La Malaisie, composée de populations malaises, chinoises et indiennes, est un pays dans lequel la diversité est une donnée fondamentale qui se donne à voir dans différents domaines, et qui se reflète notamment dans sa cuisine. Dans un contexte de catégorisation des identités ethniques par l’état, l’unité et les relations interethniques du pays ont été, tout au long de son histoire, un enjeu crucial, ce qui demeure encore le cas aujourd’hui. Ce mémoire vise, à comprendre les interactions complexes entre les trois principales ethnies du pays et la manière dont les populations affichent leurs identités à travers la sphère culinaire. Pour ce faire, une recherche a été menée au cours de six mois de terrain à Penang, auprès d’une trentaine de répondants issus des trois ethnies concernées. Les résultats de cette recherche proposent une analyse (1) de l’espace public commensal dans le vivre ensemble interethnique de l’île (2) des facteurs créateurs de cohésions ou de dissociations sociales (3) du lien entre l’identité et l’alimentation. Cette recherche permet notamment de comprendre la position dans laquelle se trouvent les minorités du pays, à savoir les Indiens et les Chinois de Malaisie. Enfin, ce mémoire relève de l’anthropologie de l’alimentation et vise à considérer les pratiques alimentaires comme étant intrinsèquement liées à l’identité ethnique. / Malaysia, populated by Malays, Chinese and Indians, is a country where diversity is a fundamental factor, evident in different areas and reflected especially in its cuisine. In the state’s categorization of ethnic identities, unity and interethnic relations in the country have been a crucial issue throughout history and still remain the case today. This research aims to expose the complex interactions between the three main ethnic groups of the country and the way in which people express their identities in the culinary sphere. The data for this research is based on six months of fieldwork conducted in Penang with thirty respondents from all three ethnic groups. The results of this investigation provides an analysis of (1) the public spaces and the interethnic commensality on the island (2) the creative factors contributing to cohesions or social dissociation (3) the relationship between identity and food. This research provides a view of the position of minorities in the country: the Indians and Chinese in Malaysia. Its focalization on the anthropology of food also aims to show that dietary practices are intrinsically linked to ethnic identity.

Pendant longtemps sujette aux influences littéraires empruntées, la littérature mauricienne francophone a mis du temps pour trouver ses marques. Inspirée de la littérature romantique issue de Bernardin de Saint-Pierre avec notamment Paul et Virginie, elle va graduellement se frayer un chemin dans le long parcours – aux sinuosités souvent dangereuses – de son processus de maturation. Par conséquent, l’enfant (re)découvre les potentialités qui sont en lui et fait éclater l’univers d’enfermement qui l’a jusqu’à présent emprisonné. Ne se pliant plus aux exigences des périodes littéraires qui ont marqué l’île - notamment celles coloniale, pré-indépendance et post-indépendance - l’enfant émerge moins en tant que perpétuation du jeu de mimétisme qu’en tant qu’être en devenir. La littérature contemporaine sera un creuset entre métissages et panachages linguistiques comme dans un but de s’éloigner le plus possible de l’authentification de la redite. L’enfant renaît ainsi des cendres de l’univers initial romantique pour atteindre une autonomie réelle tant dans son individualité que dans son rapport avec le monde qui l’entoure. / Long subjected to external literary influences, the Mauritian francophone literature took its time before leaving its own mark. It was inspired by the romantic literature of Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, namely with Paul and Virginia, and gradually made its way on the long – and often tortuous – road to maturity. Hence, the child rediscovers the potential within and destroys the shackles of the universe that had so far held him captive. No longer caving into the influences of the island’s various literary eras – namely colonial, pre-independence and post-independence – the child emerges not so much as a continuation of past influences as his own blossoming being. Contemporary literature hence becomes the crucible between linguistic mixes and interbreedings, as if to create the greatest possible gap with the authentification of repetition. Thus, the child is reborn from the ashes of the original romantic universe, and blooms to reach real autonomy in his individuality as well as his relationship with the world around him.

Les relations interethniques, qu’elles soient intergroupes comme les attitudes interethniques ou interpersonnelles comme les choix affiliatifs, prennent une place déterminante dans la construction de l’identité de l’enfant, en raison de leur influence sur l’estime de soi et l’identification ethnique. L’enfant français grandit dans un environnement qui offre une diversité de groupes culturels, issus ou non de l’immigration. En étudiant certains aspects de l’identité et des relations interethniques des enfants français scolarisés en primaire, l’objectif de cette recherche est vérifier différents modèles théoriques compte tenu de critères tel que l’appartenance ethnique, le contexte scolaire et l’âge. Pour cela, nous avons mesuré pour chaque enfant, leur niveau d’estime de soi et d’identification ethnique, les biais dans leur choix affiliatifs ainsi que les attitudes implicites et explicites exprimées à l’égard des différents groupes ethniques qui les entourent. L’échantillon comporte 447 enfants de CE1 et de CM1 provenant de trois groupes ethniques français, maghrébin et africain scolarisés dans trois contextes scolaires, classes monoculturelles françaises, classes à 50 % françaises et classes multiculturelles. Le lien entre l’identification ethnique, les attitudes interethniques et l’estime de soi varie selon les groupes ethniques et le contexte scolaire. L’estime de soi est liée principalement à l’âge. Les deux groupes issus de l’immigration diffèrent dans leurs attitudes interethniques. Les attitudes interethniques des enfants reflètent en partie les images véhiculées sur les groupes issus de l’immigration. Les enfants partagent une perception commune positive envers les groupes d’origine française et africaine et négative envers les groupes d’origine maghrébine. Un contexte scolaire multiculturel n’entraîne pas plus de biais interethniques dans les choix affiliatifs ni d’attitudes plus positives envers les groupes d’origine maghrébine, mais plutôt une plus forte identification ethnique. Les biais dans les choix affiliatifs ne sont pas influencés par les attitudes interethniques, les enfants ne font pas de biais endo ou exo-groupes dans leurs choix. / Interethnic relationships, whether they are intergroups as interethnic attitudes or interpersonal as affiliative choices, take a major role in the construction of child's identity, due to their influence on self-esteem and ethnic identification. French children grow in an environment offering a diversity of several cultural groups coming from immigration or not. Through the study of certain aspects of French children’s identity and interethnic relationships, the purpose of this research is to confirm several theoretical models upon criteria such as ethnic membership, school context and age. Indeed, for each child we scaled his level of self-esteem and ethnic identification, the biases he could show in his affiliative choices and his explicit and implicit attitudes towards the various ethnic groups around him. The sample is composed of 447 children in second and fourth grades, coming from three different ethnic groups: French, Maghrebian and African; schooled in three different contexts: French-monocultural classes, 50% French classes, and multicultural classes. The link between ethnic identification, interethnic attitudes and self-esteem differ according to ethnic groups and school context. Self-esteem is mainly linked with age. The two groups coming from immigration don’t show the same interethnic attitudes. Children’s interethnic attitudes partially match the stereotypes about groups coming from immigration. The children share a common positive vision towards French and African groups and a negative one towards Maghrebians. A multicultural school context doesn’t mean more interethnic biases in affiliative choices neither positive attitudes towards Maghrebians, but foster a strong ethnic identification. Affiliative choices biases are not linked with interethnic attitudes, children don’t show endo or exo-group biases in their choices.

La communauté juive hassidique de Williamsburg a formé progressivement dans l’après-guerre uneenclave religieuse fondamentaliste dans le sud du quartier. Ce projet d’appropriation du territoire aété menacé par la gentrification et le redéveloppement du quartier depuis les années 80. Il s’agitd’abord de montrer les enjeux soulevés par ces transformations et les stratégies mises en place par lesrésidents et les autres acteurs intervenant dans le quartier. Les juifs hassidiques ont eu une positionambivalente puisque les mutations représentaient pour eux aussi bien une contrainte que desopportunités. Les entrepreneurs de la communauté ont investi massivement dans l’immobilier duquartier, capturant une partie de la rente foncière. Dans le même temps, les fidèles peu éduqués etmal intégrés au marché de l’emploi ont peiné à trouver des logements abordables pour héberger leursfamilles nombreuses. Nous verrons ensuite comment cette communauté qui a une attache trèsparticulière au territoire est parvenue à se préserver mieux que les autres enclaves d’immigrés duquartier grâce à des stratégies immobilières et politiques. L’entraide a permis de limiter la montée duprix des loyers et la communauté a construit des milliers de nouveaux logements pour les fidèles surd’anciens terrains industriels grâce aux capitaux de quelques entrepreneurs hassidiques fortunés etd’une petite classe de propriétaires. L’isolement des fidèles et la croissance résidentielle de l’enclaveont été facilités par la très bonne intégration de la communauté à la vie politique municipale. / The Hasidic Jewish community in Williamsburg forms a fundamentalist religious enclave in the southsince the Second World War. Gentrification and redevelopment have been threatening this spatialproject since the 80’s. We will discuss first the issues raised by the recent changes for the localcommunity and the strategies of all the stakeholders involved or affected by those changes. HasidicJews had an ambivalent position and change became an opportunity as much as a pressure for them.Hasidic entrepreneurs have been active in real estate all over the neighborhood and they were able tocollect a rent gap. In the meantime, most members are poor because they lack education and skills.Due to this, they have a very hard time finding affordable housing for their large families. We will thenshow how this community with strong ties to its territory has managed to preserve itself better thanthe other immigrant enclaves in the area, using real estate and political strategies. Solidarity hashelped to maintain fair rent for the neediest and the community has developed thousands of new unitson former industrial lots with the help of wealthy entrepreneurs and a small owner class. The deeppolitical integration of the Hasidic community in the local governance has facilitated their isolation andresidential growth.

No description available.

Ce travail interroge la nature multidimensionnelle du processus mémoriel qui fait suite au conflit armé interne du Pérou (1980-2000). Il met en évidence la fluidité du statut de victime qui varie selon le contexte social d’énonciation et le type de discours auquel il correspond. Le regard que portent les militants de défense des droits de l’Homme sur les paysans des Andes, principales victimes de la guerre, est confronté aux regards que portent ces derniers sur eux-mêmes et sur leur place dans la société nationale. L’analyse des modalités et des enjeux politiques, sociaux et économiques des commémorations collectives autour de El Ojo que Llora (L’Œil qui pleure), un monument aux morts érigé à Lima puis reproduit dans une communauté paysanne des Andes, constituent un premier axe de ce travail. L’attention portée aux conceptions de la personne amène, dans un second temps, à aborder la complexité des expériences individuelles de la guerre et du rapport au monde des survivants. Le passage de la sphère publique à l’ethnographie de l’entre soi permet de mettre au jour l’importance que jouent, dans la construction mémorielle de ces communautés paysannes de l’Apurímac, les relations quotidiennes entre voisins et celles qui sont nouées avec les proches décédés durant le conflit. L’étiologie de certaines maladies, notamment, constitue un langage alternatif qui permet de parler de la guerre et de ses protagonistes autrement qu’à travers leur évocation explicite. Ainsi, vivants, morts et souffrants apparaissent comme autant de figures structurantes de cette recherche qui oscille entre dits et non-dits. / This work examines the multidimensional nature of the memory process that took place following Peru's internal armed conflict (1980-2000). It highlights the fluidity of the status of victimhood, which varies according to the social context of enunciation and the type of discourse to which it corresponds. The perspective of human right activists regarding Andean peasants, the main victims of the war, is compared with the manners in which these people see themselves and their place in national society. The first axis of this work is an analysis of the modalities and the political, social and economic stakes involved in the collective commemorations around El Ojo que Llora (The Eye that Cries), a monument to the dead erected in Lima, and then reproduced in an Andean peasant community. The attention placed on conceptions of the individual then leads to the second section that addresses the complexity of individual experiences’ of the war and the relationship to the world of those who survived. The shift from the public sphere to an ethnography of people among themselves allows for an emphasis on the important role of everyday relationships between neighbors, and other people linked to those who died during the conflict, in the construction of memory in Apurimac peasant communities. The etiology of some illnesses, noticeably, constitutes an alternative language that allows for talk about the war and its protagonists without explicit reference to them. Thus, the living, the dead and the suffering appear as other structuring figures of this research that shifts between what is said and left unsaid.

O Brasil é formado por uma nação que se caracteriza pela constante imigração, ora mais ora menos intensa. Esse fluxo permite a formação do que historicamente se convencionou chamar de relações interétnicas que acarretam interferências identitárias aos agentes nele envolvidos. Por esse motivo, adota-se como objeto da presente pesquisa a imigração judaico-alemã na cidade de Rolândia no Paraná, durante a primeira metade do século XX, visando analisar como se efetivou a convivência entre grupos étnicos diferentes, particularmente entre judeus e alemães, que se mantiveram divergentes, mesmo após a guerra. Para tanto, optou-se por práticas teóricas e metodológicas diversificadas que vão do levantamento teórico-bibliográfico sobre a História Comparada e de concepções acerca de termos pertinentes, como “identidade” e “representação”, por exemplo, aos relatos orais de alemães e alemães-judeus que vivenciaram esse período de imigração, além de evidências de caráter documental (como registros iconográficos de sepulturas, de instituições formais de ensino e de monumentos). A junção do referencial teórico à pesquisa de campo permite, ao final, que se esboce um perfil de identidade étnica híbrida que as manifestações identitárias conferem aos agentes envolvidos no processo imigratório na cidade de Rolândia, durante e após a Segunda Grande Guerra. / Brazil is formed by a nation that is characterized by constant immigration, sometimes more sometimes less intense. This flow allows the formation of what historically has been called interference interethnic relations that lead to identity agents involved. This flow allows the formation of what historically has been called interethnic relations that cause identity interferences to agents involved. For this reason, we adopt as an object of the present study the German Jewish immigration in the city of Rolândia, Paraná, during the first half of the twentieth century, in order to analyze as was accomplished the coexistence of different ethnic groups, particularly between Jews and Germans, who remained divergent, even after the war. To this end, we opted to diverse theoretical and methodological practices that will survey the theoretical literature on the comparative history and conceptions of the relevant terms such as "identity" and "representation", for example, the oral histories of Germans and German Jews who experienced this period of immigration, besides documentary character evidences (such as records of graves iconographic, formal educational institutions and monuments). The junction of the theoretical to the research field allows, in the end, that sketch a profile of ethnic hybrid identity that identity demonstrations give the agents involved in the immigration process in the town of Rolândia, during and after the Second World War.

The aim of the analysis is to question the meaning of the idea of "mixed neighborhood" today in France. The research focuses on Arnaud-Bernard, city center district of Toulouse, during the beginning of the 1990's. Three aspects are significant: different waves of immigration, different names, and a singular event, the "district's dish" (repas-de-quartier") as social link's creator. The mechanism of the Carrefour-Culturel, main association in the neighborhood in order to build a "mixed neighborhood", has been studied in this thesis. Interviews and sources from the association have been analyzed. Moreover the literature has been examined in order to underline the complexity of the idea of "mixed neighborhood". Résumé L'objet de l'analyse est de questionner ce que signifie la « mixité » et ce qu'elle désigne à l'échelle d'un quartier aujourd'hui en France. La recherche se focalise sur le quartier Arnaud-Bernard du centre ville de Toulouse à partir des années 1990. La particularité de ce quartier repose sur trois choses essentielles : les vagues migratoires successives qu'il a vu arriver en son sein, les différents noms qui lui ont été attribués et la création d'un évènement, le repas-de-quartier comme créateur de lien social à l'échelle du quartier. Dès lors, nous avons observé les dynamiques mises en...

Partant de l’étude d’un pèlerinage local du centre de la France approprié depuis les années 1960 par les migrants « Portugais » de la région, ce travail de thèse interroge la construction, l’expression et la visibilité des sentiments d’appartenance des pèlerins. Les appartenances se construisent et s’expriment aussi bien à partir de catégories religieuses que de catégories ethniques le plus souvent imbriquées. Ce pèlerinage apparaît comme un moment patrimonial où les « Portugais » mettent en exergue l’attachement au Portugal en même temps qu’ils affirment leur ancrage local, voire une autochtonie aux côtés de ceux qui, pour différentes raisons, investissent plutôt l’identité chrétienne. Cette thèse explore la construction complexe des appartenances, les circonstances et les manières dont elles s’expriment ou au contraire se taisent, d’une part à partir de l’analyse du pèlerinage en montrant comment les participants se représentent cet événement annuel et mobilisent tour à tour des références à la tradition, au territoire, à la religion et à l’origine, et d’autre part en mettant en lumière le rôle de l’Église et notamment du diocèse dans la fabrique d’une altérité ancrée dans un contexte religieux particulièrement inclusif / Based on the study of a local pilgrimage in the midst of France, witch appropriation was done by the Portuguese migrants of the area round 1960, this thesis questions the elaboration, expression and visibility, concerning their feeling as members of a community. These representations are built and expressed through both religious and ethnic, most often imbricated categories. This pilgrimage appears as a patrimonial moment, enhancing their attachment to Portugal and at the same time their claim for local roots. Or even autochthony, alongside those who, for various reasons, rather invest Christian identity. This thesis explores the complex construction of belongings, circumstances and ways in which they are expressed or, on the contrary fall silent, one hand from the analysis of the pilgrimage showing how participants perceive this annual event and mobilize alternately tradition, territory, religion or origin references, and secondly by highlighting the Church’s role, and especially that of the diocese in the making of an otherness rooted in a particularly inclusive religious context

O Brasil é formado por uma nação que se caracteriza pela constante imigração, ora mais ora menos intensa. Esse fluxo permite a formação do que historicamente se convencionou chamar de relações interétnicas que acarretam interferências identitárias aos agentes nele envolvidos. Por esse motivo, adota-se como objeto da presente pesquisa a imigração judaico-alemã na cidade de Rolândia no Paraná, durante a primeira metade do século XX, visando analisar como se efetivou a convivência entre grupos étnicos diferentes, particularmente entre judeus e alemães, que se mantiveram divergentes, mesmo após a guerra. Para tanto, optou-se por práticas teóricas e metodológicas diversificadas que vão do levantamento teórico-bibliográfico sobre a História Comparada e de concepções acerca de termos pertinentes, como “identidade” e “representação”, por exemplo, aos relatos orais de alemães e alemães-judeus que vivenciaram esse período de imigração, além de evidências de caráter documental (como registros iconográficos de sepulturas, de instituições formais de ensino e de monumentos). A junção do referencial teórico à pesquisa de campo permite, ao final, que se esboce um perfil de identidade étnica híbrida que as manifestações identitárias conferem aos agentes envolvidos no processo imigratório na cidade de Rolândia, durante e após a Segunda Grande Guerra. / Brazil is formed by a nation that is characterized by constant immigration, sometimes more sometimes less intense. This flow allows the formation of what historically has been called interference interethnic relations that lead to identity agents involved. This flow allows the formation of what historically has been called interethnic relations that cause identity interferences to agents involved. For this reason, we adopt as an object of the present study the German Jewish immigration in the city of Rolândia, Paraná, during the first half of the twentieth century, in order to analyze as was accomplished the coexistence of different ethnic groups, particularly between Jews and Germans, who remained divergent, even after the war. To this end, we opted to diverse theoretical and methodological practices that will survey the theoretical literature on the comparative history and conceptions of the relevant terms such as "identity" and "representation", for example, the oral histories of Germans and German Jews who experienced this period of immigration, besides documentary character evidences (such as records of graves iconographic, formal educational institutions and monuments). The junction of the theoretical to the research field allows, in the end, that sketch a profile of ethnic hybrid identity that identity demonstrations give the agents involved in the immigration process in the town of Rolândia, during and after the Second World War.