No description available.

No description available.

Exploring the relationship that second-generation Sikh-Canadians have with alcohol, this research focuses on predominant understandings of alcohol in the community. Themes include Panjabi culture, Sikh understandings of alcohol, masculinity, intergenerational trauma and colonialism. / This thesis explores the relationship that second-generation Sikh-Canadians have with alcohol. Predominant understandings of alcohol in the community argue that Panjabi culture promotes the consumption of alcohol while Sikhi prohibits it yet culture and religion cannot easily be separated or understood in such monolithic ways. Problems with alcohol are often relegated to a Panjabi issue stemming from a hypermasculine culture that emphasizes overconsumption. Simply blaming “the culture” misses the heterogeneity of the community and the impacts of intergenerational trauma and contemporary formations of masculinity, culture, and religion that are rooted in colonialism. Furthermore, stating that Sikhi is vehemently anti-alcohol fails to engage with the Guru Granth Sahib and the lived reality. The central thesis of the Guru Granth Sahib, IkOankar (1-Ness), advocates against binaries, moving away from normative and simplistic understandings of good and bad or prohibited and accepted. This is not to argue that Sikhi promotes alcohol consumption rather, depicting alcohol consumption in reductive and binary terms is against the IkOankar paradigm and fails to engage lived Sikhi. Although in mainstream understandings of Sikhi, alcohol is prohibited, this is not always what is practiced. Moving beyond simple prohibition or acceptance, alcohol consumption can be understood through the dynamic ways in which Sikh-Canadians engage with the substance. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA) / Predominant understandings of alcohol in the Sikh community argue that Panjabi culture promotes its consumption while Sikhi prohibits it yet culture and religion cannot easily be separated or understood in such monolithic ways. Simply blaming “the culture” misses the heterogeneity of the community and the impacts of intergenerational trauma and contemporary formations of masculinity, culture, and religion that are rooted in colonialism. Furthermore, stating that Sikhi is vehemently anti-alcohol fails to engage with the central thesis of the Guru Granth Sahib, IkOankar (1-Ness), and the lived reality.

Prior research has suggested that children are at a greater risk of maladjustment in cases where a parent has experienced childhood maltreatment. The purpose of this study is to explore the role of parent's childhood maltreatment in its effects on parenting behavior, parent characteristics, and child adjustment. The multiple pathways through which parent's childhood maltreatment can be both directly and indirectly linked to child maladjustment were explored. Further, risk and protective factors, such as early age of becoming a parent or high parent education, which may play a role were examined as both potential moderators and mediators of the relation between parent's childhood maltreatment and children's maladjustment. Overall, several of the hypothesized pathways were supported. In particular, parent depression and parent's socio-demographic factors were found to act as mediators and moderators of the relations between parent's childhood maltreatment and child maladjustment. There was lesser evidence of child maltreatment behaviors and parenting behaviors mediating or moderating the relations between parent's childhood maltreatment and child maladjustment. Recommendations for future research directions as well as directions for intervention and prevention efforts for at-risk families and children will be suggested. / Ph. D.

The Generation Connection Program (GCP), an intergenerational program transfer initiative, was examined as the focus of this study in order to determine how an enabling agency approach can advance the implementation and sustainability of innovative intergenerational programs throughout a community. Teachers and long term care staff from three sites with active programs and staff from two sites that had disbanded programs participated in this study. Additional data included field notes from intergenerational program activities and orientations observations, journal articles, implementation package materials, newspaper articles, and the GCP s internal written documents. This study was largely exploratory, as the critical factors for the successful transfer of social programs are not clearly understood. Five themes emerged from the data: the process of program transfer as a continual process, the transfer of knowledge and skills, building collaborative relationships between long term care staff and teachers, continual innovation, and building capacity through networks. The findings suggest that a community-based managed network approach, combining central agency leadership with capacity in long term care centers and schools/child care centers, can advance the implementation and institutionalization of intergenerational programs. / Master of Urban and Regional Planning

The purpose of this study was to begin to understand what exactly occurs when young children and adult day care participants interact together during planned intergenerational activities. Data were recorded through field notes, video tapes, activity plans and evaluations and through the assessment of the interaction by using an adaptation of the Early Childhood Classroom Observation Scale. The presentation of discoveries includes a description of each of the 12 activities implemented between the two groups, the environment, interactions between staff and participants and interactions between children and adults. The findings indicate implications for practice as well as future directions for research. / Master of Science

Fictive kinship is a relationship characterized by use of kin terms in addressing persons who are not genealogical relatives. The objective of this study was to clarify the discrepancy between a theoretical perspective of fictive kinship as a form of substitutive kinship in a complex, urban society, and research which indicated that fictive kinship may be characteristic of a more stable society. The sample selected for research consisted of 115 wives randomly selected from a population comprising the faculty employed at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg, Virginia. When generalized to an upper-middle-class, white, Protestant population, then was no substantiation for either the theoretical perspective of substitutive kinship in a complex, urban milieu, or the previous findings which suggested that fictive kin relationships were characteristic of a more stable environment. However, respondents from small families of orientation used fictive kin terms significantly more than other respondents. Intergenerational patterns of usage were also apparent. Descriptive data indicated the terms were most often used during childhood and were generally initiated by parents for their personal friends. The relationship involved appears to be one between two non-users, while a third party is encouraged to use the fictive terminology as validation of that relationship. Interpretation of the data gives rise to the suggestion that fictive kinship may be a misnomer, because the terms seem indicative of primary group associations rather than kin ties. / M.S.

This investigation was conducted in response to the need for effective diversity awareness programs to help employers create intergenerational-friendly work environments. An experimental pre- and post-test control group randomized block design was employed to answer two research questions about the effects of a simulation game on knowledge and attitudes about age-related changes in learning and work behaviors of older workers. Participants were assessed immediately prior to and following the treatment, followed by a third assessment 60 days later. Necessary measures were taken to control for threats to the study's internal validity. An applicant pool comprised of human resource management and development practitioners and senior undergraduate students enrolled in human resource management courses yielded a sample of 65 participants. Chapter one introduces the study. Chapter two provides a review and summary of relevant literature on ageism in the workplace, training older workers, and simulation games. Chapter three describes the procedures and methods used to answer the research questions. Chapter four presents the results of all analytic procedures related to the investigation. Chapter five provides the conclusions and recommendations based on the findings of this investigation. In this investigation, the treatment group did not score significantly higher on their knowledge of age-related changes in learning and work behaviors of older workers than the control group following treatment. The attitudinal change experienced by the treatment group did not differ significantly from the attitudinal change experienced by the control group. Recommendations for further research include the following: (a) the disordinal interactive effect of the control group's performance on the knowledge measure during the 60-day interval between post assessments warrants further investigation, (b) the statistically significant change in attitude that occurred within each group during the 60-day interval following treatment warrants further investigation, and (c) more reliable instruments need to be developed for measuring the effects of heightened awareness following diversity interventions.

Diese Arbeit zielt darauf ab, Einblicke in die Kommunikation intergenerationaler Interaktionen zu erhalten, indem die Koordination zwischen jungen und älteren Erwachsenen betrachtet wird. Interpersonale Koordination beeinflusst Interaktionen positiv, deshalb ist die Koordination zweier Menschen der Fokus dieser Arbeit, wobei insbesondere die Abhängigkeit interpersonaler Koordination von bestimmten Kontextfaktoren studiert wird. Die Arbeit versteht die emotionale und behaviorale Mimikry, und die Synchronität zweier Interaktionspartner als Aspekte interpersonaler Koordination. Hierfür wurden mehrere Studien zur Analyse von emotionaler Mimikry (Studie 1), Synchronität und behavioraler Mimikry (Studie 2) durchgeführt. Außerdem wurde eine Zugehörigkeitsmotivation gegenüber Älteren experimentell erzeugt und anschließend emotionale Mimikry erhoben (Studie 3). Für Studien 1 und 2 interagierten junge Probanden mit einer älteren oder einer gleichaltrigen Person, die ein freudiges oder ärgerliches Ereignis erzählte. Studie 1 zeigte, dass freudige Gesichtsausdrücke immer imitiert wurden, insbesondere innerhalb gleichaltriger Interaktionen und während der freudigen Erzählung. Studie 2 zeigte mehr Synchronität innerhalb gleichaltriger als bei nicht-gleichaltrigen Interaktionen, während mehr behaviorale Mimikry bei älteren als bei jungen Interaktionspartnern gefunden wurde. Darüber hinaus veranschaulichte Studie 3, dass eine erhöhte Zugehörigkeitsmotivation gegenüber einer älteren Person das Imitiationsverhalten gegenüber der gesamten Altersgruppe positiv beeinflusste. Die Arbeit verschafft einen Einblick in intergenerationale Interaktionen, deren Ergebnisse nahelegen, dass obwohl junge Menschen generell motiviert sind mit älteren Menschen zu interagieren, bestimmte Umstände sie davon abhalten können. Allerdings konnten wir mit der Manipulation der Zugehörigkeitsmotivation einen vielversprechenden Ausblick für intergenerationale Kommunikation schaffen. / This dissertation aims to unravel intergenerational communication by studying interpersonal coordination between young and older adults. Interpersonal coordination is considered to have a positive influence on interactions. Thus, this work sets out to determine whether interpersonal coordination depends on contextual factors such as the social relation context and the affective context. Several studies were conducted to assess three aspects of interpersonal coordination: Emotional mimicry (Study 1), synchrony and behavioral mimicry (Study 2). Moreover, as it was hypothesized that young adults are not motivated to affiliate with the elderly, a heightened affiliation motivation toward the elderly was experimentally created and emotional mimicry assessed subsequently (Study 3). For studies 1 and 2, young adults were invited to interact with an elderly person or with a person of the same age who recounted an emotional (happy or angry) event. Study 1 revealed mimicry of happiness expressions, particularly within same-generation interactions and during the narration of a happy event, while angry expressions were rarely displayed and not mimicked. Study 2 revealed more synchrony within same-generation compared to intergenerational interactions, whereas there was more behavioral mimicry of elderly interaction partners compared to young interaction partners. Study 3 illustrated that a heightened motivation toward an older person positively influenced mimicking behavior toward the whole age group. This dissertation provides a first step in unravelling intergenerational interactions, where findings regarding emotional mimicry and synchrony suggest that certain circumstances might prevent young adults from acting the same toward young and old individuals. However, as we were able to successfully manipulate affiliation motivation, a promising positive outlook for intergenerational communication emerged.

Obiettivo della presente ricerca è quello di studiare la condizione dei giovani in Italia nella prima decade del 2000 e di suggerire qualche policy per intervenire in questa situazione. La decisione di analizzare la povertà urbana e la deprivazione nel primo capitolo, e di analizzare l’equità e la mobilità intergenerazionale nel secondo e nel terzo, è strettamente collegata con la volontà di chi scrive di identificare nuovi strumenti di policy che possono intervenire a vantaggio dell’opportunità e dell’equità dei giovani. Il lavoro si divide in due parti. Nella prima parte si è fatta un'analisi della povertà urbana nella città di Milano: in questo ambito si è analizzato il flusso migratorio nelle zone di Milano considerando la dotazione strutturale delle zone stesse, procedendo con la creazione di indici di misurazione delle public facilities dedicate ai giovani e giovanissimi. In seguito alla creazione di indicatori di misurazione della dotazione di scuole, centri culturali, centri di aggregazione giovanili, centri sportivi, consultori specializzati per giovani, abbiamo individuato una correlazione tra i servizi forniti e la presenza di una specifica coorte di popolazione. Nella seconda parte si è analizzato l’andamento dell’equità intergenerazionale e della mobilità intergenerazionale. Nel secondo capitolo è stata fatta una review della letteratura pre esisteste in materia considerando la trasmissione intergenerazionale della povertà e la mobilità intergenerazionale con lo scopo di analizzare la metodologia di misurazione più appropriato. Inoltre sono stati presi in analisi le principali analisi a livello internazionale, ma si è anche fatto particolare riferimento alla letteratura relativa al caso Italiano. In seguito si è proceduto con un’analisi del livello di equità intergenerazionale in Italia , utilizzando i dati dell’Indagine sui Consumi delle Famiglie della Banca d’Italia. / The aim of the present research is to study the youth condition in Italy in the first decade of 2000 and to suggest some regulatory policy on this situation. The decision to investigate on urban poverty and deprivation in the first chapter, and to analyze intergenerational equity and mobility in the second and in the third chapters, is strictly related to the willingness of the writer to identify new policy instruments that can intervene in favor of young's opportunities and equity. The research is divided into two parts. In the first chapter we have done an analysis of the urban poverty in the city of Milan. To do this we have analyzed the movement of citizens in the different area of Milan, considering the availability of public facilities dedicated to young. After a creation of the indicators to assess the endowment benchmarks for school, cultural structure, Young Meeting Centers, sports centers, health centers specialized for young people, we have detected a connection between the services furnished and the presence of a specific population-based cohort. In the second part we have analysed the trend of intergenerational mobility and intergenerational equity. In the second chapter, we develop a literature review of the primary researches on intergenerational transmission of poverty and intergenerational mobility with the aim to analyze the most appropriate and recognized methodology to measure this data in Italy. In the third paper, we have measured the trend of intergenerational mobility in Italy, considering data from Bank of Italy SHIW.