The objective of this project is to improve productivity and efficiency for the inbound material handling operations in the warehouse of DC Älmhult. After three weeks pre-study in place of the distribution center, the authors have observed several problems existing in the current production, among which three types of wastes are found and analyzed by using VSM that are pick and drop, operator waiting time and inefficient transport. Two typical cases chosen from the inbound production are analyzed to reflect the current process and address problems. Fish-bone tool is used to identify wastes and roots. To eliminate or reduce the wastes, recommendations and solutions are developed by creating continuous flow combining with internal transport optimization. Future-state VSMs are drawn based on the suggested changes in line with continuous flow. Different productions models are simulated by elaborately developed excel sheets. A „distance table‟ is developed by using Microsoft Excel to help the loading or unloading leaders with the gate steering function so as to minimize internal transport distance. A new layout of the conveyor system is also suggested to lower the idle transport rate.

Esta dissertação está dividida em dois artigos que explorarão os custos internos de transporte da soja no Brasil. Os artigos estudam as condições de deficiência de escoamento da soja brasileira para exportação. Neste sentido, o primeiro artigo avalia os gargalos existentes no trajeto entre o estado do Mato Grosso – maior produtor brasileiro –, e o porto de Santos – maior ponto de exportação da soja proveniente do Mato Grosso. Os resultados indicam que a precariedade rodoviária do estado do Mato Grosso e o excessivo uso do modal rodoviário poderiam representar significativos entraves à competitividade mundial da soja brasileira. Já o segundo analisa o efeito do impacto de melhorias no sistema de transporte brasileiro sobre a cultura de soja no Brasil sobre os Estados Unidos e Argentina, bem como sobre os principais importadores. Este artigo abarca inúmeras variáveis de interesse, como exportações, produção, demanda por soja, preços locais, preços mundiais. De modo geral, verificou-se que a predominância do modal rodoviário no escoamento do grão, bem como a precariedade deste, poderiam ser impeditivos à expansão da soja no Brasil. / This thesis is divided into two articles that explore the internal costs of transporting soybeans in Brazil. Articles studying the conditions of deficiency flow of Brazilian soybeans for export. In this sense, the first article evaluates the existing bottlenecks in the path between the state of Mato Grosso - Brazil's largest producer - and the port of Santos - the largest export point of soy from Mato Grosso. The results indicate that the road precarious state of Mato Grosso and the excessive use of railroads could represent significant barriers to global competitiveness of Brazilian soybeans. The second analyzes the effect of the impact of improvements in the transport system on the Brazilian soybean crop in Brazil over the United States and Argentina, as well as on the main importers. This article covers several variables of interest, such as exports, production, demand for soybeans, local prices, world prices. In general, it was found that the prevalence of road transportation on the flow of grain, and the instability of it, could be impediments to the growth of soybean in Brazil.

Esta dissertação está dividida em dois artigos que explorarão os custos internos de transporte da soja no Brasil. Os artigos estudam as condições de deficiência de escoamento da soja brasileira para exportação. Neste sentido, o primeiro artigo avalia os gargalos existentes no trajeto entre o estado do Mato Grosso – maior produtor brasileiro –, e o porto de Santos – maior ponto de exportação da soja proveniente do Mato Grosso. Os resultados indicam que a precariedade rodoviária do estado do Mato Grosso e o excessivo uso do modal rodoviário poderiam representar significativos entraves à competitividade mundial da soja brasileira. Já o segundo analisa o efeito do impacto de melhorias no sistema de transporte brasileiro sobre a cultura de soja no Brasil sobre os Estados Unidos e Argentina, bem como sobre os principais importadores. Este artigo abarca inúmeras variáveis de interesse, como exportações, produção, demanda por soja, preços locais, preços mundiais. De modo geral, verificou-se que a predominância do modal rodoviário no escoamento do grão, bem como a precariedade deste, poderiam ser impeditivos à expansão da soja no Brasil. / This thesis is divided into two articles that explore the internal costs of transporting soybeans in Brazil. Articles studying the conditions of deficiency flow of Brazilian soybeans for export. In this sense, the first article evaluates the existing bottlenecks in the path between the state of Mato Grosso - Brazil's largest producer - and the port of Santos - the largest export point of soy from Mato Grosso. The results indicate that the road precarious state of Mato Grosso and the excessive use of railroads could represent significant barriers to global competitiveness of Brazilian soybeans. The second analyzes the effect of the impact of improvements in the transport system on the Brazilian soybean crop in Brazil over the United States and Argentina, as well as on the main importers. This article covers several variables of interest, such as exports, production, demand for soybeans, local prices, world prices. In general, it was found that the prevalence of road transportation on the flow of grain, and the instability of it, could be impediments to the growth of soybean in Brazil.

Esta dissertação está dividida em dois artigos que explorarão os custos internos de transporte da soja no Brasil. Os artigos estudam as condições de deficiência de escoamento da soja brasileira para exportação. Neste sentido, o primeiro artigo avalia os gargalos existentes no trajeto entre o estado do Mato Grosso – maior produtor brasileiro –, e o porto de Santos – maior ponto de exportação da soja proveniente do Mato Grosso. Os resultados indicam que a precariedade rodoviária do estado do Mato Grosso e o excessivo uso do modal rodoviário poderiam representar significativos entraves à competitividade mundial da soja brasileira. Já o segundo analisa o efeito do impacto de melhorias no sistema de transporte brasileiro sobre a cultura de soja no Brasil sobre os Estados Unidos e Argentina, bem como sobre os principais importadores. Este artigo abarca inúmeras variáveis de interesse, como exportações, produção, demanda por soja, preços locais, preços mundiais. De modo geral, verificou-se que a predominância do modal rodoviário no escoamento do grão, bem como a precariedade deste, poderiam ser impeditivos à expansão da soja no Brasil. / This thesis is divided into two articles that explore the internal costs of transporting soybeans in Brazil. Articles studying the conditions of deficiency flow of Brazilian soybeans for export. In this sense, the first article evaluates the existing bottlenecks in the path between the state of Mato Grosso - Brazil's largest producer - and the port of Santos - the largest export point of soy from Mato Grosso. The results indicate that the road precarious state of Mato Grosso and the excessive use of railroads could represent significant barriers to global competitiveness of Brazilian soybeans. The second analyzes the effect of the impact of improvements in the transport system on the Brazilian soybean crop in Brazil over the United States and Argentina, as well as on the main importers. This article covers several variables of interest, such as exports, production, demand for soybeans, local prices, world prices. In general, it was found that the prevalence of road transportation on the flow of grain, and the instability of it, could be impediments to the growth of soybean in Brazil.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the internal transport of a case company and develop a new approach to increase the utilisation rate of their lift trucks. The case study was conducted at a large manufacturing company in southern Sweden and limited to two of their production facilities, denoted PVT and Tage, with a total of 27 lift trucks. The current data provided by the case company imposed limitations on decision-making since it only specified the total number of hours each truck was used in a year. By mapping out the current material handling processes at both facilities, opportunities were identified on how the internal transport can be organised in an economically justifiable way. The empirical data was collected through observations, time studies and interviews. The data was analysed based on the total truck cycle time, idle time and waiting time. The findings highlighted that the lift trucks had low utilisation rate and that there was room for improvements. Through a sensitivity analysis, it was concluded that two trucks from PVT and one truck from Tage could be removed. Additionally, the utilisation rate of the remaining trucks can be increased by letting several production lines share the same truck. For the new suggested internal transport to function properly, the first recommendation is to ensure that the trucks have enough battery capacity, otherwise, truck availability will decrease, making the overall production inefficient. The second recommendation is to eliminate non-value-adding transport activities performed by the machine operators. This can be done by delegating such transport activities to other employees, such as truck drivers and coordinators. These recommendations help the case company to improve efficiencies in their internal transport. Furthermore, the findings highlight the need and possibility for transport efficiency improvements overall and how it can be approached. / Syftet med detta examensarbete är att analysera den interna transporten av ett fallföretag och utveckla ett nytt tillvägagångssätt för att öka utnyttjandegraden av deras truckar. Fallstudien genomfördes vid ett stort tillverkningsföretag i södra Sverige och begränsad till två av deras produktionsverkstäder, betecknade PVT och Tage, med totalt 27 truckar. De aktuella uppgifterna som samlats in på fallföretaget medförde begränsningar på beslutsfattande, eftersom de endast angav det totala antalet timmar varje truck användes under ett år. Genom att kartlägga nuvarande materialhanteringsprocesser vid båda verkstäderna identifierades möjligheter i hur den interna transporten kan organiseras på ett ekonomiskt försvarbart sätt. Empirin samlades in genom observationer, tidsstudier och intervjuer. Data analyserades sedan utifrån truckarnas totala cykeltid, tid för stillastående samt väntetid. Baserat på observationerna och tidsstudierna identifierades truckar som hade låg utnyttjandegrad och således förbättringspotential. Resultatet från känslighetsanalys visade att två truckar från PVT och en truck från Tage kunde elimineras. Utnyttjandegraden på de återstående truckar kan då ökas genom att låta flera produktionslinjer dela på samma truck. För att den nya organisationen av den interna transporten ska fungera korrekt, rekommenderas att alla truckar har tillräcklig batterikapacitet, annars kommer trucktillgängligheten att minskas vilket skulle göra den totala produktionen ineffektiv. Den andra rekommendationen är att eliminera icke värdeskapande transportaktiviteter som utförs av maskinoperatörerna. Detta kan göras genom att delegera sådana transportaktiviteter till andra anställda, såsom truckförare och samordnare. Dessa rekommendationer hjälper fallföretaget att förbättra effektiviteten i sina interna transporter. Vidare visar studien behovet och möjligheten att driva effektivitetsförbättringar samt hur man kan gå till väga för att genomföra det.

Purpose –Transport is considered a waste where internal transport specifically is considered a waste. To make a business's processes more effective, companies need to identify and reduce the waste that arises in the flow of internal transport. Therefore, the purpose of this study is:To investigate how internal transport should be handled for increased efficiency.The purpose has then been broken down into two research questions: [1] What factors contribute to the need for internal transport? [2] How can internal transport be made more efficient? Method – The study is a case study and the data collection was carried out in two rounds, the first step was to collect data to map the current situation and the second step was to collect data to measure waste. The data collection methods used to answer the study's research questions were literature study, interviews, observations, frequency studies and document studies. The researchers considered that triangulation was an important part of data collection in order to ensure the validity of the collected data. Finally, the results from collected data were compared with theories in the field to be able to answer the study's purpose and research questions. Findings – The results of the study demonstrates the importance of conducting a value flow analysis in order to be able to identify which factors contribute to the need for internal transport. With the help of a value flow map, the non-value-adding activities could be identified which in this case were lack of signaling systems, lack of communication and interaction between employees and lack of standardized working methods. Subsequently, suitable solution proposals were developed where automation and the three lean principles; standardized working method, kaizen and just-in-time were considered to be the methods that could make a company's internal transports more efficient based on identified problems. Implications – Based on the results of the study, it is considered that today's companies need to work on identifying the problems surrounding the flow of internal transport. It appears that there are good opportunities for improvement regarding signal systems, communication and interaction as well as standardization. The study clarifies that investments in addressing these issues can make the flow of internal transport more efficient and generate a high level of profitability on the investments made in the area. Based on collected theory, it is demonstrated that making business processes more efficient is necessary to remain competitive in a market with constantly changing requirements. Limitations – As the study is only based on one case, the generalizability of the survey results can be questioned. Furthermore, the limited time period is considered to have affected the breadth and size of the study. Access to more time could have resulted in longer data collection periods and thus more representative data as well as the inclusion of more cases to increase the generalizability of the study conclusions.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第19826号 / エネ博第332号 / 新制||エネ||66(附属図書館) / 32862 / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー基礎科学専攻 / (主査)教授 水内 亨, 教授 長﨑 百伸, 准教授 南 貴司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Background: By optimizing a company's internal flows, several benefits, including reduction of waiting time and incidents, can be generated. A relevant starting point for the concept of lean production is the effort to reduce the amount of waste. A variant of an improvement tool is a so-called spaghetti diagram. This tool is considered optimal partly to reduce the amount of waste associated with the current layout and the flows that exist in the warehouse, and partly to get a picture of what safety looks like and how it could be optimized. This with regard to the way forklifts and people may relate to each other to avoid incidents, including collisions. Purpose: The purpose of the paper is, based on Volvo CE Braås logistics center, to study today's internal transport flows, its frequency and challenges associated with these in terms of safety and productivity. Furthermore, the purpose is to examine the corresponding transport flows in Volvo CE Braås logistics layout 2025, its frequency and how challenges related to safety and productivity at this stage can be addressed. Method: The study involves a qualitative approach where a case study has been conducted. Primary and secondary data has been collected in the form of both semi-structured and unstructured interviews. To create a well-founded analysis, pattern comparison has been chosen as the approach for the analysis method. This is because a theoretical basis is seen in relation to the basis that has been obtained from Volvo CE Braås, in order to obtain as well-founded a result as possible. Results: Regarding the frequency of transports in and out of the Volvo CE Braås logistics center in the current logistics layout, challenges have been identified in terms of safety and productivity. Challenges related to safety have turned out to be high frequency of internal transports, pedestrians and crossing flows. In terms of productivity, challenges also include the high frequency of internal transports and pedestrians moving in and out of the logistics center. Regarding future safety challenges in the 2025 logistics layout, they could be addressed by introducing one-way areas, optimizing the number of trucks, providing safety information and introducing automatic measurement of internal transports. In terms of productivity challenges, these could be addressed by introducing one-way areas, maintaining good communication, optimizing the number of trucks, providing safety information, offering training and introducing separate placement of AGVs and a separate loading area for trucks. / Bakgrund: Genom att optimera en verksamhets interna flöden kan flertalet fördelar, däribland reducering av väntetid och incidenter, genereras. En relevant utgångspunkt för begreppet lean production är strävan efter att reducera mängden slöserier. En variant av förbättringsverktyg är ett så kallat spagettidiagram. Detta verktyg anses vara optimalt dels för att reducera mängden slöserier med koppling till rådande layout och de flöden som existerar i lagret, dels för att få en bild av hur säkerheten ser ut och hur denna skulle kunna optimeras. Detta med avseende på vilket sätt truckar och människor får förhålla sig till varandra för att undvika incidenter, däribland kollisioner. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att, med utgångspunkt i Volvo CE Braås logistikcentrum, studera dagens interna transportflöden, dess frekvens samt utmaningar förknippade med dessa beträffande säkerhet och produktivitet. Vidare är syftet att undersöka motsvarande transportflöden i Volvo CE Braås logistiklayout 2025, dess frekvens samt hur utmaningar sett till säkerhet och produktivitet i detta skede kan angripas. Metod: Studien innefattas av ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt där en fallstudie har genomförts. För att skapa underlag till studien har primär- och sekundärdata samlats in i form av både semistrukturerade- och ostrukturerade intervjuer. För att skapa en  välgrundad analys har mönsterjämförelse valts som tillvägagångssätt för analysmetoden. Detta i och med att ett teoretiskt underlag ses i relation till det underlag som har erhållits från Volvo CE Braås, för att i sin tur erhålla ett så välgrundat resultat som möjligt. Resultat: Beträffande frekvensen av transporter inom och ut från Volvo CE Braås logistikcentrum i dagens logistiklayout, har utmaningar identifierats sett till säkerhet och produktivitet. Utmaningar med koppling till säkerhet har visat sig vara hög frekvens av de interna transporter som sker, fotgängare samt korsande flöden. Sett till produktivitet är utmaningar även här att det råder en hög frekvens av de interna transporterna samt att fotgängare rör sig inom och ut från logistikcentrum. Med avseende på framtida säkerhetsutmaningar i logistiklayouten 2025, skulle de kunna angripas genom att införa enkelriktade områden, optimera antalet truckar, ge säkerhetsinformation och införa automatisk mätning av interna transporter. Sett till produktivitetsutmaningar kan dessa angripas genom att även här införa enkelriktade områden, upprätthålla en god kommunikation, optimera antalet truckar, ge säkerhetsinformation, erbjuda utbildning och införa separat placering av AGV samt införa ett separat laddningsutrymme för truckar.

<p>Denna rapport är resultatet av en analys som gjorts vid Vest-Woods fabrik i Forserum under våren 2007 i syfte att reducera interna transporter. Vest-Wood AB i Forserum tillverkar dörrar för den svenska marknaden men förser också en annan fabrik (Sdr</p><p>Felding i Danmark) i samma koncern med dörrstommar. Materialhantering för att förse Sdr Felding fabriken med dörrstommar medför i dagsläget mycket interna transporter i Forserumsfabriken. För att klara ojämn efterfrågan från Sdr Felding fabriken samt för att kunna jämna ut sin egen produktion har Forserumsfabriken valt</p><p>att lagerföra de tolv artiklar som beställs mest frekvent från Sdr Felding fabriken. Buffertlagret vid Forserumsfabriken där artiklarna lagerförs är placerat ca 200 m från produktionen vilket medför mycket intern transport för hantering av dessa. Uppgiften</p><p>som Vest-Wood AB i Forserum ville ha analyserad var hur de kunde hitta ett mer ekonomsikt fördelaktigt upplägg av de interna transporterna inom fabriken i Forserum. För att kartlägga nuläget beräknades medelvärdet av buffertlagret baserat på inventerade lagersaldo från 2006. I samma buffertlager lagerförs den buffert som</p><p>skall täcka efterfrågan för den veckas extra semester som Forserumsfabriken har jämfört med Sdr Felding fabriken. Den semesterbufferten fick räknas bort. Efter att ha fastställt medelvärdet på buffertlagret kunde lagerhållningskostnaden beräknas.</p><p>I den del av Forserumsfabriken som vi analyserat sker tillverkning i tre flöden där de tolv lagerförda dörrstommarna tillverkas i två av dem. Vi räknade ut att total kapacitet i dessa båda och fann att det finns en möjlig extra kapacitet på 25 %. Med medelvärdet och möjlig extra kapacitet som underlag kunde ett förbättringsförslag</p><p>tas fram. Förbättringsförslaget handlar om att ta bort buffertlagret, som ett led i att minska de interna transporterna. Förbättringsförslaget förutsätter att samarbetet och insynen mellan fabriken i Sdr Felding och fabriken i Forserum förbättras.</p> / <p>This report is the result of an analysis made at Vest-Woods factory in Forserum during the spring of 2007 with the purpose to reduce internal transports. Vest-Wood AB in Forserum produces doors for the Swedish market but is also a supplier of doorframes to another factory (Sdr Felding in Denmark) in the same group of companies. The material handling for supplying the factory in Sdr Felding with</p><p>doorframes causes a lot of internal transports. The factory in Forserum has chosen to keep the twelve most ordered doorframes in stock to keep up with varying demand from the factory in Sdr Felding and to smooth their own manufacturing. The warehouse in Forserum, where the doorframes are stored, is placed 200 m from the</p><p>manufacturing site and that contributes to the internal transport. The assignment that Vest-Wood AB in Forserum wanted analysed was how they could find a more beneficial arrangement of the internal transports from an economic point of view. To define the present situation we calculated the mean value based on inventory data</p><p>from 2006. The factory in Forserum is closed for one more week than the factory in Sdr Felding is during the summer. For that reason, a buffer is built to cover the demand from the factory in Sdr Felding during this week. This buffer is also kept in the warehouse. That buffer was subtracted from the inventory results. When the mean</p><p>value of the warehouse had been calculated, the yearly cost of storing the doorframes could be calculated. There are three different flows in that part of the factory in Forserum where our analysis has taken place. Production of the twelve doorframes</p><p>takes place in two of them. We calculated total capacity in these two flows and found that they have potential extra capacity of 25 %.</p><p>With the mean value of the warehouse and the potential extra capacity in the production we could work out a proposal of improvement. The proposal treats how to remove the warehouse as a way of reducing internal transports. The proposal assumes</p><p>that the collaboration and insight between the factory in Sdr Felding and the factory in Forserum is improved.</p>

Föreningen av digitala tekniker och logistiska funktioner genom koncept som Industri 4.0 kan komma att förändra många marknader. Detta medför nya förutsättningar för industriföretag som vill fortsätta växa och vara konkurrenskraftiga. Denna studie syftade till att undersöka implementering av modern digital teknik i industriföretag. Författarna undersökte i denna studie vilka motiv som finns för en sådan implementering och vilka faktorer en verksamhet kan behöva beakta vid implementering. Dessutom undersöktes hur effektivitet kan mätas efter implementering både ur tillverkningsperspektiv och perspektiv på interna transporter. Intervjuer genomfördes med såväl ett tillverkande företag som implementerar ett modernt digitalt lagerhanteringssystem i sin verksamhet samt ett konsultföretag som bistod med kompetens för implementeringsprojektet. Fallföretaget i studien befann sig i slutfasen av implementering av ett digitalt lagerhanteringssystem med en funktion för att spåra material genom produktionen. Tidigare hade all planering och inventering gjorts manuellt. Författarna identifierade 14 motiv som kan finnas för tillverkande företag att implementera ett digitalt system samt åtta faktorer som är viktiga att beakta vid sådan implementering. Dessutom identifierade författarna KPI:er som de fann relevanta för mätning av tillverkningseffektivitet samt truckförares effektivitet efter implementering av ett digitalt system. / The union of digital technologies and logistical functions through concepts such as Industry 4.0 could change how a lot of markets operate. This creates new requirements for manufacturing companies who wish to keep growing and to stay competitive. The purpose of this study was to look at implementation of modern digital technologies in an industrial manufacturing context. The authors of this study explored which motives exist for such an implementation and which problems that need to be considered. Furthermore, the authors examined how effectiveness can be measured after implementation from both a manufacturing perspective as well an internal transport perspective. Interviews were conducted with a manufacturing company in the process of implementing a digital warehouse management system as well as a consulting company that provided support to the project. The case company in the study was in the final phase of implementing a digital warehouse management system with a primary feature of tracking material and goods through the production. Prior to this warehouse management system, all planning and stock keeping were performed manually. The authors proposed 14 different motives for manufacturing companies to implement a digital system and eight important factors to be considered when implementing a system such as the one the case company did. The authors also proposed Key Performance Indicators for measuring effectiveness and efficiency of manufacturing operations and forklift drivers, respectively, when a digital system is applied.