreender as possibilidades que a psicologia, juntamente com os valores éticos contemporâneos, tem para colaborar na qualidade de relacionamento intersubjetivo e do clima organizacional. / This text discusses the intricate inter-subjective relations that develop in the companies. It assesses the issues involved in training strategies, development and learning that arise from new approaches in the sector of administration, within companies, on the optimization and better functional performance. The perspective of organizational psychology and approaches from a bias in the ethics of care and ethic of solidary sensibility will help us evaluate ways of perceiving problems and opportunities around the organization as an area dedicated to human development and mental health workers. Considering that no job is exempt from suffering, given the pressing need to work in order to survive, and that exist for all, factors and demands, which drive people to large psychic investments, in different settings and events, many people are led to tense experiences and living rewarding in the area of administrative work. Emotions are an integral part of the organizational environment- business; they make up the backdrop of leading individuals and groups, reflecting on thought and action of each one, having to deal with certain emotional intelligence on the settings that relate to the irrational and mental exhaustion. The way work teams negotiates with emotions and interrelationship is what will really determine the scale of organizational climate. The values that establish the organizational behavior are what qualify the work climate, and on these relationships is that this research will make some contributions, in order to understand the possibilities that psychology, along with contemporary ethical values, can collaborate with inter-subjective relationship and with the organizational climate.

Orientador: Marilena Aparecida Jorge Guedes de Camargo / Banca: Débora Mazza / Banca: Aurea Maria de Oliveira / Resumo: Este trabalho originou-se a partir de minhas práticas e observações em uma instituição particular franqueada de ensino no interior de São Paulo, cuja proposta investigativa permeou compreender sobre em que medida as tensões interdependentes no espaço e no tempo da sala de aula, (a estrutura organizacional, os pressupostos, os valores, as condições e metodologia de trabalho, os horários das aulas, as disciplinas, o nome da escola, a rede pela qual se vincula, e em especial o material apostilado sistematizado adotado), de uma escola particular franqueada instrumentalizam o olhar do professor auxiliando na compreensão de sua atividade docente. Como estas relações se constroem nas malhas de inter-relação e de que forma o professor percebe se a prática pedagógica eminentemente relacional de sua atividade pode ou não ser compreendida nestas tensões interdependentes, que se configura no conjunto de exigências adotado pela rede de franquia escolar. No tocante ao referencial teórico sociológico esta pesquisa tem focado, em especial, as obras de Norbert Elias quanto aos estudos da categoria de inter-relação entre indivíduo e sociedade concebidos como uma rede de funções interdependentemente. No que se refere à metodologia, trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa cuja intenção é coletar e avaliar dados por meio da aplicação de questionários junto a professores de Língua Portuguesa, especificamente os docentes de Técnicas de Redação que atuam nos terceiros anos do Ensino Médio e cursinho e pré-vestibular de uma escola particular franqueada. No que concerne à indicação junto aos docentes a escolha ocorreu em conseqüência destes profissionais manterem com os alunos um número acentuado de aulas, uma vez que as atividades de produções de texto, propostas pela instituição particular franqueada de ensino se aproximam das condições de produção do vestibular. / Abstract: This paper is arisen from my own practices and sights in a private franchised school in the State of São Paulo. The investigative proposal allowed to see how interdependent tensions in the classroom space and time, (organizational structure, presuppositions, values, work environment, work methodology, classes schedule, subjects, school name, school head office, and specially the franchised material used), of a private franchised school give tools to the teacher in order to assist them in their activity comprehension. How these relations are constructed in interrelations net and how the teacher sees if the relational pedagogical practice in his/her activity can be understood in those tensions, what features in the franchised school requirements. In regard to social theoretical reference this paper has focused on Norbert Elias' literature, with studies about interrelation category between subject and society with a view to net of functions in an interdependent way. This is a qualitative-based research, which intended to collect and evaluate data questionnaires that were applied for Portuguese, especially in writing techniques, teachers, who work with ending high school classes, and vestibular-guided courses, at a private franchised school. The teaching indication was defined due to the great number of classes teachers have in the high school. / Mestre

Cette thèse étudie quelques aspects de la contagion financière en Europe, pendant la crise des subprimes et celle des dettes souveraines européennes. Ainsi, dans le premier chapitre, nous étudions la transmission du stress financier de la zone euro aux pays de l’Europe Orientale, et centrale (PECO). Notre objectif est d’examiner empiriquement le lien entre la dégradation de l’environnement financier de la zone euro -pendant ces deux crises- et les variations de la volatilité sur les marchés boursiers des PECO. Dans le deuxième chapitre, notre objectif est d’étudier la contagion entre les marchés boursiers des PECO et de la zone euro. Pour ce faire, nous optons pour la méthodologie de Flavin et al. (2008) fondée sur une approche unifiée qui permet de tester à la fois la shift et la pure contagion. Enfin, dans le troisième chapitre, nous nous intéressons aux effets des crises financières récentes sur les rendements des actions bancaires de 15 pays. Notre contribution à la littérature est double. Tout d’abord, nous utilisons un modèle multifactoriel des rendements des actions bancaires augmenté par un facteur de risque souverain. En outre, nous optons pour un modèle de régression avec transition douce (STR) qui permet une définition endogène des périodes de crises et capte les changements de paramètres associés à la shift contagion. / This thesis examines some aspects of the financial contagion in Europe during the subprime crisis and the European sovereign debt. The aim of the first chapter is to study the transmission of financial stress in the Eurozone to Central and Eastern European countries (CEE). Our goal is to empirically examine the relationship between the degradation of the financial environment of the Eurozone -during these two crises- and the variations of volatility on the CEE’s stock markets. In the second chapter, we investigate contagion between pairs of Eurozone and CEE’s stock market. For this purpose, we opt for the methodology of Flavin et al. (2008) based on a unified approach that allows for testing both shift and bi-directional pure contagion. In the third chapter, we analyze the influence of the recent European sovereign debt crisis on banks’ equity returns for 15 countries. Our contribution to the literature is twofold. First, we use an explicit multifactor model of equity returns extended with a sovereign risk factor. Second, we adopt a Smooth Transition Regression (STR) framework that allows for an endogenous definition of crisis periods and captures the changes in parameters associated with shift contagion.

O presente trabalho examina o chamado problema da indeterminação jurídica, de maneira a procurar explicitar o tipo de questões teóricas que suscita e apreciar o alcance ou fecundidade das respostas que tais questões possibilitam, sobretudo sob o ângulo da discussão dos pressupostos institucionais subjacentes à organização das atividades de aplicação do direito. Nesse contexto, a tese central do trabalho é a de que a ideia de indeterminação do direito, restrita ao contexto jurisdicional e entendida como um fenômeno linguístico, esgotou seu potencial teórico, e que a percepção desse esgotamento deveria conduzir à exploração de formas pelas quais questões de indeterminação do direito podem ser mais produtivamente tratadas como questões sobre configuração institucional do que como questões sobre a natureza, ou defeitos, da linguagem. São analisadas abordagens paradigmáticas do problema - no pensamento de Hans Kelsen, H.L.A. Hart e Ronald Dworkin - e os pressupostos institucionais que as informam, assim como identificados pontos de partida, nos estudos de Lon L. Fuller voltados à avaliação de formas alternativas de organização social, para exercícios de inovação institucional. A possibilidade de tais exercícios é exemplificada, ao final do trabalho, com propostas específicas de inovação, elaboradas por autores contemporâneos, concentradas na função jurisdicional, dirigidas a enfrentar o reconhecido impasse entre propostas de expansão e contenção da atuação judicial no contexto de efetivação de direitos sociais de caráter distributivo. / This work analyses the so-called legal indeterminacy problem, in order to make explicit the kind of theoretical issues it engenders and to assess the scope or fecundity of the answers such issues make possible, especially in terms of the discussion of institutional assumptions underlying the organization of the adjudicative function. In this setting, the central claim of this work is that the theoretical potential of the idea of legal indeterminacy, limited to the adjudicative realm and understood mainly as a linguistic phenomenon, has been worn out, and that the acknowledgment of this result should lead to the investigation of ways in which ?legal indeterminacy? issues might be more productively treated as issues about institutional innovation than issues about the nature, or defects, of language. The exemplary works of Hans Kelsen, H.L.A. Hart, and Ronald Dworkin and the institutional assumptions underlying their thought, in connection with the indeterminacy problem, are reviewed, along with the writings of Lon L. Fuller dedicated to the assessment of alternative processes of social ordering, which are taken as a point of departure for exercises in institutional innovation. The possibility of such exercises is illustrated, at the end of this work, with specific innovation proposals by contemporary authors focused on the adjudicative job, dedicated to facing the theoretical deadlock between proposals for expanding and restricting the judicial role in the context of making welfare rights, of a distributive character, concrete

A análise das interdependências e contágio dos países da América Latina em relação aos EUA é o objetivo principal deste trabalho. A dinâmica dos mecanismos de transmissão de volatilidade nos mercados de ações e de CDS (Credit Default Swap) foi alterada a partir da crise iniciada em 2008. A tese apresenta a revisão de literatura sobre crises financeiras, seus mecanismos de transmissão e a sua relação com os fatores macroeconômicos dos países latinos. Em seguida são apresentados os dados secundários, incluindo os índices regionais e internacionais das Bolsas de Valores e de CDS soberanos. A metodologia de análise dos dados utiliza estatística descritiva, séries temporais (DCC GARCH), regressão linear múltipla e testes de hipótese. Os resultados indicam que, notadamente durante a crise, os fatores regional e global aumentam e evidenciam potenciais de contágio na Colômbia, México e Peru. No mercado de CDS, há evidências de contágio no Brasil, Chile, Colômbia e México. Utilizando-se a comparação das correlações dinâmicas, identificou-se contágio para os seis países latino-americanos estudados, sendo que em quatro deles, Argentina, Brasil, Chile e Peru, houve contágio pré-crise e redução de correlações no período seguinte à crise. Na análise de regressão linear múltipla, a inclusão do retorno norte-americano explicou melhor a variância dos retornos de CDS do que a volatilidade implícita das opções do índice S&P500, medido pelo indicador VIX. As mudanças nos mercados foram, em sua maioria, interdependências, quando verificadas as relações com CDS soberano. / The analysis of interdependence and contagion in Latin America countries in relation to the USA is the aim of this work. The dynamics of mechanisms of volatility transmission throughout the stock and CDS (Credit Default Swap) markets have changed since the 2008 crisis eclosion. This thesis presents a literature review on financial crises, their mechanisms of transmission and their relationship with macroeconomic factors among Latin American countries. Data series include regional and international Stock Exchange indexes and sovereign CDS market. The methodology for data analysis uses descriptive statistics, time-series analysis including DCC GARCH technique, multiple linear regression and hypothesis tests. Results indicate that, remarkably during the crisis period, the interdependence among regional and global factors have increased and show evidence of contagion potentials in Colombia, Mexico and Peru. The CDS market exhibit evidence of contagion in Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico. By utilizing comparison of dynamic correlations, contagion has been identified for the six Latin American countries under study, being that for four of them (Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Peru) there has been pre-crisis contagion and reduction of correlations in the period following the crisis. In the robust regression, the inclusion of the U.S. return was capable to explain the variance on CDS returns better than the implicit volatility of the S&P500 index options, measured by VIX index. Changes in the sovereign CDS markets have been, in their majority, interdependences.

Le financement de projet est toujours présenté comme une technique financière permettant de réaliser des ouvrages de grande envergure. Il en résulte qu'il est une solution appropriée pour les projets qui demandent des fonds considérables pour sa réalisation et qui peuvent être externalisés sans que le poids de l’endettement pèse sur le bilan du promoteur du projet. Il peut être défini comme l’opération qui se caractérise par la mise à disposition d’une entité intermédiaire, dite entité de projet ad hoc, des fonds nécessaires pour la réalisation d’un projet spécifique où les bailleurs de fonds acceptent de limiter, en tout ou en partie, leurs recours au titre du remboursement de leurs prêts, sur les revenus engendrés par l’exploitation du projet ainsi que sur les autres actifs de celui-ci. Ce type de financement révèle l’existence d’un ensemble contractuel adéquat permettant, en même temps, de maîtriser les risques du projet et impliquant un régime qui lui est propre. / Project Finance is always presented as a financial technique which allows to carry out works of great scale. It is a suitable solution for projects which require considerable funds in order to be accomplished and which can be outsourced avoiding the weight of the debt weighing on the balance sheet of the sponsor of the project. It can be defined as an operation in which there is a provision of the required funds for the realization of a specific project by an intermediate entity, known as the “ad hoc project entity”. In such operation the lenders agree to limit, totally or partly, the reimbursement of their loans to the incomes generated by the exploitationof the project as well as to the other assets of such project. This kind offinancing reveals the existence of an adequate “contractual unit” which allows, at the same time, to control the risks of the project and which implies its own legal regime.

Synthesizing theories of social identity, goal interdependence, and conflict management, this study built and tested a theoretical model in which interdepartmental goal interdependence affects conflict outcomes between different departments through constructive controversy (i.e. the open-minded discussion for mutual benefit) dynamics adopted by employees from different departments in the organization. This study also proposes that organizational identification moderates the link between interdepartmental goal interdependence and constructive controversy. An interview sample of 129 employees from various business organizations and diverse industries in mainland China described and rated a critical incident when they had a conflict with their coworker from another department in the same organization. Results of the structural equations modeling and other analyses support the hypotheses and the hypothesized model that interdepartmental goal interdependence, specially, cooperative, competitive, and independent goals, are antecedents to employees between different departments engaging in constructive controversy and that constructive controversy in turn influences conflict outcomes, specifically, task accomplishment, employee intention to quit, and their intentions for future cooperation. Results further indicate that employee identification with the organization moderates the association of competitive interdepartmental goal interdependence with constructive controversy such that employees who identify strongly with the organization will be more likely to engage in open-minded discussion of controversy dynamics than employees who identify weakly with the organization. These results underline the positive role of employee organizational identification in conflict management, especially under competitive interdepartmental goals. Findings suggest important practical implications that employees from different departments can improve their collaboration in Chinese organizations by strengthening their common organizational identification, setting cooperative interdepartmental goal interdependence, and handling conflict through constructive controversy. The study contributes to the conflict management literature as well as the social identity theory in organizational behavior literature.

Combining theories of social motives, goal interdependence, and conflict management, this study theorized a model in which interdepartmental goal interdependence affects conflict outcomes between different departments through open-minded discussion dynamics adopted by employees from different departments in the organization. This study also proposes that social motives moderate the link between inter-departmental goal interdependence and open-minded discussion. A sample of 133 employees from different business organizations in China were interviewed to recall a critical incident when they had a conflict with their coworker from different departments. SEM results and other analysis results support the hypotheses that cooperative interdepartmental goal interdependence and competitive goal interdependence are antecedents to employees engaging in open-minded discussion in the context of interdepartmental collaboration, and that open-minded discussion in turn influences conflict outcomes, i.e. task accomplishment, relationship strengthening, and future collaboration. Results further suggest that employee’s pro-social motive moderates the relationship between competitive goal interdependence and open-minded discussion, and that proself motive moderates the relationship between cooperative goal interdependence and open-minded discussion. Findings also suggest that practitioners promote effective interdepartmental collaboration by strengthening their prosocial motive when perceiving competitive goal and proself motive when perceiving cooperative goal, setting cooperative interdepartmental goal interdependence, and handling conflict through open-minded discussion. The study contributes to conflict management literature as well as the goal interdependence theory in the organizational behavior literatures.