Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a Comunidade Cafuza, cujo objetivo é compreender a organização do grupo em torno de um projeto de produção coletiva de erva-mate, elaborado pelos Cafuzos em conjunto com várias pessoas que lhes prestam assessoria.Os Cafuzos estão assentados há seis anos no município de José Boiteux, em Santa Catarina. Totalizam 180 pessoas e constituem um grupo familiar extenso cuja origem é o casamento de um negro e uma índia no final do século passado. Viveram e sobreviveram à Guerra do Contestado, no início deste século, após a qual migraram do Planalto Catarinense para o Vale do Itajaí, onde, mais uma vez, foram expulsos da terra. Para compreender os impasses que surgiram na condução do projeto coletivo se busca a história do segmento populacional do qual este grupo faz parte, o campesinato aqui denominado brasileiro, e suas relações com outros segmentos e classes sociais. Também se considerou a relação interétnica conflitiva que têm com os colonos da região e a forma como se constrói a identidade étnica do grupo. Todo este conjunto é, então, confrontado com as diretrizes do projeto coletivo e consegue perceber-se como os Cafuzos as reinterpretaram adaptando-as aos valores e às contradições que elaboraram ao longo de sua história. / This study about the Cafuzo Community aims a comprehension of the project of organization of the group to produce collectively "erva-mate" (Ilex paraguaiensis). The Cafuzo Community, settled by the government in the years of 1992 on a land in the city of José Boiteux, state of Santa Catarina. They are na extense family group originated with the union of na african-descendant man and an indigenous woman at the end of the 1800’s. They lived and survived to the War of Contestado, migrating, thereafter, to the Highlands of Santa Catarina. To comprehend the conflicts and tensions aroused by the collectivization of the work, we considered the cultural characteristics of the wider segment they take part called brazilian peasantry in the south region of Brazil. I show the tension between the Cafuzo tradition, which is peasant, and the new organizational guidelines, as well as the tension between this group and the involving society. The theory used for interpretation was the one about the tension between two ideal society types: communitary and societary.

<p>This is an essay about the political development of Iraq after the overthrow of the Baath regime by the coalition forces in 2003. Almost seven years later, the political scene is still characterised by chaos, even though the country entered a new phase with the adoption of democratic thinking and a new openness to the world. The unstable political situation is a product of inter-ethnic conflict and the interference by neighbouring countries. Iraq is up against two formidable tasks – building democracy and building a nation. The essay sets out to explore the prospects of this dual mission.</p><p>The essay breaks down into three distinct, theoretically motivated parts or sections. The first part is inspired by O’Donnell & Schmitter’s transition theory and revolves around Iraq’s transition from dictatorship to democracy. The second part sets out to evaluate the development of democracy in Iraq after Saddam Hussein in the light of the seven institutional criteria of <em>polyarchies</em> as identified by Robert Dahl. The third part evaluates Iraq in terms of Arendt Lijphart’s groundbreaking theory about consensus as a pre-condition for democracy in highly divided societies.</p><p>The investigation confirms the general picture of the political situation in Iraq as unstable but with one notable exception – the Kurdish region. The constitution testifies to the ambition to turn Iraq into a polyarchy with strong elements of consensual democracy, but the spirit of the constitution is frequently violated by government institutions and individual politicians. The consensual features have in fact served as safety valve for the ethnic and religious minorities of Iraq; but it is an open question whether they will survive the onslaught by Prime Minister Al-Maliki, a recent convert to the Westminster model. The unclear relationship between Islam and democracy also looms large in the background in a country like Iraq and must somehow be resolved by the governing elite.</p>

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a Comunidade Cafuza, cujo objetivo é compreender a organização do grupo em torno de um projeto de produção coletiva de erva-mate, elaborado pelos Cafuzos em conjunto com várias pessoas que lhes prestam assessoria.Os Cafuzos estão assentados há seis anos no município de José Boiteux, em Santa Catarina. Totalizam 180 pessoas e constituem um grupo familiar extenso cuja origem é o casamento de um negro e uma índia no final do século passado. Viveram e sobreviveram à Guerra do Contestado, no início deste século, após a qual migraram do Planalto Catarinense para o Vale do Itajaí, onde, mais uma vez, foram expulsos da terra. Para compreender os impasses que surgiram na condução do projeto coletivo se busca a história do segmento populacional do qual este grupo faz parte, o campesinato aqui denominado brasileiro, e suas relações com outros segmentos e classes sociais. Também se considerou a relação interétnica conflitiva que têm com os colonos da região e a forma como se constrói a identidade étnica do grupo. Todo este conjunto é, então, confrontado com as diretrizes do projeto coletivo e consegue perceber-se como os Cafuzos as reinterpretaram adaptando-as aos valores e às contradições que elaboraram ao longo de sua história. / This study about the Cafuzo Community aims a comprehension of the project of organization of the group to produce collectively "erva-mate" (Ilex paraguaiensis). The Cafuzo Community, settled by the government in the years of 1992 on a land in the city of José Boiteux, state of Santa Catarina. They are na extense family group originated with the union of na african-descendant man and an indigenous woman at the end of the 1800’s. They lived and survived to the War of Contestado, migrating, thereafter, to the Highlands of Santa Catarina. To comprehend the conflicts and tensions aroused by the collectivization of the work, we considered the cultural characteristics of the wider segment they take part called brazilian peasantry in the south region of Brazil. I show the tension between the Cafuzo tradition, which is peasant, and the new organizational guidelines, as well as the tension between this group and the involving society. The theory used for interpretation was the one about the tension between two ideal society types: communitary and societary.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:54:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WanderleyGA.pdf: 1182626 bytes, checksum: fab31d702fe03512e0c198a8c52efd6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-28 / This dissertation present an analysis of the interethnic conflict between Makuxi and Wapixana at the current moment in the Maloca of the Adobe, Aboriginal Land Fox-Mountain range of the Sun, in the State of Roraima. The theoretical field was boarded in the Ethnology, pursuing situations in local history, with edges in ethno-history. The research elapsed of the deepening necessity on the social relations and aboriginal politics, for the intercultural professional exercise of educator, appealing the bibliographical survey and participant comment as method; not directive interviews, photographs, filmings and daily register in of field, as techniques carried through in the period of 2006 to 2007. Although to inhabit in the same area and to establish marriages between itself, individuals and groups express tensions, aggravated with the landmark and legal recognition of the area, which generated inter dispute and intraetnias, mainly with the intrusion of farmers, rizicultores and the form of governmental influence. A relation of rivalry, individual and collective was evidenced, suggesting the strengthenig and not it fractionly, of the fights external politics, interns and in way to the cultural diversity and social adversity / Esta disserta??o apresenta uma an?lise do conflito inter?tnico entre Makuxi e Wapixana no momento atual na Maloca do Barro, Terra Ind?gena Raposa-Serra do Sol, no Estado de Roraima. O campo te?rico foi abordado na Etnologia, perseguindo situa??es na hist?ria local, com margens na etno-hist?ria. A pesquisa decorreu da necessidade de aprofundamento sobre as rela??es sociais e pol?ticas ind?genas, para o exerc?cio profissional intercultural de professor, recorrendo a levantamento bibliogr?fico e observa??o participante como m?todos; entrevistas n?o diretivas, fotografias, filmagens e registro em di?rio de campo, como t?cnicas realizadas no per?odo de 2006 a 2007. Apesar de habitarem a mesma ?rea e estabelecerem casamentos entre si, indiv?duos e grupos expressam tens?es, agravadas com a demarca??o e reconhecimento legal da ?rea, a qual gerou disputa inter e intra-etnias, principalmente com a intrus?o de fazendeiros e rizicultores e a forma de influ?ncia governamental. Foi constatada uma rela??o de rivalidade, individual e coletiva, sugerindo o fortalecimento e n?o o fracionamento, das lutas pol?ticas, internas e externas em meio ? diversidade cultural e adversidade social

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta tese apresenta um estudo de caso sobre a construção da história de uma comunidade num espaço de conflito e de risco de desenraizamento. Interpreta uma situação em contexto de imigração com elementos interétnicos, referindo-se à disputa por terra entre uma comunidade indígena Kaingang da AI Toldo Pinhal e famílias de pequenos agricultores da região de Nova Teutônia, Seara, SC. Estas famílias, atraídas da Alemanha e do sul do país pela Colonizadora Luce Rosa & Cia, a partir da primeira década do século XX, adquiriram terras em territórios tradicionais indígenas. Hoje, na iminência de perder suas terras pelo fato de o Estado reconhecer os direitos originários da minoria indígena, a memória e a identidade destas famílias se constituem de lembranças e esquecimentos, de omissões e de silêncios. A pesquisa desenvolvida a partir das teorias da memória, ligadas à Antropologia e à Nova História, tem como base documentos e narrativas de imigrantes que, ao reconstruírem sua história, elaboram a experiência de estarem vivendo numa situação de conflito de interesses e de direitos. Identifica ainda diferentes grupos e instituições públicas e privadas envolvidas tanto no conflito como na busca de soluções. Particularmente, analisa a ação da igreja evangélica na região onde se situa esta comunidade, sob o ponto de vista histórico e em sua relação com as questões agrárias e indígenas. Nesta tese, uma das hipóteses confirmadas refere-se à importância da terra para os pequenos agricultores, terra entendida como espaço de territorialidade histórica e tradicional, que se explicita na relação construída entre memória e identidade. / This dissertation presents a case study on the construction of history by a community that lives in a space of conflict and under the risk of being uprooted. It interprets a situation in a context of immigration with interethnic elements, discussing the dispute over land between a Kaingang indigenous community of the Toldo Pinhal Indigenous Area and families of small farmers in the region of Nova Teutônia, municipality of Seara, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. These families, who were attracted from Germany and southern Brazil by the colonizing company, Luce Rosa & Cia since the beginning of the 20th century, bought plots located in traditional indigenous territories. At present, as they are on the brink of losing their land, since the Brazilian state has recognized the original rights of the indigenous minority, the memory and identity of these families are constituted by remembrance and forgetfulness, omission and silence. The research project, which was developed on the basis of theories of memory related to anthropology and the so-called New History, is built on documents and narratives of immigrants who, by reconstructing their history, work out the experience of living in a situation of conflict of rights and interests. It also identifies different groups as well as public and private institutions that are involved both in the conflict and the search for solutions. It particularly analyzes the action of the Lutheran church in the region where this community is located. This analysis is made from a historical point of view and from the point of view of the Lutheran churchs attitude toward agrarian problems and issues related to the indigenous people. One of the hypotheses confirmed by this dissertation has to do with the importance of the land for small farmers, viz. the land as a space of historical and traditional territoriality that becomes explicit in the construction of the relation between memory and identity.

This is an essay about the political development of Iraq after the overthrow of the Baath regime by the coalition forces in 2003. Almost seven years later, the political scene is still characterised by chaos, even though the country entered a new phase with the adoption of democratic thinking and a new openness to the world. The unstable political situation is a product of inter-ethnic conflict and the interference by neighbouring countries. Iraq is up against two formidable tasks – building democracy and building a nation. The essay sets out to explore the prospects of this dual mission. The essay breaks down into three distinct, theoretically motivated parts or sections. The first part is inspired by O’Donnell &amp; Schmitter’s transition theory and revolves around Iraq’s transition from dictatorship to democracy. The second part sets out to evaluate the development of democracy in Iraq after Saddam Hussein in the light of the seven institutional criteria of polyarchies as identified by Robert Dahl. The third part evaluates Iraq in terms of Arendt Lijphart’s groundbreaking theory about consensus as a pre-condition for democracy in highly divided societies. The investigation confirms the general picture of the political situation in Iraq as unstable but with one notable exception – the Kurdish region. The constitution testifies to the ambition to turn Iraq into a polyarchy with strong elements of consensual democracy, but the spirit of the constitution is frequently violated by government institutions and individual politicians. The consensual features have in fact served as safety valve for the ethnic and religious minorities of Iraq; but it is an open question whether they will survive the onslaught by Prime Minister Al-Maliki, a recent convert to the Westminster model. The unclear relationship between Islam and democracy also looms large in the background in a country like Iraq and must somehow be resolved by the governing elite.

This qualitative case study explores student, parent, and teacher perceptions of school racial climate and its impact on students’ academic and personal lives at a charter middle school in South Los Angeles. The study also explores teacher handling of the impact of racial tensions at this school with a majority Latin@ student enrollment and a predominantly Black teaching staff. School climate refers to the perceived quality of interpersonal interactions among teachers, students, staff, and parents. A positive school climate is associated with increased academic achievement and decreased disciplinary problems. Conversely, schools wrought with interethnic conflict or a poor racial climate divert focus and resources away from student learning and toward chronic disciplinary problems and teacher attrition. This case study demonstrates how Black administrators handled displacement by a large immigrant Latin@ population by instituting a system of Black privilege to protect political and economic space. The massive immigration of Latin@s offered a critical opportunity for coalition building with Blacks. However, a competition-based framework emerged, rendering this case study a microcosm of missed opportunity in South Los Angeles and beyond.

In 2011, South Sudan became independent through the agreement and implementation of the comprehensive peace agreement (CPA). However, interethnic conflict also escalated. This cycle of violence impacts the psychological and physical health of local society. When violence between ethnic groups escalates, civilians may be forced to flee their homes. This study employed a phenomenological research approach that examined the views and experiences of the recruited 13 members from the state of Jonglei; 5 members of the Dinka, 3 members of the Murle, and 5 members of the Nuer ethnic groups residing in the United States. In an attempt to understand the root causes of the conflict between ethnic groups, this research used a qualitative study plan that examined interethnic politics, perceptions, and beliefs among South Sudanese ethnic groups: Dinka, Murle, and Nuer. In addition, this study examined the presence of armed ethnic groups, the use of guns, and the relationship between trauma caused by past exposure or experience of violence and subsequent interethnic groups conflict. Data were analyzed with descriptive and patterned coding. The 5 identified themes from analysis of the collected data were: roles of ethnic identity, lack of trust in the system of the distribution of resources, roles of ethnic politicians, uncontrollable use of guns and defense of ethnic territory. In addition, the past war incidents between ethnic groups have a negative impact on the present relationship. The findings of this research may create positive social change for ethnic groups and for communities who may use it as an opportunity to understand their own problems and to establish an ethnic advocacy type of conflict resolution in South Sudan.

No description available.