Submitted by Joel de Lima Pereira Castro Junior (joelpcastro@uol.com.br) on 2017-06-05T21:41:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Mariana Aylmer.pdf: 1237418 bytes, checksum: 22377ea65a133ce40be2285e5cef6435 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca de Administração e Ciências Contábeis (bac@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-06-06T20:17:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Mariana Aylmer.pdf: 1237418 bytes, checksum: 22377ea65a133ce40be2285e5cef6435 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-06T20:17:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Mariana Aylmer.pdf: 1237418 bytes, checksum: 22377ea65a133ce40be2285e5cef6435 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação buscou expandir a compreensão a respeito da dinâmica de confiança entre o jovem e seu líder. Para isso, dentre as categorias de confiança interpessoal de Reina e Reina (2006) analisaram-se quais eram as mais utilizadas pelos jovens entrevistados na relação com seus superiores, no contexto dos bancos públicos e privados brasileiros. O primeiro capítulo introduziu a problemática da pesquisa, a delimitação do tema, os objetivos e as suposições do estudo, e sua relevância. No segundo capítulo, revisou-se a literatura pertinente. Apresentouse o conceito de confiança interpessoal e suas características, os fatores associados à sua construção e sua quebra, e as categorias do estudo (confiança transacional e confiança transformadora). Em seguida, debateu-se sobre a juventude e a confiança no contexto brasileiro, discorre-se sobre o conceito de coorte geracional e os desafios de um ambiente de trabalho multigeracional, sobre as gerações no ambiente de trabalho brasileiro; também sobre o processo de socialização dos jovens recém-chegados e o papel do líder no mesmo. A revisão da literatura se encerra com a discussão sobre os bancos brasileiros, seu contexto, e as questões decorrentes da reestruturação do sistema bancário na década de 1990, seus efeitos sobre o sistema de trabalho, o ambiente de trabalho, e sobre o trabalhador bancário, além da questão do conflito geracional nos bancos brasileiros. No terceiro capítulo, apresenta-se a metodologia do estudo, que, em quatro bancos brasileiros, encontrou dez jovens nascidos após 1980, sendo cinco de bancos públicos e cinco de bancos privados. A coleta de dados se realizou com a combinação de três técnicas: entrevista semiestruturada, CIT (Critical Incident Technique) e LSP ( Lego® Serious Play). A codificação e análise do material coletado se deu sob as diretrizes de Saldaña (2013), e seu enfoque principal foram as expressões e os valores usados pelos próprios sujeito. Dentre os padrões observados, destacou-se a distinção nas percepções da confiança transacional e transformadora entre os bancos públicos e privados; as perspectivas sobre as ações do chefe, e quais comportamentos geram construção e quebra de confiança; a relação entre o cargo de chefia e o distanciamento da equipe nos bancos públicos; a empatia como um fator catalisador da construção de confiança; e a relação entre confiança e faixa-etária no discurso dos sujeitos entrevistados. / This research aimed to broaden the understanding on the dynamics of trust between the young and their leader. For that, we analyzed, among Reina & Reina’s (2006) categories of interpersonal trust, those that were most used by the young workers of public and private banks interviewed. The first chapter presents the research’s problem, the delimitation of the subject, goals and assumptions of the study as well as its relevance. In the second chapter, the theoretical basis is discussed. Initially the concept of interpersonal trust is presented, along with its main aspects; then, the factors associated with its construction and breaches; and the categories of the study are exposed (transactional trust and transformative confidence). Further, we debate youth and trust in the Brazilian context, discussing the concept of generational cohorts, and the challenges of a multigenerational workplace; and the socialization process of young newcomers in the workplace, its relation to trust building and the leader’s role in the process. The theoretical framework finishes with the discussion of Brazilian banks, and the issues arising from the restructuring of the banking system in the 1990’s, and from generational conflict in the Brazilian banks. The third chapter presents the methodology of the study, through which ten young people born after 1980 were interviewed, five from public banks and five from private ones, in four Brazilian institutions. Data was collected with the combination of three techniques: semi-structured interview, CIT (Critical Incident Technique) and LSP (Lego® Serious Play). The coding process of the material was taken under the guidelines of Saldaña (2013), and its main focus was in the expressions used by the subjects themselves, and the values present in his speeches. Among the observed patterns, a few are worth highlighting: the distinction in perceptions of transactional trust and transforming between public and private banks; the perspectives on the actions and behaviors of the leader that generate construction and breaches of trust; the relation between the leadership position and the detachment of the team in public banks; empathy as a catalyst factor of building trust; and the relationship between trust and age in the speech of the participants.

在如今高度競爭且變化快速的職場中，僅僅被動接受、完成主管工作指令的部屬，已不足以幫助自己在職涯中取得成功，如何有效的向上影響主管，建立良好的上下互惠關係，已成為所有員工的首要課題，也是支持組織永續發展的關鍵。 有別於傳統以領導者為主軸的管理研究，向上影響研究強調部屬可能反過來管理主管，透過特定手段與策略來改變主管的態度與行為。過去研究已對於向上影響策略的定義與分類建立了初步的共識，與策略效能有關的研究，則大多關注於對部屬所帶來的好處，鮮少從主管的角度探討其被影響的歷程，因此本研究將主管的角色納入考量，以訊息處理理論為基礎，探討部屬向上影響策略對於主管授權的影響效果，並試圖瞭解人際信任在其中的中介作用，以及主管權力距離傾向可能扮演的調節角色。 本研究採問卷調查法施測，共蒐集291對主管-部屬對偶樣本，研究結果顯示：部屬的向上影響策略對主管授權具有顯著的影響效果，且主管對部屬的人際信任會中介向上影響策略與主管授權之間的關係，此外，本研究亦發現主管的權力距離傾向會調節部屬向上影響策略（軟性策略、硬性策略）以及人際信任之間的關係。最後，本研究針對研究結果進行討論，並對理論貢獻、實務意涵、研究限制，及未來研究方向加以闡述。 / Upward influence strategy is a gradually concerned research topic, which is considered to be highly related to organization effectiveness and numerous job outcomes. However, most of studies explored this issue from subordinates’ perspective and focused on subordinates’ outcomes, such as job satisfaction, promotion and salary progression. The present study aims at investigating the dynamic process of upward influence strategy from the perspectives of the supervisor, examining the relationship among upward influence strategies, interpersonal trust, delegation and power-distance orientation. Results from over 200 supervisor-subordinate dyads in Taiwan generally supported the hypothesis. Supervisor-perceived subordinate’ s upward influence strategies, i.e. soft, hard, rational, had a significant impact on delegation through the mediating effect of interpersonal trust. In addition, supervisor’s power-distance orientation moderated the relationships between upward influence strategies (soft strategy, hard strategy) and interpersonal trust. Managerial implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Trust is a core construct of our social lives, influencing how we interact with other individuals that are part of our social circle. Whether at work, in teams, or with friends and family, trust influences how much information we exchange with the other individuals and how we interact as a dyad. Defined as risk acceptance behaviour in situations where there is dependency between the parties, trusting another person means accepting some risks to benefit from the social integration of tasks and knowledge. In an institutional environment, trust is a core component of teamwork dynamics, having a strong influence on team effectiveness and performance. Teams are the backbone of current industry, research, healthcare, and business domains. Teams have the power to increase the momentum of projects and tasks, and may also benefit from the collective body of knowledge brought by experts from different fields. Teamwork also brings new constraints to the interpersonal dynamic; for instance, a lack of interpersonal trust can deeply impact the performance and effectiveness of a team. Without trust, communication and interaction between team members can be significantly impaired, limiting the ability of a team to perform and to become effective. As teams move to non-collocated work, the development of trust is restricted by the limited media richness of communication channels. The perceptual mechanisms that compose the major part of the trust development process become constrained, as behavioural cues are not readily available through Computer Mediated Communication Systems (CMCSs). For this reason, virtual teams can suffer from low, fragile, and delayed trust, impairing team effectiveness and performance. Given the increasing prevalence of non-collocated teams, there is a need for the development of a toolset for understanding, measuring, and fostering trust in distributed teamwork environments. The existing literature provides only a partial understanding of the trust formation process and does not encompass a detailed description of the perceptual mechanisms that would help explain trust formation and allow the design of interventions tailored at targeting trust. I started by developing a model that explains trust formation and the perceptual mechanisms involved in this process, in which I also incorporate the distinction between intuitive trust and calculative confidence. The Human Factors Interpersonal Trust State Formation Model developed in this thesis helps explain the situational variability of interpersonal trust, a very important characteristic to consider when using the knowledge about trust formation to inform design. This model explains how researchers and practitioners can develop designs and interventions to foster trust based on increasing the perception of trust-building cues. Similarly, good trust metrics must capture both a measurement of trust between two people and provide information about how each trust cue influences the formation of the trust state. With the intent of incorporating situational sensitivity to a trust metric, I designed the Quick Trust Assessment Scale (QTAS), based on the NASA-TLX structure, using a combination of direct rating of subjective subscales of trust, with a pairwise comparison of each pair of subscales. I evaluated the QTAS using Crombach’s Alpha and Factor Analysis. The results showed high internal validity and identified one component for extraction from the metric, since this component focused on measuring a construct outside the interest of the QTAS. The QTAS is the first trust metric to be developed that includes a component to measure the situational variability of trust. The next component of this thesis focuses on identifying and testing ways to foster trust in a specific other through electronic communication. To achieve this objective, I initially conducted an ethnographic study to identify how team members foster trust in face-to-face collaborations and which trust cues are most often exchanged. In this study, I identified the effect of a third party on fostering trust (liaison) and five behaviours, or trust building cues, that were most used: recommendation, validation, expertise, social network, and benevolence/willingness to help. These five behaviours were later converted into interface design objects (trust tokens), in the form of badges, to be used in CMCSs and social network environments, acting as surrogates for the missing trust cues. The trust tokens were tested on simulated social network interfaces to identify the effects of multiple latent factors. Results showed that the use of the trust tokens is independent of gender, age, education level, and personality type. However, use was dependent on the type of risk the participants were facing and their cultural background. Although trust tokens are effective in fostering trust behaviour, there was not a unified solution for every type of situation. In order to further validate the situational dependence of trust decisions, I have evaluated two major variables of interest. Through experimental manipulation, I demonstrated the influence of (1) situational risk and (2) cultural background on the use of trust cues. These findings are of relevance for the design of systems that support the development of interpersonal trust as they raise the awareness of the highly variable nature of trust. In order for designers, researchers, and practitioners to successfully influence trust behaviour in teamwork environments, they need to include interpersonal trust as a variable of interest in the design requirements of systems that support teamwork, as well as carefully consider the impact of their interventions, as their interventions will influence variably, depending on the situation and target population. Ultimately, this research program demonstrates the importance of including interpersonal trust as a variable of interest in and as a requirement for the design of systems that support teamwork and collaboration.

Adopting the Ecological Contextual Model of Acculturation and Adjustment (Birman, 1994; Trickett, 1996) and the Stress and Coping paradigm (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984, 1986, 1991), the present thesis explored the psycho-social, work, and marital adjustment of 200 established older middle-aged refugees from the Former Yugoslavia living in the Ottawa area. More specifically, three studies were conducted to examine specific stressors and resources of relevance to the adjustment of Former Yugoslavian men and women, across the following three distinct life domains: psycho-social, work, and marital. Study I explored the potential buffering effects of interpersonal trust on the relational growth of Former Yugoslavian refugees. Results demonstrated that interpersonal trust moderated the negative effects of war-related trauma on the relational growth of Former Yugoslavian women. No such buffering effect was found for the men. Study II investigated Former Yugoslavians' work adjustment by exploring the influence of pre-migratory work-related expectations-outcome congruence, occupational mobility, work stress (general and discrimination), as well as personal (education, English language proficiency) and social resources (support at work) on their work satisfaction and distress. Results indicated that different factors emerged as significant predictors of work satisfaction and work distress for Former Yugoslavian men and women. Study III explored the potential moderating role of marital resilience on the relationship between marital stress (general and acculturative) and marital adjustment. Results showed that marital resilience moderated the negative effects of marital stress on the marital adjustment of Former Yugoslavian women. No protective effect of marital resilience was found for the men. Taken together, the results of the three studies provide support for the relevance and importance of studying the stress, resources, and adjustment of refugees across contexts and gender. Given that important gender differences were found in different adaptational domains, the need to study further the impact of gender in refugees is reinforced. The findings are discussed within the current gender and migration literatures as well as the multidimensional theories of cross-cultural adjustment. Theoretical, research, and clinical implications were presented, along with recommendations for future research.

Adopting the Ecological Contextual Model of Acculturation and Adjustment (Birman, 1994; Trickett, 1996) and the Stress and Coping paradigm (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984, 1986, 1991), the present thesis explored the psycho-social, work, and marital adjustment of 200 established older middle-aged refugees from the Former Yugoslavia living in the Ottawa area. More specifically, three studies were conducted to examine specific stressors and resources of relevance to the adjustment of Former Yugoslavian men and women, across the following three distinct life domains: psycho-social, work, and marital. Study I explored the potential buffering effects of interpersonal trust on the relational growth of Former Yugoslavian refugees. Results demonstrated that interpersonal trust moderated the negative effects of war-related trauma on the relational growth of Former Yugoslavian women. No such buffering effect was found for the men. Study II investigated Former Yugoslavians' work adjustment by exploring the influence of pre-migratory work-related expectations-outcome congruence, occupational mobility, work stress (general and discrimination), as well as personal (education, English language proficiency) and social resources (support at work) on their work satisfaction and distress. Results indicated that different factors emerged as significant predictors of work satisfaction and work distress for Former Yugoslavian men and women. Study III explored the potential moderating role of marital resilience on the relationship between marital stress (general and acculturative) and marital adjustment. Results showed that marital resilience moderated the negative effects of marital stress on the marital adjustment of Former Yugoslavian women. No protective effect of marital resilience was found for the men. Taken together, the results of the three studies provide support for the relevance and importance of studying the stress, resources, and adjustment of refugees across contexts and gender. Given that important gender differences were found in different adaptational domains, the need to study further the impact of gender in refugees is reinforced. The findings are discussed within the current gender and migration literatures as well as the multidimensional theories of cross-cultural adjustment. Theoretical, research, and clinical implications were presented, along with recommendations for future research.

Submitted by ALCIDES PEGORER JUNIOR (alcidespegorer@gmail.com) on 2013-04-16T15:37:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Alcides Pegorer Junior.pdf: 1016013 bytes, checksum: c4d1c2ce34f4dad11581376e15e491ef (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2013-04-25T16:09:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Alcides Pegorer Junior.pdf: 1016013 bytes, checksum: c4d1c2ce34f4dad11581376e15e491ef (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-04-26T14:49:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Alcides Pegorer Junior.pdf: 1016013 bytes, checksum: c4d1c2ce34f4dad11581376e15e491ef (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-26T14:50:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Alcides Pegorer Junior.pdf: 1016013 bytes, checksum: c4d1c2ce34f4dad11581376e15e491ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-27 / In the context of a very competitive market, having teams very well prepared and properly allocated is critical to the survival of businesses. This study aims to identify the repercussion on customer satisfaction and results of companies, from the knowledge of the people working on the front line of these companies, those professionals who play an important role in negotiation, identifying what they value in a subjectively negotiation. Using the tool SVI (Subjective Value Inventory) developed by Curhan et al (2006), from the dimensions of independent and interdependent self-image, attempts to identify the subjective values of the negotiators of a Brazilian retail bank, responsible for a significant part of the negotiations and results of the company in relation to feelings about themselves (Self), the instrumental results, and the process and relationship (Rapport), using interpersonal trust as a moderator in this relationship. Once identified, found results will be related to the customer satisfaction. The purpose of seeking this correlation is due to the assumption that the company exists only because of the customer. For this purpose, it was conducted a quantitative survey, with the application of a structured and closed questionnaire to 532 of the bank negotiators from that bank, who work in the states of Santa Catarina, Rio de Janeiro and Maranhão, responsible for relationship, prospecting and conducting business with institution’s customers, personal, small business and government. Data were analyzed using statistical techniques, using the method of Partial Least Squares. It was observed that over forty percent of customer satisfaction is explained by the subjective values of the negotiators. The study showed, among others results, that business managers with self-image independently value the Self and instrumental results in a negotiation, and interpersonal trust cognitive negatively moderates this relationship. Still, Rapport is valued in a negotiation by those business managers with interdependent self-image and this appreciation in a negotiation is positively related to customer satisfaction. / No contexto de um mercado tão competitivo, ter equipes bem preparadas e alocadas adequadamente é fundamental para a sobrevivência das empresas. O presente estudo objetiva identificar o reflexo na satisfação dos clientes e nos resultados das empresas, a partir do conhecimento das pessoas que trabalham na linha de frente dessas empresas, aqueles profissionais que exercem um papel importante de negociação, identificando o que eles valorizam subjetivamente em uma negociação. Por meio da ferramenta SVI (Subjective Value Inventory), desenvolvida por Curhan et al (2006), a partir das dimensões de autoimagem independente e interdependente, busca-se identificar os valores subjetivos dos negociadores de um banco de varejo brasileiro, responsáveis por parte significativa das negociações e dos resultados da empresa, relativamente aos sentimentos sobre si mesmos (Self), aos resultados instrumentais, e ao processo e relacionamento (Rapport), utilizando a confiança interpessoal como moderadora nessa relação. Após identificados os valores subjetivos desses negociadores em negociação, relacionar os resultados encontrados com a satisfação dos clientes. Para isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa quantitativa, com a aplicação de um questionário fechado e estruturado a 532 negociadores desse banco que atuam nos estados de Santa Catarina, Rio de Janeiro e Maranhão, responsáveis pelo relacionamento, prospecção e realização de negócios com os clientes da instituição, nos segmentos pessoa física, micro e pequenas empresas e governo. Os dados foram analisados a partir de técnicas estatísticas, utilizando-se o método dos Mínimos Quadrados Parciais. Observou-se que mais de 40% da satisfação de cliente é explicada pelos valores subjetivos dos negociadores. O estudo apontou como resultados, dentre outros, que os gerentes de negócios com autoimagem independente valorizam o Self e os resultados instrumentais em uma negociação, e que a confiança interpessoal cognitiva modera negativamente essa relação. Ainda, que aqueles gerentes de negócios com autoimagem interdependente, valorizam o Rapport em uma negociação e que essa valorização está positivamente relacionada com a satisfação dos clientes.

Adopting the Ecological Contextual Model of Acculturation and Adjustment (Birman, 1994; Trickett, 1996) and the Stress and Coping paradigm (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984, 1986, 1991), the present thesis explored the psycho-social, work, and marital adjustment of 200 established older middle-aged refugees from the Former Yugoslavia living in the Ottawa area. More specifically, three studies were conducted to examine specific stressors and resources of relevance to the adjustment of Former Yugoslavian men and women, across the following three distinct life domains: psycho-social, work, and marital. Study I explored the potential buffering effects of interpersonal trust on the relational growth of Former Yugoslavian refugees. Results demonstrated that interpersonal trust moderated the negative effects of war-related trauma on the relational growth of Former Yugoslavian women. No such buffering effect was found for the men. Study II investigated Former Yugoslavians' work adjustment by exploring the influence of pre-migratory work-related expectations-outcome congruence, occupational mobility, work stress (general and discrimination), as well as personal (education, English language proficiency) and social resources (support at work) on their work satisfaction and distress. Results indicated that different factors emerged as significant predictors of work satisfaction and work distress for Former Yugoslavian men and women. Study III explored the potential moderating role of marital resilience on the relationship between marital stress (general and acculturative) and marital adjustment. Results showed that marital resilience moderated the negative effects of marital stress on the marital adjustment of Former Yugoslavian women. No protective effect of marital resilience was found for the men. Taken together, the results of the three studies provide support for the relevance and importance of studying the stress, resources, and adjustment of refugees across contexts and gender. Given that important gender differences were found in different adaptational domains, the need to study further the impact of gender in refugees is reinforced. The findings are discussed within the current gender and migration literatures as well as the multidimensional theories of cross-cultural adjustment. Theoretical, research, and clinical implications were presented, along with recommendations for future research.

Le but de cette étude est de comprendre les relations que la personnalité proactive des membres d’une équipe de travail peut avoir avec la créativité et l’innovation de cette équipe. Pour ce faire, cette étude se concentrera sur le rôle médiateur du leadership partagé dans ces relations. Cette recherche vise également à comprendre le rôle modérateur de la confiance interpersonnelle dans l’équipe de travail sur la relation entre la personnalité proactive et le partage du leadership. De plus, cette étude se déroule dans le cadre des équipes de travail par projet. Les données utilisées sont de types secondaires et furent colligées lors de simulations « Pegasus » auprès de 1 016 participants regroupés en 198 équipes de travail de 4 à 6 membres. Ces données ont été recueillies grâce à des questionnaires auprès de deux sources, à savoir les membres des équipes et un observateur. Des analyses de régression hiérarchiques et des analyses structurelles (path analysis) ont permis de vérifier les cinq hypothèses proposées dans cette étude. Les résultats obtenus dénotent que la personnalité proactive est reliée significativement au leadership partagé mais n’est pas reliée à la créativité et l’innovation. Le leadership partagé est aussi relié significativement à l’innovation et la créativité. D’ailleurs, les résultats obtenus permettent de corroborer le rôle médiateur du leadership partagé sur la relation entre la personnalité proactive et la créativité et l’innovation. Le rôle modérateur de la confiance interpersonnelle sur la relation entre la personnalité proactive et le leadership partagé n’est pas supporté. La contribution de la présente étude au domaine des relations industrielles est de contribuer à lever le voile sur les processus menant à l’innovation et la créativité dans les équipes de travail par projet ainsi que de reconnaître le rôle central du leadership partagé dans celui-ci. Sur le plan pratique, les résultats obtenus permettent d’appuyer l’importance à accorder à la proactivité et au leadership partagé pour améliorer la créativité et l’innovation dans les équipes de travail. / The aim of this study is to understand the relationships between employee’s proactive personality and the creativity and innovation of their work team. To do so, this study will focus on the mediating role of shared leadership in these relationships. This research also aims to understand the moderating role of interpersonal trust on the relationship between proactive personality and shared leadership. In addition, this study is taking place within the framework of project teams. The data used are of secondary types and were collected during “Pegasus” simulations involving 1,016 participants, 1st cycle graduates from HEC students, grouped into 198 work teams of 4 to 6 members. These data were collected through questionnaires from two sources, namely team members and an observer. The five hypotheses proposed in this study were verified through hierarchical regressions path analysis. The results obtained show that the proactive personality is significantly related to shared leadership but is not related to creativity and innovation. Shared leadership is also significantly linked to innovation and creativity. Moreover, the results obtained attest to a mediating effect of shared leadership on the relationship between proactive personality and creativity and innovation. The moderating effect of the latter is not supported by the results obtained. The contribution of this study to the field of industrial relations is to help lift the veil on the processes leading to innovation and creativity in project teams as well as to recognize the central role of shared leadership in it. On a practical level, the results obtained support the importance of proactivity and shared leadership as key-factors to improve creativity and innovation in work teams.