La presente investigación tiene como objetivo examinar el efecto de las reservas internacionales en el spread soberano del Perú. Como factores adicionales que influyen en nuestra variable dependiente se han estudiado las exportaciones, saldo de cuenta corriente, términos de intercambio, IPC, tipo de cambio real, tipo de cambio nominal y bonos del tesoro de Estados Unidos. Esta investigación se realiza mediante un Modelo Vectorial de Corrección de Errores y el periodo de análisis comprende desde el 2000 al 2019. Los resultados obtenidos indican que las reservas internacionales han sido efectivas para disminuir el spread soberano en el periodo de análisis, es decir que, existe una relación inversa de largo plazo entre ambas variables, lo cual va en línea con la literatura existente. Además, se encuentra que tanto el saldo de cuenta corriente, las exportaciones, los términos de intercambio, el tipo de cambio real y los bonos del Tesoro de Estados Unidos, tienen relación de largo plazo con el spread soberano y tienen un efecto significativo y negativo sobre este. Por otro lado, la inflación tiene una relación positiva de corto y largo plazo con el EMBI. El tipo de cambio nominal no tiene significancia en el modelo. Por otro lado, los Bonos del Tesoro de Estados Unidos tienen una relación de corto plazo debido al efecto sustitución. / The main objective of this investigation is to examine the effect of international reserves on the sovereign spread of Peru. As additional factors influencing in our dependent variable, exports, current account balance, terms of trade, CPI inflation, real exchange rate, nominal exchange rate and United States Treasury bonds have been studied. This research is carried out using a Vectorial Error Correction Model and the analysis period is from 2000 to 2019. The results indicated that international reserves have been effective in reducing sovereign spread in the analysis period, it means, that there is a long-term inverse relationship between both variables, which is in line with the existing literature. Furthermore, it is found that both the current account balance, exports, terms of trade, the real exchange rate and United States Treasury bonds, have a long-term relationship with the sovereign spread and have a significant and negative effect. On the other hand, CPI inflation has a positive short and long-term relationship with EMBI. The nominal exchange rate has no significance in the model. In other hand, the United States Treasury Bonds have a positive short-term relationship with sovereign spread due to the replacement effect. / Trabajo de investigación

One of the defining trends in international finance over the last two decades has been the unprecedented growth in the levels of international reserves accumulated by emerging nations. In a global financial system characterized by market failures and sudden stops, many developing countries have opted for the protection provided by individual accumulation of reserves as a second-best outcome. However, as suggested by Rodrik (2006), among others, the accumulation of reserves comes at a hefty opportunity cost to the nations that hold them. It is this particular aspect that brings into question--or at least merits a re-examination of--the validity and efficiency of reserve accumulation as a stabilization and development strategy, particularly in the context of some cash-strapped developing nations. This dissertation takes an in-depth look at this trend in Latin America by investigating the extent of protection of these precautionary reserves, the role of contagion risk in the accumulation process, and the outlook of regional arrangements of cooperation, such as regional reserve pooling mechanisms.

Le premier chapitre de cette thèse étudie l’efficience d’accumulation des RI et de la stérilisation dans les pays dollarisés et endettés, en mesurant le coefficient de stérilisation, et le coefficient de retournement. Ce chapitre explore le lien existant entre les sources des réserves et les dettes externes. En appliquant le modèle de régression 2SLS, nous identifions les variables explicatives qui nous permettent d’estimer les coefficients cités. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que malgré l’application théorique et correcte de la politique de stérilisation, les contraintes économiques contribuent à réduire l’efficience attendue des politiques monétaires. Le deuxième chapitre consiste à envisager les probabilités des pays endettés de tomber en crises financières malgré le fait qu’ils accumulent les réserves internationales agissant en tant que choc modérateur et/ou auto-assurance. Nous utilisons l’Indicateur de Stress Financier ISF, proposé par Balakrishnan et al (2009) et le FMI qui couvre les divers aspects de crises financières. Nous appliquons le modèle Markov Switching à probabilité variée. Nous obtenons comme résultat que les dettes augmentent la probabilité qu’un pays souffre d’une crise financière, par contre, les RI ne procurent pas forcément les « paix » dans l’économie, à l’exception des quelques cas. Cependant, les effets négatif des dettes emportent sur les effets positifs des RI surtout dans les pays relativement plus dollarisés. Le troisième chapitre mesure tout d’abord le degré des indices du trilemme: Stabilité du taux de change, indépendance monétaire et ouverture du compte capital, tout en tenant compte de l’accumulation des ratios RI par rapport au PIB ou Dettes Externes ou Dettes Externes (DE) à court terme. L’évolution des indices du trilemme montre que les pays qui adoptent « de facto » un taux de change flexible, profitent des avantages des RI pour adopter un régime de taux de change administré, qui consiste à atteindre simultanément les trois objectifs du trilemme sans renoncer à un d’eux. Les interprétations peuvent changer si les RI sont prises en fonctions des dettes, autrement dit, l’utilisation des RI/Dettes devrait être envisagée dans de telles études. Ensuite, nous trouvons qu’en ce qui concerne les pays qui adoptent de facto un régime de taux de change fixe, les RI (différents ratios) ne jouent aucun rôle quant à l’évolution du triangle de Mundell et n’interviennent pas dans les décisions politiques monétaires des autorités monétaires. Enfin, ce chapitre traite l’aspect normatif du trilemme, reliant les choix politiques aux résultats macroéconomiques tels que la volatilité de la croissance de production. Nous remarquons que les résultats sont différents selon les pays, et dépendent des différents ratios de mesure du RI. Nous concluons que l’impact des RI sur la volatilité de la croissance de production peut changer selon le niveau des DE et selon le régime de taux de change adopté. / The first chapter of this thesis investigates the efficiency of Hoarding IR and Sterilization in dollarized and indebted countries by measuring the sterilization coefficient, and the offset coefficient. It also focuses on exploring the link between the sources of Reserves and the external debt. We applied a 2SLS regression models and we identified explanatory variables that enabled us to estimate the aforementioned coefficients. Our results show that despite their theoretical correct practice of sterilization policy, economic constrains contribute to weaken the efficiency expected from monetary policies. The second chapter consists of estimating the probability whether an indebted country is vulnerable to crises despite its accumulation of IR -acting as a buffer stock and self-insurance. We use the Financial Stress Indicator (FSI) proposed by Balakrishnan et al (2009) and IMF which covers several aspects of financial crisis- and apply the Markov switching model with time varying, We found that debt had increased the likelihood for a country to suffer from financial crisis, however IR did not necessarily provide “Peace” in the indebted countries except of some exceptions. Thus, consistent with, Calvo (2003, 2006), who found that a country that has an excessive external debt, hoarding reserves will not be sufficient to avoid a crisis, but may be useful during the "sudden stop" crises, we conclude that the deleterious effects of ED might outweigh in most cases the beneficial effects of IR especially in more dollarized countries The third chapter measures first, the degree of trilemma indexes: exchange rate stability, monetary independence and capital account openness while taking into account the increase of hording IR ratio over GDP, over External Debt and over Short Term External Debt. The evolution of the trilemma indexes shows that countries applying de facto flexible Exchange Rate Regime (ERR) take advantage of the IR and become able to adopt a managed ERR that consist of achieving the three trilemma indexes simultaneously without renouncing to anyone of them. We found that different IR ratio could have different interpretations and different directions of monetary policies, where external debt should be taken into consideration in such study while using the IR. As for the country that is applying a de facto fixed exchange rate regime, the IR (different ratio) do not play any role in changing the patter of the Mundell trilemma and do not intervene in monetary authority policies. This chapter treats as well the normative aspects of the trilemma, relating the policy choices to macroeconomic outcomes such as the volatility of output growth. We found different results from country to another, while taking different ratios of measuring IR, concluding that the impact of IR on the output volatility could change due to the level of external debt and adopted exchange rate regime.

[pt] Uma possível razão para a alta acumulação de reservas internacionais observada em diversos países está relacionada à vontade de se assegurar contra eventuais crises. Os modelos quantitativos de seguro, entretanto, possuem dificuldade para racionalizar as posições de reserva, a menos que os agentes exibam níveis relativamente altos de aversão ao risco. Esse resultado sugere uma conexão entre o puzzle de reservas internacionais e o equity premium puzzle, que exploramos nesta dissertação. Introduzimos preferências Epstein- Zin em um modelo padrão de default soberano com dívida de longo prazo e um ativo livre de risco, e o calibramos para a economia mexicana. Em seguida, precificamos um ativo de ação dentro do modelo e usamos simulações para estabelecer uma relação positiva entre o nível ótimo de reservas e o equity premium, conforme variamos o grau de aversão ao risco dos agentes domésticos. Usando uma estimativa do equity premium para o México, calibramos o nível de aversão ao risco e encontramos um nível ótimo de reservas internacionais próximo aos dados. Por fim, fornecemos evidência empírica consistente com a relação estabelecida no modelo. Especificamente, introduzimos estimativas do equity premium e, usando especificações crosssectional e de painel, documentamos uma associação positiva e robusta entre essas duas variáveis. / [en] Insurance is a possible explanation for the large holdings of international reserves observed in many countries. Quantitative models of the insurance motive, however, struggle to rationalize reserve positions, unless agents exhibit relatively high levels of risk aversion. This result suggests a connection between the international reserves puzzle and the equity premium puzzle, which we explore in this paper. We introduce Epstein-Zin preferences into a standard sovereign default model with long-term debt and a risk-free asset, and calibrate it to the Mexican economy. We then price an equity claim within the model, and use simulations to establish a positive relationship between optimal reserve holdings and the equity premium, as we vary the degree of risk aversion of domestic agents. Using an estimate of the equity premium for Mexico, we calibrate the level of risk aversion and find it produces an optimal level of international reserves that is close to the data. Finally, we provide empirical evidence consistent with the relationship established with the model. Specifically, we introduce estimates of the equity premium into standard regressions used to explain countries holdings of international reserves. Using both cross-sectional and panel specifications, we document a robust positive association between these two variables.

Each essay in this doctoral dissertation relates to a recent feature of sovereign finance in emerging market economies. In each article, I extend a quantitative macroeconomic model of sovereign debt and default to answer a particular question. In the first chapter, I investigate whether it is better for emerging countries to issue external debt denominated in local or foreign currency using a model with real exchange rates and inflation. I show how the welfare comparisons between the two options of debt denomination depend on the credibility of the monetary policy. In the next essay, I analyze the joint accumulation of sovereign debt and international reserves by emerging countries\' governments. In this theoretical framework, international reserves are a form of precautionary savings that can be used to smooth consumption even after a sovereign default. Statistics calculated with simulated data from a model with partial sovereign default indicate that the combined acquisition of assets and liabilities is an optimal policy in this type of model. In the last chapter, I examine whether low international risk-free interest rates, as observed in developed countries since the most recent global financial crisis, lead to a search for yield - identified via lower spreads even under higher default risk - in emerging markets sovereign bonds. I find that the inclusion of loss averse foreign lenders, a trait highlighted by the behavioral finance literature, in a standard model of sovereign default generates this result. / Cada ensaio desta tese trata de uma característica recente das finanças soberanas em economias de mercado emergentes. Em cada artigo, amplia-se um modelo macroeconômico quantitativo de dívida e default soberanos para responder a uma questão específica. No primeiro capítulo, investiga-se se é melhor para os países emergentes emitir dívida externa denominada em moeda local ou estrangeira usando um modelo com taxa de câmbio real e inflação. Mostra-se como as comparações de bem-estar entre as duas opções de denominação da dívida dependem da credibilidade da política monetária. No segundo ensaio, analisa-se a acumulação conjunta de dívida soberana e reservas internacionais pelos governos dos países emergentes. Nesse arcabouço teórico, as reservas internacionais são uma forma preventiva de poupança que pode ser usada para suavizar o consumo mesmo depois de um default soberano. As estatísticas calculadas com dados simulados de um modelo com default soberano parcial indicam que a aquisição simultânea de ativos e passivos é uma política ótima nesse tipo de modelo. No último capítulo, examina-se se as baixas taxas de juros livres de risco internacionais, observadas em países desenvolvidos desde a mais recente crise financeira global, levaram a uma busca por rentabilidade - identificada por meio de spreads menores mesmo sob maior risco de default - nos títulos soberanos de mercados emergentes. Verifica-se que a inclusão de investidores estrangeiros avessos a perdas, característica destacada pela literatura de finanças comportamentais, em um modelo padrão de default soberano gera esse resultado.

O sistema de Bretton Woods 2 propõe a existência, nos dias atuais, de uma dinâmica semelhante à vigente até 1971, na qual os EUA continuam como economia central e os países asiáticos passam a ocupar o papel de nova periferia, com estratégias de desenvolvimento baseadas na competitividade de seu setor exportador de modo a construir um estoque doméstico de capital capaz de competir nos mercados internacionais. O debate sobre esse sistema ganhou relevância durante a década de 2000, associado às discussões sobre os desequilíbrios globais, e se intensificou com a crise de 2008-09. As previsões feitas pelos críticos do arranjo de Bretton Woods 2, que anteviam um movimento de fuga dos ativos denominados em dólar e a desvalorização da moeda norte-americana, não se confirmaram. Ao contrário, nos momentos de maior aversão a risco, a demanda por títulos do Tesouro dos EUA cresceu significativamente. O desempenho econômico dos países alinhados ao sistema também foi aparentemente melhor do que a média global durante a crise, com menor desaceleração e retomada mais rápida, sendo a China frequentemente destacada como exemplo de sucesso econômico no período. Este estudo tem como proposta avaliar em que medida o desempenho econômico dos países alinhados ao sistema de Bretton Woods 2 realmente diferiu daquele dos não alinhados, durante e logo após a crise. Conjuntamente, o estudo investiga se o desempenho na crise teria servido como incentivo a outros países para um alinhamento ao modelo e conclui que, embora tenha havido ações pontuais nesse sentido, as políticas que caracterizariam uma adesão mais evidente ao sistema de Bretton Woods 2 são ações de difícil compatibilização em países democráticos, com contas de capital relativamente abertas e objetivos conflitantes de política econômica, particularmente em momentos de crise. / The Bretton Woods 2 system proposes the existence, at the current time, of a system similar to that which was in force up until 1971, whereby the US remains as the central economy and the Asian countries assume the role of a new periphery, with development strategies based on their export sectors so as to build a domestic stock of capital capable of competing on the international markets. The debate over this system assumed greater importance during the 2000s, in connection with the discussions regarding global imbalances, and intensified during the financial crisis The predictions made by the critics of the Bretton Woods 2 system, who had foreseen that there would be a flight out of dollar denominated assets and a devaluation of the US currency, failed to come about. To the contrary, there was a marked increase in the demand for US treasury bills at times of increased risk aversion. The economic performance of those countries which were linked to the system was apparently better than the global average observed during the crisis, with less deceleration being registered along with faster recovery, with China frequently being pointed to as an example of economic success during this period. The aim of this study is to determine to what degree the economic performance of the countries aligned with the Bretton Woods 2 system really differed from that of countries which were not aligned, both during as well as shortly after the crisis. In addition the study examines whether the performance during the crisis encouraged other countries to align themselves with the model and concludes that, although there were specific actions in this sense, policies which would characterize a clearer compliance to the Bretton Woods 2 system would be hard to reconcile in democratic countries, with relatively open capital accounts and conflicting economic policy objectives, particularly in times of crisis.

Submitted by CARLA MARIA GOULART DE MORAES (carlagm) on 2015-04-13T20:17:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RomariodeSouzaGollo.pdf: 904266 bytes, checksum: 7217b36a160c23eb37fb87bf0afbf181 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-13T20:17:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RomariodeSouzaGollo.pdf: 904266 bytes, checksum: 7217b36a160c23eb37fb87bf0afbf181 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-16 / Nenhuma / Ao longo dos últimos 20 anos, as economias aumentaram de forma acelerada seus estoques de reservas internacionais. As reservas globais, que eram de aproximadamente um trilhão de dólares em 1990, passaram para dois trilhões de dólares em 2000 e em 2010, o volume das reservas mundiais foi de 9,7 trilhões de dólares. Este processo também pode ser observado nos países do MERCOSUL e BRICs, principalmente nos últimos cinco anos, onde o estoque de reservas passou de aproximadamente US$ 1,2 trilhão no fim de 2005, para US$ 4,2 trilhões no fim de 2010. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do estudo é analisar o nível das reservas internacionais desses países, levando em consideração o seu papel para reduzir a probabilidade de ocorrência de crises e para proporcionar credibilidade. O resultado obtido, por meio dos índices de coberturas das reservas internacionais em relação à dívida externa de curto prazo e das importações, indica que volumes maiores de reservas, são relevantes para reduzir o custo e a probabilidade de crises. Ademais, verificou-se que os níveis de reservas acumulados pela maioria dos países emergentes analisados, estão acima do nível considerado ótimo. Por conseguinte, elevados estoques de reservas internacionais implicam em gastos desnecessários de recursos para sua manutenção, ainda que possam ser justificados, parcialmente, pelos benefícios que proporcionam. Para o caso brasileiro, o custo de carregamento das reservas internacionais entre 2004 e 2010 foi de R$ 26,8 bilhões ao ano. / Over the last 20 years, the economies have witnessed a blistering increase in their stock of international reserves. Global reserves, which were approximately one trillion dollars in 1990, went beyond two trillion dollars in 2000 and in 2010 the volume of world reserves was 9.7 trillion dollars. This process could also be observed on the MERCOSUR and BRIC countries, especially during the past five years, when the stock of reserves raised from approximately US$ 1.2 trillion at the end of 2005 to US$ 4.2 trillion at the end of 2010. In this context, the objective of this study is to analyze the level of international reserves in these countries, considering its role to reduce crisis probability and to provide credibility. The result achieved through the international reserves levels of coverage relative to short-term external debt and imports indicates that higher volumes of reserves are important to reduce the cost and the probability of crisis. Moreover, the levels of reserves accumulated by most emerging countries analyzed are above the level considered optimal. Consequently, high stock of international reserves implies unnecessary expenditures of resources for its maintenance, although they may be justified in part by the benefits they provide. For the Brazilian case in particular, the carrying cost of international reserves between 2004 and 2010 was R$ 26.8 billion a year.

Nesta tese são desenvolvidos três estudos sobre as reservas internacionais brasileiras, utilizando diferentes técnicas econométricas, com o objetivo de determinar a influência de medidas absolutas e relativas de reservas sobre o rating soberano de crédito e o spread soberano, bem como o nível adequado para garantir a liquidez externa. As análises foram feitas com dados mensais do período jan/2000-jun/2008. No primeiro estudo, mostrou-se que diferentes medidas de reservas internacionais apresentam efeito significativo na explicação do rating soberano de crédito, através de modelos ordered logit para a média dos ratings emitidos pelas três principais agências (Moody's, Standard & Poors e Fitch). Entretanto, o indicador de maior poder explicativo não foi o nível absoluto de reservas, mas a razão entre dívida pública externa líquida e PIB. Outras variáveis de destacada importância na maioria dos modelos foram o percentual da dívida interna de curto prazo, investimento estrangeiro direto/PIB e inflação. Variáveis tradicionalmente utilizadas como indicadores de liquidez, como razão reservas/importações e conta corrente/PIB, não foram significativas na maioria dos modelos. Os resultados confirmam os indícios contidos no discurso das agências de rating, quanto à importância das reservas internacionais em sua avaliação, embora alertando que outras variáveis, como perfil de endividamento do governo e perspectivas de crescimento, são também fundamentais. O segundo estudo de caso encontrou relação significativa entre as reservas internacionais e o spread soberano, através de modelos de correção de erros. O efeito estimado do rating soberano foi não-significativo ou pouco explicativo, comparado aos fundamentos, provavelmente devido à volatilidade do spread soberano em resposta a variações nas condições do mercado, ao contrário do rating. O melhor modelo obtido utilizou o nível absoluto de reservas, evidenciando também efeitos significativos da aversão global ao risco, taxas de juros internacionais e crises políticas internas. Os resultados desse estudo indicam custo marginal decrescente das reservas internacionais e a necessidade de considerá-lo endógeno em modelos de minimização de custos para determinação do nível ótimo de reservas. O terceiro estudo implementou a metodologia de Liquidity-at-Risk sugerida por Greenspan (1999) para avaliar a adequação do nível de reservas internacionais para a manutenção da liquidez externa. Para a medida de liquidez reservas/dívida externa de curto prazo (razão de Guidotti), estimou-se que o nível de reservas internacionais mantidas pelo Brasil em jun/2008 (US$200 bilhões) era aproximadamente o dobro do necessário para garantir uma razão de Guidotti superior a 1, com 99% de probabilidade, durante 24, 36 ou 48 meses. Em diversos cenários alternativos de percentual das dívidas externa e interna de curto prazo, meta de superávit primário, índice de aversão ao risco e taxas de juros externas, as reservas iniciais necessárias situaram-se em US$85-105 bilhões. A análise de custos revela que o aumento das reservas diminui os juros médios da dívida, embora efeito maior pudesse ser alcançado através do aumento do superávit primário. As evidências sugerem que a motivação das autoridades brasileiras para a manutenção de reservas em torno de US$200 bilhões não é puramente precaucionária, admitindo as hipóteses de ganho de credibilidade e flexibilidade para a execução da política fiscal. / This thesis developed three case studies on the Brazilian international reserves, using various econometric techniques in order to determine the influence of absolute and relative measures of reserves over both the sovereign credit rating and the sovereign spread, as well as to assess the adequate reserves level to ensure external liquidity. Analyses were carried out on monthly data from Jan/2000 to Jun/2008. The first case study found significant effects of different reserves measures in explaining the sovereign credit rating, by fitting ordered logit models to the average of the ratings issued by the three main agencies (Moody's, Standard & Poors and Fitch) for the Brazilian long term external debt. However, the best explaining variable was not the absolute level of reserves, but the ratio "net public external debt/GDP" instead. It was noteworthy the significance of the following variables in most of the models tested: short term internal debt (%), foreign direct investment/GDP and inflation. Variables traditionally used as external liquidity measures, like reserves/imports and current account/GDP, are not statistically significant in most of the models fitted in this study. Results support the evidence found in the rating agencies' reports, as to the importance of international reserves in their credit quality assessment, although pointing to other variables, like government debt profile and growth perspectives, as equally critical. The second case study found significant relationship between the Brazilian international reserves and its sovereign spread, using error correction models. The estimated effect of sovereign rating was either non-significant, or poorly explanatory when compared to macroeconomic fundamentals, probably due to the volatility of sovereign spread in response to changes in market conditions, unlike the sovereign rating. The best model obtained included the absolute level of reserves, showing also significant effect of the global risk aversion, external interest rates and internal political crises. The results of this study point to a decreasing marginal cost of international reserves and the need of considering it as endogenous in optimal reserves models based in cost minimization. Finally, the third case study implemented the Liquidity-at-Risk methodology suggested by Greenspan (1999), in order to assess the Brazilian reserves level adequacy in maintaining external liquidity. For the liquidity measure adopted - the ratio "reserves/short term external debt" (Guidotti's ratio) - it was found that the Brazilian reserves level held in Jun/2008 (US$200 billion) was roughly twice the necessary one to ensure a Guidotti's ratio above 1, with 99% probability, within 24, 36 or 48 months. In several alternative scenarios varying the short term external debt, short term internal debt, primary surplus, global risk aversion and external interest rates, the required initial reserves was in the range US$85-105 billion. An analysis of alternative policies' costs revealed the expected effect of higher reserves in decreasing the average debt service, although a dramatically higher impact would be obtained by an increase in primary surplus. Evidence suggest that the Brazilian authorities motivation for holding international reserves as high as US$200 billion may not be purely precautionary, pointing to the hypotheses of credibility gains and fiscal flexibility issues.

Made available in DSpace on 2008-05-13T13:48:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-05-04 / The objective of this paper is to analyze the foreign reserves accumulation among countries such Brazil that builds up international reserves to be protected from externai crises as well as to diminish such probability. We desire to analyze also the determination of optimal levei of reserves. We will approach brief historical of the literature of reserves holdings. In the study of Brazil, we will discuss the optimal levei of Brazilian international reserves using buffer stock model, with temporaries series approach, differing from previous cross-section studies. / O objetivo deste trabalho analisar acumulação de reservas internacionais por parte de países como Brasil, que acumulam reservas na tentativa de se proteger de crises externas bem como diminuir tal probabilidade. Desejamos analisar determinação do nível ótimo de reservas. Apresentaremos um breve histórico da literatura sobre acumulação de reservas. No estudo do Brasil, discutiremos nível ótimo de reservas internacionais brasileiras usando modelo de buffer stock, partir de uma abordagem de séries temporais, diferindo de trabalhos anteriores usando dados cross-section.

Submitted by Marcelo Reis Dreyer de Souza (marcelo.dreyer@gmail.com) on 2015-02-22T21:25:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MarceloSouza_final.pdf: 1013317 bytes, checksum: 78632b388bcd25a528ba8a7ef46e71ff (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2015-02-23T23:00:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MarceloSouza_final.pdf: 1013317 bytes, checksum: 78632b388bcd25a528ba8a7ef46e71ff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-24T13:41:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarceloSouza_final.pdf: 1013317 bytes, checksum: 78632b388bcd25a528ba8a7ef46e71ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-27 / Este trabalho analisa, sob a ótica da sustentabilidade da dívida, os efeitos de se manter um elevado nível de reservas internacionais juntamente com um elevado estoque de dívida pública. Busca-se o nível ótimo de reservas para o Brasil através de uma ferramenta de gestão de risco, por simulações de Monte Carlo. Considerando as variáveis estocásticas que afetam a equação de acumulação da dívida, e entendendo a relação entre elas, pode-se estudar as propriedades estocásticas da dinâmica da dívida. Da mesma forma, podemos analisar o impacto fiscal de um determinado nível de reservas ao longo do tempo e verificar quais caminhos se mostram sustentáveis. Sob a ótica da sustentabilidade da dívida, a escolha que gera a melhor relação dívida líquida / PIB para o Brasil é aquela que utiliza o máximo das reservas internacionais para reduzir o endividamento local. No entanto, como há aspectos não capturados nesta análise, tais como os benefícios das reservas em prevenir crises e em funcionar como garantia para investimentos externos, sugere-se que as reservas não excedam os níveis reconhecidos pela literatura internacional que atendam a estes fins. A indicação final deste estudo é que as reservas internacionais funcionam como um instrumento de proteção ao país quando o endividamento e o custo dele não são tão expressivos, como são atualmente no Brasil. / With the perspective of debt sustainability, this paper analyses the effects of maintaining a high level of international reserves with a high stock of public debt. An optimal level of reserves for Brazil is pursued using a risk management tool, through Monte Carlo simulations. Considering the stochastic variables that affect the equation of debt accumulation, and understanding the relation between them, it is possible to study the stochastic properties of the debt. Similarly, we can analyze the fiscal impact of a given level of reserves and verify which paths prove sustainable. From the perspective of the debt sustainability, the choice that generates the best net debt / GDP for Brazil is the one that uses the maximum of international reserves to reduce local debt. However, as there are some aspects that this analysis does not capture, as the benefit of the reserves in preventing crises and serving as collateral for foreign investment, is suggested that reserves should not exceed levels recognized by the international literature that meet these purposes. The final indication of this study is that reserves function as a protective device when the debt and its cost are not so expressive as they are currently in Brazil.