[ Truncated abstract] The purpose of this series of studies was to further our understanding of the relationship between muscle buffer capacity and training. Study one was performed to determine if there were differences in muscle buffer capacity (βmin-vitro) between females of differing training status (i.e., team-sport, endurance-trained and untrained subjects). Studies two and three were then performed to determine if short-term training could improve muscle buffer capacity and what type of training best improves this muscle characteristic (i.e., high-intensity, moderate-intensity or resistance training). Studies four and five were performed to determine if the accumulation of H+ during exercise was a mechanism by which training improved muscle buffer capacity. Below is a summary of these five studies. Study 1. The team-sport group had a significantly higher βmin-vitro than either the endurance-trained or the untrained groups (181 ± 27 v 148 ± 11 v 122 ± 32 'mol H+?g dm-1?pH-1 respectively; P<0.05). The team-sport group also completed significantly more relative total work (299 ± 27 v 263 ± 31 v 223 ± 21 J?kg-1, respectively; P<0.05) and absolute total work (18.2 ± 1.6 v 14.6 ± 2.4 v 13.0 ± 1.9 kJ, respectively; P<0.05) than the endurance-trained or untrained groups during a repeated sprint ability (RSA) test. There was a significant correlation between βmin-vitro and RSA (r=0.67; P<0.05). These findings show that young females competing in team sports have a larger βmin-vitro than either endurance-trained or untrained females. This may be the result of the intermittent, high-intensity activity during training and the match play of team-sport athletes... Conclusions. Our results show that training intensity is an important determinant of muscle buffer capacity. High-intensity interval training (120-150% LT) improved muscle buffer capacity (9 27%), however, neither moderate-intensity or resistance training improved muscle buffer capacity. In contrast higher training intensity (150-180% LT) may negatively affect muscle buffer capacity. Differences in the accumulation of H+ during high-intensity interval training does not appear to be the underlying mechanism for changes to muscle buffer capacity, however changes to this muscle characteristic were associated with pre-training muscle buffer capacity.

Orientador: Camila Coelho Greco / Banca: Fabrizio Caputo / Banca: Sarah Regina Dias da Silva / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a validade da máxima fase estável de lactato (MLSS) como fronteira entre o domínio pesado e severo, analisar o efeito do tempo para análise cinética da concentração de lactato sanguíneo ([La]) sobre a (MLSSw) e a [La] correspondentes a MLSS em exercícios intermitentes (MLSSi) com recuperação passiva e ativa e, verificar a influência da recuperação passiva ou ativa na [La], MLSSw, freqüência cardíaca (FC) e intensidade relativa à potência máxima (%Wmax) correspondentes à MLSS. Dezenove ciclistas treinados do gênero masculino divididos em dois grupos, recuperação passiva (VO2max = 3960,6 ± 312,8 ml.min-1; N = 9) ou ativa (VO2max = 3958,3 ± 318,3 ml.min-1; N = 10), realizaram os seguintes testes, em dias diferentes, em um cicloergômetro: 1) Teste incremental até a exaustão; 2) 2 a 3 testes de carga contínua para a determinação da MLSS de forma contínua (MLSSc) e; 3) testes intermitentes de carga submáxima (8 x 4 min, com 2 min de recuperação passiva ou ativa) para determinar a MLSSi com recuperação passiva (MLSSip) e ativa (MLSSia). A MLSSi foi definida como a mais alta carga na qual a [La] não aumentou mais do que 1 mM entre o 10o e o 30o min (critério 1 - C1) ou 14o e 44o min (critério 2 - C2) do protocolo. Os valores do VO2 obtidos no 30o min de exercício foi estatisticamente maior que o valor obtido no 3o min de exercício a 100%MLSSc (3379,3 ± 250,1 ml/min vs. 3496,7 ± 280,2 ml/min, p<0,05) e a 105%MLSSc (3439,5 ± 289,3 ml/min vs. 3545,5 ± 303,2 ml/min, p<0,05), sendo estes valores significantemente menores do que o VO2pico (3978,6 ± 296,2 ml/min, p>0,05). O tempo (C1 ou C2) parece não influenciar significantemente a [La] (Passiva - 5,89 ± 1,41 mM vs. 5,61 ± 1,78 mM; Ativa - 5,62 ± 1,83 mM vs. 4,91 ± 1,91 mM) e a MLSSw (Passiva - 294,5 ± 31,8 W vs. 294,7 ± 32,2 W; Ativa... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze the validity of the maximal lactate state (MLSS) as a boundary between heavy and severe domain, to check the effect of time for the analysis of blood lactate concentration ([La]) kinetics on workload (MLSSw) and related to MLSS during intermittent exercises (MLSSi) with passive and active recovery and to verify the influence of passive or active recovery at [La], MLSSw, heart rate and relative intensity of Wmax (%Wmax) correspondent to maximal lactate steady state. Nineteen male trained cyclists were divided into two groups: passive recovery (VO2max = 3960,6 ± 312,8 ml.min-1; N = 9) and active (VO2max = 3958,3 ± 318,3 ml.min-1; N = 10), they performed the following tests, in different days, on a cycle ergometer: 1) Incremental test until exhaustion and; 2) 2 to 3 constants workload tests to determine (MLSSc) and; 3) intermittent submaximal workload tests (8 x 4 min, with 2 min of passive or active recovery) to determine MLSSi with passive recovery (MLSSip) and active (MLSSia). MLSSi was defined as the highest workload at which [La] increased no more than 1 mM between 10th and 30th min (criterion 1 - C1) or 14o and 44o min (criterion 2 - C2) of the protocol. VO2 values obtained at 30th min was statistically higher than that obtained at 3rd min of the exercise performed at 100%MLSS (3379.3 ± 250.1 vs. 3496.7 ± 280.2 ml/min, p<0.05) and 105%MLSS (3439.5 ± 289.3 vs. 3545.5 ± 303.2 ml/min, p<0.05) and the VO2 value obtained at 30th min of the exercise performed at 100%MLSS and 105%MLSS was statistically lower than VO2peak (3978.6 ± 296.2 ml/min, p>0.05). Time (C1 or C2) seems not influence significantly [La] (Passive - 5,89 ± 1,41 mM vs. 5,61 ± 1,78 mM; Active- 5,62 ± 1,83 mM vs. 4,91 ± 1,91 mM) and MLSSw ((Passive - 294.5 ± 31.8 vs. 294.7 ± 32.2 W; Active - 304.6 ± 23.0 vs. 300.5 ± 23.9 W). Interruptions at exercise... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Highly-trained athletes are accustomed to varied and high-volume based exercise stimuli and eliciting adaptation in individuals already possessing the necessary physiology to compete at the highest level is difficult. Therefore, identifying novel, potent and time efficient methods of achieving cumulative training stress is a continual quest for coaches and exercise scientists. This thesis examined the acute and chronic effects of manipulating exercise and recovery during brief all-out sprint cycling on adaptive responses favouring enhanced endurance capacity. Chapter 3 highlighted that low-volume non-work matched all-out sprint cycling, whether it be interval- (4 x 30 s bouts) or continuous based (1 x 2 min bout) provides a similarly potent stimulus for the acute induction of cell signalling pathways and key growth factors associated with mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis in trained individuals. In line with manipulating recovery and in attempting to identify a novel and potent exercise intervention capable of giving athletes more return on their training investment, Chapters 4-6 investigated the efficacy of combining sprint interval training with post-exercise blood flow restriction (BFR). Firstly, it was demonstrated that BFR potentiates HIF-1α mRNA expression in response to SIT, tentatively suggesting an enhanced stimulus for hypoxia- and/or metabolic-mediated cell signalling associated with mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis over SIT alone. Secondly, four weeks of SIT combined with post-exercise BFR provides a greater training stimulus over SIT alone in trained individuals to enhance VO2max (4.7 v 1.1 % change) and MAP (3.8 v 0.2 % change), but not 15-km TT performance. Finally, in response to four weeks of SIT combined with post-exercise BFR, an international female track sprint cyclist increased her CP and W by 7 and 2 % and VO2max and absolute MAP by 3 and 4 %, respectively. Through a combination of an acute in vivo molecular experiment, a training study and an athlete case study, this thesis has introduced a potentially potent and novel training concept that appears capable of augmenting aerobic capacity.

abstract: The winter holiday period has been highlighted as a major risk period for weight gain due to excess caloric intake in the form of fat and sugar. Furthermore, diets high in fat and sugar have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Exercise aids in the prevention of weight/fat gain, and prevents deleterious changes in cardiometabolic function. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of a fat-sugar supplemented diet, with and without two different exercise training protocols, on body composition, glycemic control and other markers of cardiovascular disease in an at-risk population of overweight and obese males. Twenty-seven, healthy overweight/obese (BMI >25 kg/m2) males were fed 2 donuts per day, 6 days/week, for four weeks, while maintaining their current diet. In addition, all subjects were randomized to one of the following conditions: sedentary control, 1,000 kcal/week moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) (50% of peak oxygen consumption), or 1,000 kcal/week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) (90-95% of peak heart rate). Supervised exercise training was performed 4 days/week on a cycle ergometer. Changes in body weight and composition, endothelial function, arterial stiffness, glycemic control, blood lipids and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) were assessed before and after the intervention. Body weight, lean mass and visceral fat increased significantly in HIIT (p<0.05) and were unchanged in MICT. There was a trend for a significant increase in body weight (p=0.07) and lean mass (p=0.11) in control. Glycemic control during the 2-h OGTT improved significantly in MICT and control, with no change in HIIT. Hepatic insulin resistance index (IRI) and 30-min insulin during the OGTT improved significantly after MICT and worsened following control (p=0.03), while HIIT was unchanged. CRF increased significantly in both HIIT and MICT, with no change in control (p<0.001). There were no significant changes in other markers of cardiovascular disease. The addition of a fat-sugar supplement (~14,500 kcal) over a 4-week period was not sufficient to induce deleterious changes in body composition and cardiometabolic health in overweight/obese young males. Exercise training did not afford overweight/obese males additional health benefits, with the exception of improvements in fitness and hepatic IRI. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Physical Activity, Nutrition and Wellness 2016

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:23:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6281.pdf: 1196634 bytes, checksum: 422ee8c02db41898a26d5fca8418a486 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-27 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Dexamethasone is widely used in clinical use due to its potent anti-allergic and antiinflammatory effects, but it has been shown that its chronic use can induce several side effects such as hyperglycemia, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and muscle atrophy. Muscle atrophy occurs by an imbalance between catabolic and anabolic protein levels. Among catabolic proteins, FOXO3a, MuRF-1 and Atrogin-1 are directly related to muscle atrophy induced by dexamethasone. Furthermore, it is known that some inflammatory proteins (TNF-&#945; and IL-6) also participate in reduction of muscle weight. We have shown that aerobic exercise attenuates some of the side effects of dexamethasone, but nothing is known about interval training (IT) performed before and concomitant dexamethasone treatment. This study investigated if interval training is effective in attenuating muscle atrophy induced by dexamethasone and if the proteins FOXO3a, MuRF-1, Atrogina-1, TNF-&#945;and IL-6 are involved in this response. Rats were distributed into 4 groups: sedentary control (SC), sedentary + Dexa (SD), trained control (TC), and trained + Dexa (TD), and underwent an interval training period (50% and 80% of maximal capacity, 2 and 1 min, respectively, 1h/day, 5 days / week, 70 days) or remained sedentary. Dexamethasone was administered during the last 10 days (0.5mg/kg per day i.p.). The rats were weighed weekly during training and daily during the treatment. The tibialis anterior (TA), soleus (SOL) and flexor hallucis longus (FHL) were collected, weighed and stored for analysis of TNF-&#945;, IL-6, FOXO3a, MuRF-1 and Atrogin-1protein levels using electrophoresis method, Western Blotting. Administration of dexamethasone resulted in a significant decrease in body weight (-17%) followed by reduction in TA (-22%) and FHL (-19%) muscles weight. This reduction in muscle weight involved a significant increase in MuRF-1 protein levels in TA (+27%) and FHL (+18%) muscles, although TNF-&#945; (-37%FHL and -15% SOL) and IL-6 (-26% TA, - 24% FHL and -18% SOL) protein levels were reduced. Interval training was effective in blocking the increase of MuRF-1protein level in TA and FHL muscles, moreover interval training significantly reduced FOXO3a production level in TA muscle, in both groups, TC (-27%) and TD (-32%).This response was followed by an attenuation of TA muscle mass after training. Chronic treatment with dexamethasone, as well as training, did not change Atrogin-1protein level. The results of the present study allow us to conclude that MuRF-1 seems to be involved in TA and FHL muscle atrophy induced by dexamethasone treatment, independent of inflammatory proteins signaling. On the other side, interval training determined TA muscle atrophy attenuation by decreasing MuRF-1 and FOXO3a without changes in TNF-&#945; e IL-6 protein levels. / A dexametasona é amplamente utilizada no uso clínico, devido ao seu potente efeito antialérgico e anti-inflamátorio, entretanto o uso crônico pode induzir diversos efeitos deletérios, tais como hiperglicemia, hipertensão, hipercolesterolemia e atrofia muscular. A atrofia muscular se dá por um desbalanço entre proteínas catabólicas e anabólicas. Dentre as proteínas catabólicas, a FOXO3a, MuRF-1 e Atrogina-1 estão diretamente relacionadas com a atrofia muscular induzida pela dexametasona. Além disso, já se sabe que algumas proteínas inflamatórias (TNF-&#945; e IL-6) também participam na redução de peso muscular. Demonstramos recentemente que o exercício físico aeróbio atenua alguns dos efeitos deletérios da dexametasona, mas nada se sabe sobre os benefícios do exercício físico intervalado (TI) realizado antes e concomitantemente ao tratamento com a dexametasona. Portanto o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar se o treinamento intervalado seria efetivo em prevenir a atrofia muscular induzida pela dexametasona (0,5mg/kg por 10 dias) e se as proteinas FOXO3a, MuRF-1, Atrogina-1, TNF-&#945; e IL-6 estão envolvidas nesta resposta. Foram utilizados 56 ratos Wistar, separados em 4 grupos: sedentário controle (SC), sedentário tratado com dexametasona (SD), treinado controle (TC) e treinado tratado com dexametasona (TD). Após adaptação na esteira, os animais foram submetidos ao protocolo de TI (50% e 80% da capacidade máxima, 2 e 1 minutos, respectivamente, 1h / dia, 8 semanas, 5 dias / semana) ou mantidos como sedentários. O peso corporal (PC) foi verificado semanalmente durante o treinamento e diariamente durante o tratamento. Os músculos tibial anterior (TA), sóleo (SOL) e flexor longo do hálux (FHL) foram coletados, pesados e armazenados para análises de produção proteica de TNF-&#945;, IL-6, FOXO3a, MuRF-1 e Atrogina-1 utilizando o método de eletroforese. O TI aumentou a capacidade física máxima dos animais treinados. A administração da dexametasona determinou diminuição significativa de PC (-17%) acompanhado de redução do peso muscular do TA (-22%) e FHL (-19%). Esta redução de peso muscular envolveu a proteína MuRF-1, que aumentou no TA (+27%) e FHL (+18%), embora tenha ocorrido diminuição significativa da produção proteica de TNF-&#945; (-37% FHL e -15% SOL) e IL-6 (-26% TA, -24% FHL e -18% SOL) no grupo SD. O TI foi efetivo em bloquear o aumento de MuRF-1 nos músculos TA e FHL, ademais diminuiu significativamente a produção proteica de FOXO3a no músculo TA, tanto para o grupo TC (-27%) como TD (-32%), resposta acompanhada de atenuação da redução de peso muscular no TA, mas não no FHL (TD, -15%). O tratamento crônico com dexametasona, assim como o TI, não determinou alteração na Atrogina-1. Os resultados do presente estudo nos permitem concluir que a MuRF-1 parece estar envolvida na atrofia nos músculos TA e FHL induzida por 10 dias de tratamento com dexametasona, independentemente das alterações das proteínas inflamatórias (TNF-&#945; e IL-6). O TI prévio, por sua vez, determinou atenuação da atrofia no TA por promover diminuição significativa na produção proteica de MuRF-1e de FOXO3a, sem alterar a produção proteica de TNF-&#945; e IL-6.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:06:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tiago Turnes.pdf: 566528 bytes, checksum: de1b9403dc58334cab95ace0bfee45aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this study was to observe the effects of training performed at the lower and upper boundary of severe intensity domain on physiological variables and performance on cycling. After an incremental test, and determination of critical power (PC) and determination of the highest intensity in which VO2max is attained (ISUP), Wingate test and 250kJ time-trial, the subjects were devised in two training groups, that were performed three times for week, for a four weeks period. A group trained on intensity 5% above PC (105%PC group, n = 8) and the other on ISUP intensity (ISUP group, n = 8). The ISUP session training provoked higher blood lactate concentration, heart rate and time near VO2max than 105%PC group (p &#8804; 0.05), with no differences in total work performed on training session between groups. The ISUP and 105%PC improved equally (p < 0.05) the higher intensity in incremental test (ISUP: 266 ± 40; 294 ± 38W vs. 105%PC: 254 ± 36; 283 ± 32W), anaerobic threshold (ISUP: 154 ± 42; 184 ± 36W vs. 105%PC: 145 ± 44; 170 ± 31W), PC (ISUP: 209 ± 47; 233 ± 35W vs. 105%PC: 198 ± 26 vs. 222 ± 28W), ISUP (ISUP: 338 ± 51; 357 ± 51W vs. 105%PC: 319 ± 33; 340 ± 33W), relative VO2max (ISUP: 47.5 ± 5.7; 50.7 ± 6.9ml.kg.min-1 vs. 105%PC: 47.2 ± 3.9; 48.8 ± 3.7ml.kg.min-1) and 250-kJ time-trial performance (ISUP: 1137 ± 217; 1019 ± 182s vs. 105%PC: 1188 ± 180; 1072 ± 171s). Both groups had no changes on work capacity above PC, lowest exercise duration in which VO2max is attained and fatigue index in Wingate test (p > 0.05). Only ISUP group improved the absolute VO2max (ISUP: 3558 ± 446; 3790 ± 496 ml.min-1 vs. 105%PC: 3638 ± 388; 3708 ± 390ml.min-1), lactate threshold (ISUP: 66 ± 27 ; 98 ± 28W vs. 105%PC: 69 ± 18; 100 ± 20W) and peak (ISUP: 894 ± 111; 951 ± 124W vs. 105%PC: 918 ± 119; 924 ± 122W) and mean (ISUP: 705 ± 65; 743 ± 79W vs. 105%PC: 729 ± 79; 736 ± 81W) power of Wingate test (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the highest and the lowest intensity of severe domain were equally efficient to improve the aerobic indexes and aerobic performance of middle duration (~18min). However, only the training on the upper boundary of severe domain improves VO2max and anaerobic parameters of Wingate test. Therefore, ISUP training seems to be more advantageous compared to 105%PC when the aim is improve the anaerobic performance in cycling. / O objetivo deste estudo foi observar os efeitos do treinamento intervalado realizado no limite inferior e superior do domínio severo sobre variáveis fisiológicas e desempenho no ciclismo. Após teste incremental, determinação da potência crítica (PC) e da maior intensidade em que o VO2max é alcançado (ISUP), teste de Wingate e Contra-relógio de 250kJ, os sujeitos foram divididos em dois grupos de treinamento, que foi realizado três vezes por semana, em um período de quatro semanas. Um grupo treinou em intensidade 5% acima da PC (Grupo 105%PC, n = 8) e outro na intensidade de ISUP (Grupo ISUP, n = 8). A sessão de treinamento na ISUP provocou maiores concentrações de lactato sanguíneo, frequência cardíaca e tempo próximo ao VO2max comparado ao grupo 105%PC (p &#8804; 0,05), sem diferenças no trabalho total realizado nas sessões de treinamento entre os grupos. Os grupos ISUP e 105%PC obtiveram similar adaptação (p < 0,05) na potência pico do teste incremental (ISUP: 266 ± 40; 294 ± 38W vs. 105%PC: 254 ± 36; 283 ± 32W), limiar anaeróbio (ISUP: 154 ± 42; 184 ± 36W vs. 105%PC: 145 ± 44; 170 ± 31W), PC (ISUP: 209 ± 47; 233 ± 35W vs. 105%PC: 198 ± 26 vs. 222 ± 28W), ISUP (ISUP 338 ± 51; 357 ± 51W vs. 105%PC: 319 ± 33; 340 ± 33W), VO2max relativo (ISUP: 47,5 ± 5,7; 50,7 ± 6,9ml/kg/min-1 vs. 105%PC: 47,2 ± 3,9; 48,8 ± 3,7ml/kg/min-1) e tempo de prova de contra-relógio de 250kJ (ISUP: 1137 ± 217; 1019 ± 182s vs. 105%PC: 1188 ± 180; 1072 ± 171s). Ambos os grupos não provocaram adaptações na capacidade de trabalho acima da PC, menor tempo em que o VO2max é alcançado e índice de fadiga do teste de Wingate (p > 0,05). Apenas o grupo ISUP provocou melhoras significantes no VO2max absoluto (ISUP: 3558 ± 446; 3790 ± 496 ml/min-1 vs. 105%PC: 3638 ± 388; 3708 ± 390ml/min-1), limiar de lactato (ISUP: 66 ± 27; 98 ± 28W vs. 105%PC: 69 ± 18; 100 ± 20W) e potência pico (ISUP: 894 ± 111; 951 ± 124W vs. 105%PC: 918 ± 119; 924 ± 122W) e média (ISUP: 705 ± 65; 743 ± 79W vs. 105%PC: 729 ± 79; 736 ± 81W) do teste de Wingate (p < 0,05). Em conclusão, a maior e menor intensidade do domínio severo foram de igual eficiência para melhora nos principais índices fisiológicos aeróbios como no desempenho aeróbio de média duração (~18min). Entretanto, apenas o grupo de treinamento no limite superior do domínio severo provocou melhoras nos parâmetros anaeróbios no teste de Wingate. Dessa forma, o treinamento na ISUP parece ser vantajoso em relação a 105%PC quando o objetivo do treinamento é melhorar também o desempenho anaeróbio no ciclismo.

A redução nos níveis de atividade física nos últimos tempos, devido ao aumento do uso de novas tecnologias e a vida sedentária, agregada ao consumo excessivo de alimentos, tem promovido uma epidemia de obesidade e doenças metabólicas. No contraponto deste caminho, está a realização de exercícios físicos. O exercício intervalado surge como uma boa opção para a obtenção de bons resultados físicos, principalmente, quando as pessoas possuem um tempo reduzido para a realização do seu treinamento. Muitos esportes como futebol, vôlei, tênis e atletismo, assim como o exercício intervalado, necessitam de indivíduos que possam competir, ou simplesmente praticar, várias vezes dentro de um intervalo de poucos dias. Atletas profissionais ou amadores treinam quase todos os dias e necessitam de uma intervenção dietética para manter o seu nível de energia estável para a realização de treinos e partidas, fazendo uso frequente de suplementos alimentares. Dentro desta gama de suplementos alimentares a Creatina é um dos mais utilizados coadjuvantes na melhoria do desempenho atlético, demonstrando potencial aumento de força, bem como aumento de massa magra, o que pode estar relacionado com o sistema do fator de Crescimento semelhante à insulina 1 (IGF-1) ou o seu receptor celular o IGF-1R. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o impacto da suplementação de Creatina juntamente com o treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade na expressão proteica de IGF-1R no tecido muscular, além de analisar as concentrações sanguíneas de lactato e glicemia, avaliar o desempenho ou a performance, dos ratos antes e após o treinamento intervalado e verificar o ganho de peso dos animais nos diferentes grupos. Trinta e sete (37) ratos Wistar machos com 75 dias no começo do experimento foram randomizados e separados em três grupos: A (Treinado sem suplementação, 13 animais), B (Treinado suplementado com Creatina e Carboidrato, 12 animais) e C (Treinado suplementado com Creatina, 12 animais). O protocolo de treinamento consistiu em 1 minuto de exercício a 110% da velocidade de fadiga do teste máximo em esteira, seguidos por 30 segundos a 40% desta, totalizando 30 min, cinco vezes por semana durante trinta e dois dias corridos. A suplementação de Creatina ocorreu durante todo o período de treinamento, duas horas antes do exercício. A água foi utilizada como veículo de infusão nos grupos A e C e uma solução de glicose a 10% no grupo B. Como resultado foi verificada uma melhoria no desempenho físico dos ratos em todos os grupos. Bem como uma maior expressão proteica do IGF-1R nos grupos treinados suplementados (B e C) quando comparados ao grupo treinado sem suplementação (A). Já os dados de glicemia, lactato e ganho de massa não apresentaram diferença significativa entre os grupos. Conclui-se que o treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade se apresenta como uma boa opção para melhorias na performance física, e que a suplementação de Creatina está envolvida no aumento da expressão proteica do IGF-1R. Contudo o protocolo de treinamento e suplementação utilizados no estudo não se refletiram em diferenças nas análises glicemia, lactato e massa dos animais. / The reduction in levels of physical activity in recent times, due to the increased use of new technologies and sedentary life, added to the excessive consumption of food, has promoted an epidemic of obesity and metabolic diseases. In contrast this way, is physical exercises. The interval exercise appears as a good option for getting good physical results, mainly, when people don’t have enough time to do their training. Many sports such as football, volleyball, tennis and athletics, as well as the interval exercise, require athletes to compete, or simply practicing several times within a few days. These professional or amateur athletes train almost every day and need a dietary intervention to keep your energy level stable for training and matches appropriately, making use often, dietary supplements. Within this range of dietary supplements, Creatine is one of the most used resource for improving athletic performance, demonstrating increased strength and power, as well as increased lean mass, which may be related to the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) system or its cellular receptor IGF-1R. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of creatine supplementation along with high intensity interval training on protein expression of IGF-1R in muscle tissue, and analyzing blood concentrations of lactate and glucose, evaluate the performance of rats before and after interval training, examine the weight gain of the animals in different groups. Thirty-seven (37) male Wistar rats at 75 days at the beginning of the experiment were randomly divided into three groups: A (Trained without supplementation, 13 animals), B (Trained supplemented with creatine and Carbohydrate, 12 animals) and C (Trained supplemented with creatine, 12 animals). The training protocol consisted of a 1 minute to 110% of the test speed of fatigue, followed by 30 seconds at 40% of this, totaling 30 minutes, five times a week for consecutive thirty-two days. The creatine supplementation occurred throughout the training period, two hours before the exercise, with water as a vehicle for infusion in groups A and C, and 10% glucose solution in group B. As a result we had improvement in physical performance of rats in all groups. As well as increased protein expression of IGF-1R in groups trained supplemented (B and C) when compared to the trained group without supplementation (A). Meanwhile, data from the glucose, lactate and mass gain did not differ significantly between groups. It is concluded that high-intensity interval training is presented as a good option to improve physical performance, and that creatine supplementation is involved in the increased protein expression of IGF-1R. The training and supplementation protocol used in the study were not reflected in differences in the analysis of IGF-1R, glucose, lactate and gain mass in the animals.

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A redução nos níveis de atividade física nos últimos tempos, devido ao aumento do uso de novas tecnologias e a vida sedentária, agregada ao consumo excessivo de alimentos, tem promovido uma epidemia de obesidade e doenças metabólicas. No contraponto deste caminho, está a realização de exercícios físicos. O exercício intervalado surge como uma boa opção para a obtenção de bons resultados físicos, principalmente, quando as pessoas possuem um tempo reduzido para a realização do seu treinamento. Muitos esportes como futebol, vôlei, tênis e atletismo, assim como o exercício intervalado, necessitam de indivíduos que possam competir, ou simplesmente praticar, várias vezes dentro de um intervalo de poucos dias. Atletas profissionais ou amadores treinam quase todos os dias e necessitam de uma intervenção dietética para manter o seu nível de energia estável para a realização de treinos e partidas, fazendo uso frequente de suplementos alimentares. Dentro desta gama de suplementos alimentares a Creatina é um dos mais utilizados coadjuvantes na melhoria do desempenho atlético, demonstrando potencial aumento de força, bem como aumento de massa magra, o que pode estar relacionado com o sistema do fator de Crescimento semelhante à insulina 1 (IGF-1) ou o seu receptor celular o IGF-1R. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o impacto da suplementação de Creatina juntamente com o treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade na expressão proteica de IGF-1R no tecido muscular, além de analisar as concentrações sanguíneas de lactato e glicemia, avaliar o desempenho ou a performance, dos ratos antes e após o treinamento intervalado e verificar o ganho de peso dos animais nos diferentes grupos. Trinta e sete (37) ratos Wistar machos com 75 dias no começo do experimento foram randomizados e separados em três grupos: A (Treinado sem suplementação, 13 animais), B (Treinado suplementado com Creatina e Carboidrato, 12 animais) e C (Treinado suplementado com Creatina, 12 animais). O protocolo de treinamento consistiu em 1 minuto de exercício a 110% da velocidade de fadiga do teste máximo em esteira, seguidos por 30 segundos a 40% desta, totalizando 30 min, cinco vezes por semana durante trinta e dois dias corridos. A suplementação de Creatina ocorreu durante todo o período de treinamento, duas horas antes do exercício. A água foi utilizada como veículo de infusão nos grupos A e C e uma solução de glicose a 10% no grupo B. Como resultado foi verificada uma melhoria no desempenho físico dos ratos em todos os grupos. Bem como uma maior expressão proteica do IGF-1R nos grupos treinados suplementados (B e C) quando comparados ao grupo treinado sem suplementação (A). Já os dados de glicemia, lactato e ganho de massa não apresentaram diferença significativa entre os grupos. Conclui-se que o treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade se apresenta como uma boa opção para melhorias na performance física, e que a suplementação de Creatina está envolvida no aumento da expressão proteica do IGF-1R. Contudo o protocolo de treinamento e suplementação utilizados no estudo não se refletiram em diferenças nas análises glicemia, lactato e massa dos animais. / The reduction in levels of physical activity in recent times, due to the increased use of new technologies and sedentary life, added to the excessive consumption of food, has promoted an epidemic of obesity and metabolic diseases. In contrast this way, is physical exercises. The interval exercise appears as a good option for getting good physical results, mainly, when people don’t have enough time to do their training. Many sports such as football, volleyball, tennis and athletics, as well as the interval exercise, require athletes to compete, or simply practicing several times within a few days. These professional or amateur athletes train almost every day and need a dietary intervention to keep your energy level stable for training and matches appropriately, making use often, dietary supplements. Within this range of dietary supplements, Creatine is one of the most used resource for improving athletic performance, demonstrating increased strength and power, as well as increased lean mass, which may be related to the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) system or its cellular receptor IGF-1R. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of creatine supplementation along with high intensity interval training on protein expression of IGF-1R in muscle tissue, and analyzing blood concentrations of lactate and glucose, evaluate the performance of rats before and after interval training, examine the weight gain of the animals in different groups. Thirty-seven (37) male Wistar rats at 75 days at the beginning of the experiment were randomly divided into three groups: A (Trained without supplementation, 13 animals), B (Trained supplemented with creatine and Carbohydrate, 12 animals) and C (Trained supplemented with creatine, 12 animals). The training protocol consisted of a 1 minute to 110% of the test speed of fatigue, followed by 30 seconds at 40% of this, totaling 30 minutes, five times a week for consecutive thirty-two days. The creatine supplementation occurred throughout the training period, two hours before the exercise, with water as a vehicle for infusion in groups A and C, and 10% glucose solution in group B. As a result we had improvement in physical performance of rats in all groups. As well as increased protein expression of IGF-1R in groups trained supplemented (B and C) when compared to the trained group without supplementation (A). Meanwhile, data from the glucose, lactate and mass gain did not differ significantly between groups. It is concluded that high-intensity interval training is presented as a good option to improve physical performance, and that creatine supplementation is involved in the increased protein expression of IGF-1R. The training and supplementation protocol used in the study were not reflected in differences in the analysis of IGF-1R, glucose, lactate and gain mass in the animals.

The aim of this master thesis is to evaluate the influence of a six-week HIIT (High intensity interval training) on body composition and both aerobic and anaerobic performance. A group of 9 men aged 28-51 years was gathered and who followed an exact six-week training programme according to the chosen hypothesis. The results of our study show that the chosen six-week programme led to statistically significant (p < 0,05) changes in body weight (kg), BMI (kg/m2 ), in FEV (l), and ANC/kg (J/kg). Changes in the other parameters were statistically not significant. Taking into account the size of group (n=9) we conclude that mainly effects on the individual level were attained.