Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta tese apresenta um estudo de caso sobre a construção da história de uma comunidade num espaço de conflito e de risco de desenraizamento. Interpreta uma situação em contexto de imigração com elementos interétnicos, referindo-se à disputa por terra entre uma comunidade indígena Kaingang da AI Toldo Pinhal e famílias de pequenos agricultores da região de Nova Teutônia, Seara, SC. Estas famílias, atraídas da Alemanha e do sul do país pela Colonizadora Luce Rosa & Cia, a partir da primeira década do século XX, adquiriram terras em territórios tradicionais indígenas. Hoje, na iminência de perder suas terras pelo fato de o Estado reconhecer os direitos originários da minoria indígena, a memória e a identidade destas famílias se constituem de lembranças e esquecimentos, de omissões e de silêncios. A pesquisa desenvolvida a partir das teorias da memória, ligadas à Antropologia e à Nova História, tem como base documentos e narrativas de imigrantes que, ao reconstruírem sua história, elaboram a experiência de estarem vivendo numa situação de conflito de interesses e de direitos. Identifica ainda diferentes grupos e instituições públicas e privadas envolvidas tanto no conflito como na busca de soluções. Particularmente, analisa a ação da igreja evangélica na região onde se situa esta comunidade, sob o ponto de vista histórico e em sua relação com as questões agrárias e indígenas. Nesta tese, uma das hipóteses confirmadas refere-se à importância da terra para os pequenos agricultores, terra entendida como espaço de territorialidade histórica e tradicional, que se explicita na relação construída entre memória e identidade. / This dissertation presents a case study on the construction of history by a community that lives in a space of conflict and under the risk of being uprooted. It interprets a situation in a context of immigration with interethnic elements, discussing the dispute over land between a Kaingang indigenous community of the Toldo Pinhal Indigenous Area and families of small farmers in the region of Nova Teutônia, municipality of Seara, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. These families, who were attracted from Germany and southern Brazil by the colonizing company, Luce Rosa & Cia since the beginning of the 20th century, bought plots located in traditional indigenous territories. At present, as they are on the brink of losing their land, since the Brazilian state has recognized the original rights of the indigenous minority, the memory and identity of these families are constituted by remembrance and forgetfulness, omission and silence. The research project, which was developed on the basis of theories of memory related to anthropology and the so-called New History, is built on documents and narratives of immigrants who, by reconstructing their history, work out the experience of living in a situation of conflict of rights and interests. It also identifies different groups as well as public and private institutions that are involved both in the conflict and the search for solutions. It particularly analyzes the action of the Lutheran church in the region where this community is located. This analysis is made from a historical point of view and from the point of view of the Lutheran churchs attitude toward agrarian problems and issues related to the indigenous people. One of the hypotheses confirmed by this dissertation has to do with the importance of the land for small farmers, viz. the land as a space of historical and traditional territoriality that becomes explicit in the construction of the relation between memory and identity.

O Brasil é formado por uma nação que se caracteriza pela constante imigração, ora mais ora menos intensa. Esse fluxo permite a formação do que historicamente se convencionou chamar de relações interétnicas que acarretam interferências identitárias aos agentes nele envolvidos. Por esse motivo, adota-se como objeto da presente pesquisa a imigração judaico-alemã na cidade de Rolândia no Paraná, durante a primeira metade do século XX, visando analisar como se efetivou a convivência entre grupos étnicos diferentes, particularmente entre judeus e alemães, que se mantiveram divergentes, mesmo após a guerra. Para tanto, optou-se por práticas teóricas e metodológicas diversificadas que vão do levantamento teórico-bibliográfico sobre a História Comparada e de concepções acerca de termos pertinentes, como “identidade” e “representação”, por exemplo, aos relatos orais de alemães e alemães-judeus que vivenciaram esse período de imigração, além de evidências de caráter documental (como registros iconográficos de sepulturas, de instituições formais de ensino e de monumentos). A junção do referencial teórico à pesquisa de campo permite, ao final, que se esboce um perfil de identidade étnica híbrida que as manifestações identitárias conferem aos agentes envolvidos no processo imigratório na cidade de Rolândia, durante e após a Segunda Grande Guerra. / Brazil is formed by a nation that is characterized by constant immigration, sometimes more sometimes less intense. This flow allows the formation of what historically has been called interference interethnic relations that lead to identity agents involved. This flow allows the formation of what historically has been called interethnic relations that cause identity interferences to agents involved. For this reason, we adopt as an object of the present study the German Jewish immigration in the city of Rolândia, Paraná, during the first half of the twentieth century, in order to analyze as was accomplished the coexistence of different ethnic groups, particularly between Jews and Germans, who remained divergent, even after the war. To this end, we opted to diverse theoretical and methodological practices that will survey the theoretical literature on the comparative history and conceptions of the relevant terms such as "identity" and "representation", for example, the oral histories of Germans and German Jews who experienced this period of immigration, besides documentary character evidences (such as records of graves iconographic, formal educational institutions and monuments). The junction of the theoretical to the research field allows, in the end, that sketch a profile of ethnic hybrid identity that identity demonstrations give the agents involved in the immigration process in the town of Rolândia, during and after the Second World War.

This is an essay about the political development of Iraq after the overthrow of the Baath regime by the coalition forces in 2003. Almost seven years later, the political scene is still characterised by chaos, even though the country entered a new phase with the adoption of democratic thinking and a new openness to the world. The unstable political situation is a product of inter-ethnic conflict and the interference by neighbouring countries. Iraq is up against two formidable tasks – building democracy and building a nation. The essay sets out to explore the prospects of this dual mission. The essay breaks down into three distinct, theoretically motivated parts or sections. The first part is inspired by O’Donnell & Schmitter’s transition theory and revolves around Iraq’s transition from dictatorship to democracy. The second part sets out to evaluate the development of democracy in Iraq after Saddam Hussein in the light of the seven institutional criteria of polyarchies as identified by Robert Dahl. The third part evaluates Iraq in terms of Arendt Lijphart’s groundbreaking theory about consensus as a pre-condition for democracy in highly divided societies. The investigation confirms the general picture of the political situation in Iraq as unstable but with one notable exception – the Kurdish region. The constitution testifies to the ambition to turn Iraq into a polyarchy with strong elements of consensual democracy, but the spirit of the constitution is frequently violated by government institutions and individual politicians. The consensual features have in fact served as safety valve for the ethnic and religious minorities of Iraq; but it is an open question whether they will survive the onslaught by Prime Minister Al-Maliki, a recent convert to the Westminster model. The unclear relationship between Islam and democracy also looms large in the background in a country like Iraq and must somehow be resolved by the governing elite.

The thesis is based on a long term ethnographic field research, that has been conducted by this work's author in one of the villages within the district of Svidník, Eastern- Slovakia. The work's fundamental frame of topic are the relations between the Roms and non-Roms in the observed village, with main focus put on the actor's perspective of the local Roms. The nature of such relations is observed both synchronuously and diachronously, and foremost in respect of two types of an areal mobility, that at the same time has the potential of a social-economic mobility. The first observed type is the flow of the Roms from the romani village to a non-Roms part of the village, or the surrounding villages; the second is the cross-border migration. At the same time the thesis addresses the relations within the observed Romani community whose internal social diferentiation is partially influenced by the very - successfully or unsuccessfully - implemented mobility. To hold a wider grip of the local relations, the author uses the texts of the Romani-studies expert, Milena Hübschmannová, other related case studies coming from the region of eastern Slovakia, and, paralelly, also the concepts of the postcolonial thinking with emphasis to Frantz Fanon's work. It is his very work that has provided the frame to...

Radek Vorlíček ABSTRACT The dissertation explores the dynamics of social marginality and dominance in educational settings. It explores social distance dynamics among pupils in elementary school, and its impact on their position in social hierarchy. I focus on social interaction in a group of children, and record the context in which the inclusion or exclusion of non-dominant identities take place. Special attention is paid to the role of schools in the process of boundary constructions. Larger framework of the research is integration, segregation and assimilation tendencies of school systems. The dissertation is based upon long-term qualitative inductive and ethnographic fieldwork. The central method of my fieldwork is observation. To some extent, the research was conducted in the framework of goffmanian interactionism. The data for this study have been collected over a period of ten months in twelve elementary schools located in various regions of the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic. The dissertation is structured in four parts: (1) Introduction, referring to the aim and structure of the dissertation; (2) Methodology, presenting the research process, strategies and methods as well as data analysis, theoretical and methodological discussions, reflexivity and ethical aspects; (3) Elementary schools in...

Radek Vorlíček ABSTRACT The dissertation explores the dynamics of social marginality and dominance in educational settings. It explores social distance dynamics among pupils in elementary school, and its impact on their position in social hierarchy. I focus on social interaction in a group of children, and record the context in which the inclusion or exclusion of non-dominant identities take place. Special attention is paid to the role of schools in the process of boundary constructions. Larger framework of the research is integration, segregation and assimilation tendencies of school systems. The dissertation is based upon long-term qualitative inductive and ethnographic fieldwork. The central method of my fieldwork is observation. To some extent, the research was conducted in the framework of goffmanian interactionism. The data for this study have been collected over a period of ten months in twelve elementary schools located in various regions of the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic. The dissertation is structured in four parts: (1) Introduction, referring to the aim and structure of the dissertation; (2) Methodology, presenting the research process, strategies and methods as well as data analysis, theoretical and methodological discussions, reflexivity and ethical aspects; (3) Elementary schools in...

This study examined the direct relationship between actor/ partner effects of negative communication, spirituality and relationship quality and also examined negative communication when mediated by spirituality among four types of couples. The sample included 300 heterosexual Anglo couples (AC), 319 heterosexual female Anglo/ male Latino couples (FAML), 292 heterosexual female Latina/ male Anglo couples (FLMA), and 177 heterosexual Latino couples (LC) who completed a survey questionnaire known as the RELATionship Evaluation (RELATE). Variables from this questionnaire that were used in the study included measures of negative communication, spirituality, and relationship quality. Results from Structural Equation Modeling indicated that negative communication significantly predicted relationship quality across all four groups, in support of the literature. Results revealed gender and cultural differences, suggesting that female spirituality did not have a significantly positive influence on relationship quality for either gender in any group, and that actor/ partner effects of male spirituality positively influenced relationship quality depending on the group.

Экстремизм становится одним из основных источников угроз общественной безопасности в Российской Федерации, работа по его профилактике в федеральном вузе является наиважнейшей задачей. Время требует формирования личности будущих выпускников, толерантной к многонациональному человеческому сообществу. Развитие культуры межнациональных отношений молодежи в условиях федерального вуза объективно соответствует законам развития национальных отношений, обеспечивает консолидацию народов на демократической основе и уважение и поддержку патриотических чувств людей, благоприятно способствует сотрудничеству жителей России на основе общечеловеческих нравственных ценностей. По итогам эмпирического исследования и анализа опыта гармонизации межнациональных отношений в студенческой среде был разработан раздел в «Рекомендации по совершенствованию методов и технологий гармонизации межнациональных отношений в студенческой среде на примере УрФУ им. Б. Н. Ельцина». / Extremism is becoming one of the main sources of threats to public security in the Russian Federation, and work on its prevention at a federal university is the most important task. Time requires the formation of the personality of future graduates who are tolerant to the multinational human community. Developing a culture of inter-ethnic relations of youth in a federal university objectively corresponds to the laws of development of national relations, ensures the consolidation of peoples on a democratic basis and respect and support for the patriotic feelings of people, favorably promotes the cooperation of the inhabitants of Russia on the basis of universal moral values. According to the results of the empirical research and analysis of the experience of harmonization of interethnic relations in the student’s environment, a section was developed in “Recommendations for improving the methods and technologies for harmonization of interethnic relations in the student’s environment by the example of Ural Federal University. B. N. Yeltsin

This qualitative case study explores student, parent, and teacher perceptions of school racial climate and its impact on students’ academic and personal lives at a charter middle school in South Los Angeles. The study also explores teacher handling of the impact of racial tensions at this school with a majority Latin@ student enrollment and a predominantly Black teaching staff. School climate refers to the perceived quality of interpersonal interactions among teachers, students, staff, and parents. A positive school climate is associated with increased academic achievement and decreased disciplinary problems. Conversely, schools wrought with interethnic conflict or a poor racial climate divert focus and resources away from student learning and toward chronic disciplinary problems and teacher attrition. This case study demonstrates how Black administrators handled displacement by a large immigrant Latin@ population by instituting a system of Black privilege to protect political and economic space. The massive immigration of Latin@s offered a critical opportunity for coalition building with Blacks. However, a competition-based framework emerged, rendering this case study a microcosm of missed opportunity in South Los Angeles and beyond.

Cette ethnographie est consacrée à l’analyse d’un fragment du parcours de rituels indigènes –toré, praiá et cure chamanique – dans le Nordeste du Brésil. Elle se fonde sur un travail de terrain mené entre 2010 et 2015 chez les indiens Pankararé (État de Bahia) et Pankararu (État du Pernambuco). L’objectif principal consiste à illustrer concrètement le processus régional de convergence rituelle à travers l’étude des transmissions entre ces deux populations. L’hypothèse est que ces transmissions conduisent à un triple peuplement. 1) Le premier est régional et ethnique : l’apprentissage et la performance du rituel du toré permet, pour des populations considérées caboclas et dénigrées pour leur absence de symboles extérieurs de l’indianité, l’acquisition du statut juridique, différenciateur et mélioratif de « population indigène ». 2) Ces enseignements consistent en la transmission de techniques ayant pour but l’établissement de contacts avec des entités invisibles locales, constitutives des actions rituelles. Les Pankararé, en tant que population réceptrice, découvrent à travers ces pratiques un panthéon d’entités locales légitimant la personnalisation de leurs pratiques rituelles, ce qui constitue un deuxième axe de peuplement, un peuplement cosmique. 3) Chez la population émettrice, ces transmissions interethniques de rituels ont pour conséquence une libéralisation des relations avec le monde invisible, ce qui provoque une multiplication considérable de ses habitants. De nouvelles catégories d’entités sont progressivement intégrées, possèdent des masques rituels et sont appelées lors des rituels domestiques ou collectifs. La description de ces trois formes de peuplement permet l’analyse des raisons et conditions des transmissions interethniques de rituels, de leur acceptation, succès, mais aussi de leurs conséquences et des innovations apportées. / This ethnography aims to analyze the journey of fragment of indigenous rituals – toré, praiá and shamanic cure – in Brazil Nordeste. It is based on a fieldwork carried between 2010 and 2015 within the Pankararé (State of Bahia) and the Panakaru (State of Pernambuco) indigenous people. The main objective of this dissertation is to illustrate the regional process of rituals’ convergence by studying the transmission between those two populations. The hypothesis at the core of this work is that these transmissions lead to a triple populating process. 1) The first one is a regional and ethnical process: the learning and performance of the toré rituals allows for population considered as caboclas and denigrated for the absence of exterior symbols of their indianness to obtain the legal status differentiating and ameliorating the situation for “indigenous populations”. (2) Those learnings consist in the transmission of techniques establishing contacts with local invisible entity, constitutive of rituals actions. Pankararé’s, as receptive populations, discover through those practices a pantheon of local entity legitimizing the personalization of their ritual practices. This constitutes a second realm of populating process, a cosmic populating. (3) Within the issuing population, those interethnic transmissions of rituals results in a relations’ liberalization with the invisible world, provoking a significant multiplication of its inhabitant. New categories of entity are progressively integrated, posses rituals mask and are called upon in collective and domestic rituals.The description of these three forms of populating process allows for the analysis of the motives and the condition behind interethnic rituals transmissions, of their acceptations, success, but also outcomes and innovations. / A presente etnografia se dedica à análise de fragmentos do percurso de rituais indígenas – toré, praiá e cura xamânica – no Nordeste do Brazil. Está baseada em trabalho de campo conduzido de 2010 à 2015 entre os índios Pankararé (Estado da Bahia) e Pankararu (Estado do Pernambuco). Seu objetivo principal é ilustrar o processo regional de convergência ritual através do estudo das transmissões entre esses dois grupos. Desenha-se a hipótese de que essas transmissões teriam levado à um povoamento triplo. O primeiro deles é regional e étnico : a aprendizagem do ritual do toré permite que populações consideradas « caboclas », portanto desvalorizadas pela ausência de símbolos exteriores de indianidade, passem a ter um estatuto jurídico de « população indígena ». Esses ensinamentos rituais levam, por sua vez, à transmissão de técnicas que têm por objetivo o contato com entidades invisiveis locais, constitutivas das ações rituais. Os Pankararé, enquanto população receptora, descobrem através dessas práticas um panteão de entidades locais que legitimam a personalização de suas práticas rituais. À essa descoberta está referido o segundo tipo de povoamento, o povoamento cósmico. Já o terceiro modelo de povoamento está vinculado à população emissora. Nela, as transmissões rituais interétnicas têm por consequência a liberalização das relações com o mundo invisível, o que provoca uma multiplicação considerável de seus habitantes. Novas categorias de entidades são progressivamente integradas, possuem suas máscaras e são constantemente chamadas para rituais domésticos e coletivos.A descrição dessas três formas de povoamento permite, portanto, a análise das razões e condições da transmissão de rituais em contextos interétnicos, chamando a atenção para seu sucesso e aceitação mas também para suas consequências e inovações.