Notre thèse se propose d’analyser l’expérience des jurés populaires en cour d’assises. À partir d’entretiens réalisés avec d’anciens jurés ainsi que des Présidents d’assises et d’observations de procès d’assises, nous souhaitons montrer que l’expérience du jugement déstabilise les certitudes des jurés. Le changement qui se produit chez ces jurés est analysé à partir de la notion de conversion démocratique. Cette analogie doit nous permettre d’expliquer le processus qui se met en place chez les jurés tout au long de leur expérience. Notre thèse analyse donc un dispositif de parole à portée démocratique. Sont ainsi étudiés le rituel de la procédure, la construction de l’intime conviction et le rôle du président dans la formation du jugement. Ces éléments, mis en parallèle avec l’expérience des jurés, permettent d’identifier les différentes étapes de leur conversion. La construction de leur intime conviction, analysée comme une véritable faculté de juger, est au cœur du processus de conversion démocratique. L’expérience du jugement s’avère donc être aussi importante pour les jurés que nous avons rencontré, que pour la démocratie elle-même. / Our thesis wishes to analyze the experience of juries inside criminal justice. From various interviews made with former jurors and Presidents of criminal justice as well as observations of real court sessions, we would like to show that the practice of judgement has a disturbing effect on the jurors’ convictions. The shift occurring inside the jurors’ mind is analysed through the concept of democratic conversion. This analogy will enable us to explain the process taking place inside each juror all along their experience. Our thesis analyses this “oral system” as a process heading towards democratization. Thus, we will study the ritual of penal process, the building of the absolute conviction and the Presidents’ contribution inside the final verdict. Those elements, compared with the experience of the jurors, give us the opportunity to identify the several steps of their conversion. All of these changes are strongly linked with the importance that the jurors give to the decision they have to make. The building of their absolute conviction, analysed as a true ability to judge, is at the core of the process of democratic conversion. The experience of judgement tends to be as crucial for the jurors we’ve met as for the democracy itself.

La Cour d'assises : une juridiction séculaire et atypique en perpétuelle quête de rénovation. Indubitablement, la Révolution française demeurera l’événement majeur de l'histoire des institutions françaises. Par le renoncement à la société d'Ancien Régime, les nouveaux constituants bouleversèrent durablement la vision de la société, l'identité et les grands principes des institutions. Dans ce contexte de profondes mutations, on assista à l'émergence d'une « autre Justice », un service public construit sur des assises modernes et durables. Ainsi, en matière criminelle, la loi des 16 et 21 septembre 1791 institua une juridiction singulière, le tribunal criminel départemental – qui deviendra quelques années plus tard la Cour d'assises –. Cette institution se distingua dès son origine par sa composition mixte associant magistrats professionnels et citoyens tirés au sort. Près de 250 ans après son adoption, cette juridiction criminelle perdure dans le paysage institutionnel. De la sorte, on peut s'interroger sur les raisons de la longévité d'une institution trop souvent envisagée à travers le prisme de la Révolution. Le but de cette thèse était donc d'étudier les dynamiques qui présidèrent à l'évolution de celle-ci. Car, au fil de son existence, la Cour d'assises a sensiblement évolué, dans sa composition et dans son fonctionnement jusqu'à y voir l'abandon de la figure révolutionnaire et la dénaturation de l'institution originelle. La première partie de ce travail est consacrée au particularisme structurel de la Cour d'assises, sa composition mixte. Car associer des techniciens du droit à des citoyens néophytes a toujours été un choix controversé. Dans un premier titre, l'institution populaire est envisagée sous l'angle historique et sous la question de la légitimité. Il s'agit alors de comprendre non seulement les raisons qui gouvernèrent l'adoption d'une telle forme de justice, mais également celles qui expliquent sa préservation. Dans un second titre, le propos se concentre sur l'identité des juges professionnels et populaires appelés à composer les Cours d'assises.La seconde partie de cette thèse a trait au fonctionnement de la juridiction criminelle. Longtemps sa composition mixte commanda un fonctionnement particulier, distinct de celui des autres juridictions pénales. Pourtant, il est notable que des réformes successives ont imposé une certaine rupture avec la vision révolutionnaire suscitant ainsi des mutations profondes de la procédure de jugement criminel. Dans un premier titre, on envisage la procédure criminelle sous l'angle des acteurs du procès criminel, dans la gestion des débats. Aussi est-il encore nécessaire de s'interroger sur l'efficacité actuelle de la discussion criminelle. Dans un second titre, c'est la phase décisoire du procès criminel, récemment sujet de réformes d'ampleur, qui est examinée. Le travail de recherche a donc porté sur les réformes successives qui ont affecté la juridiction d'assises.Celle-ci, bien qu'ancienne et toujours attachée à son histoire, est une institution en perpétuel renouvellement. / The French "Cour d'assises" : an age-old and atypical court of laws constantly reforming itself. The French Revolution certainly remains a major event in French history. As the Ancien Régime failed, the vision of society matured, such as the way we consider public institutions. In that context of acute transformations, we could witness the birth of another kind of justice based on modern and sustainable principles. Above all, new constituents established, for criminal law, a very extraordinary jurisdiction : the Cour d'assises. The main peculiarity of that institution consisted in its joint composition, as professional magistrates had to work with ordinary citizens to judge. 250 years later, this criminal jurisdiction still lasts. So, we can wonder why this so old institution is still working. This thesis aims to study movments that have affected the Cour d'assises troughout years. Actually, that institution has noticeably evolved in its composition and its working, so that it no longer looks like the institution established during the XVIIIth century. The first section deals with the joint composition of the court. In fact, couple law professionals to neophytes is certainly a controversial choice. A first sub-section intends, through an history of jury, to explain why a popular court had been chosen to punish crimes. In this part, we also wonder about the legitimacy of that kind of Justice. A second sub-section looks at the members of jury's identity. The second section of the thesis deals with the institution's working. For a long time, the composition of the court explained how it worked. However, successive reforms renew the institution. A first sub-section takes into consideration the role each of the members of the criminal court plays during proceedings. It also questions about the efficiency of the criminal trial. A second sub-section is dedicated to the final phase of the criminal process, which has recently been reformed. To sump up, the research deals with successive reforms that have deeply affected the French criminal court. In spite the fact it is an old institution, always attached to the French Revolution, the Cour d'assises is an institution that goes on reforming itself.

It is the purpose of this paper to present the historical record of Negro service on grand and petit juries in the United States, as that record is revealed by decisions of both state and federal courts; particularly the decisions of the United States Supreme Court. It is the desire of this treatise that such record shall be presented fairly. Finally, it is the aim of this document to present this historical record of cases in such a manner as to allow the prediction of certain potential developments visible in the course of justice. This then is a presentation of the record of the systematic exclusion of the Negro race in the matter of service on grand and petit juries in the United States, and with especial attention to the State of Texas.

Text in Afrikaans / Die penologiese perspektief rakende die ontwikkeling/ doel en funksionering van leke-assessore is die onderwerp van hierdie verhandeling. Leke-deelname in die regsplegingstelsel kan terug­ gevoer word na 1657. Deur die latere oorname van Engelse regsbeginsels1 word die juriestelsel in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg geinkorporeer. Na die afskaffing van die juriestelsel in 1969 berus die beantwoording van sowel feite- as regsvrae slegs by die voorsittende beampte. Hierdie situasie is as onaan­ vaarbaar beskou en grater leke-deelname word bepleit. Dit is egter eers in 1991 dat die aanwending van leke-assessore in die Suid-Afrikaanse regstelsel 'n realiteit word. Een van die voorvereistes vir die aanstel van assessore is dat die aanstelling dienstig vir die regspleging moet wees. Die vraag waarmee penoloe en juriste worstel, is of die aanwending van assessore tans wel bevorderlik vir gesonde regspleging is. Uit empiriese navorsing het dit geblyk nie die geval te wees nie. Derhalwe word 'n opleidingsprogram vir assessore voorgestel / The subject of perspective on tioning of lay justice. this dissertation is a penological the development/ purpose and tunc­ assessors in the administration of The use of lay assessors can be traced back as far as 1657. As a result of the adoption of the British law principles/ the jury system was incorporated in South African law. After the abolition of the jury in 1969/ the answering of factual and judicial questions resides in the presiding officer. This situation was unacceptable and lay participation was advocated. The use of lay assessors became a reality in 1991. The prerequisite for the appointment of an assessor is that it should be expedient for the administration of justice. But are the use of lay assessors beneficial at this stage? From the empirical research it is evident that it is not beneficial at all and therefore the researcher recommends a training programme for lay assessors. / Penology / M.A. (Penologie)

Text in Afrikaans / Die penologiese perspektief rakende die ontwikkeling/ doel en funksionering van leke-assessore is die onderwerp van hierdie verhandeling. Leke-deelname in die regsplegingstelsel kan terug­ gevoer word na 1657. Deur die latere oorname van Engelse regsbeginsels1 word die juriestelsel in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg geinkorporeer. Na die afskaffing van die juriestelsel in 1969 berus die beantwoording van sowel feite- as regsvrae slegs by die voorsittende beampte. Hierdie situasie is as onaan­ vaarbaar beskou en grater leke-deelname word bepleit. Dit is egter eers in 1991 dat die aanwending van leke-assessore in die Suid-Afrikaanse regstelsel 'n realiteit word. Een van die voorvereistes vir die aanstel van assessore is dat die aanstelling dienstig vir die regspleging moet wees. Die vraag waarmee penoloe en juriste worstel, is of die aanwending van assessore tans wel bevorderlik vir gesonde regspleging is. Uit empiriese navorsing het dit geblyk nie die geval te wees nie. Derhalwe word 'n opleidingsprogram vir assessore voorgestel / The subject of perspective on tioning of lay justice. this dissertation is a penological the development/ purpose and tunc­ assessors in the administration of The use of lay assessors can be traced back as far as 1657. As a result of the adoption of the British law principles/ the jury system was incorporated in South African law. After the abolition of the jury in 1969/ the answering of factual and judicial questions resides in the presiding officer. This situation was unacceptable and lay participation was advocated. The use of lay assessors became a reality in 1991. The prerequisite for the appointment of an assessor is that it should be expedient for the administration of justice. But are the use of lay assessors beneficial at this stage? From the empirical research it is evident that it is not beneficial at all and therefore the researcher recommends a training programme for lay assessors. / Penology / M.A. (Penologie)

This study assesses the levels of diversity in the jury source lists in the State of Georgia utilizing voter registration data as of February 1997, and the effects of the National Voter Registration Act (NVRA) on diversity levels. The data indicates that, while the NVRA has increased registration rates, the rates for blacks has been only slightly higher than that of whites. Thus, the problems of diversity have not been significantly effected by the NVRA.This paper discusses the issue of cognizable class, and reiterates arguments supporting the recognition of young persons and non-voters as cognizable. Also assessed are the methods of measuring source list disparity, with attention given to problems associated with the absolute disparity test, and argues for the use of the Chi-Square "Goodness of Fit" test to measure source list disparity.Current levels of disparity are calculated using both absolute disparity and ChiSquare. These are found in the appendix. Analysis is done by assessing the percentage of source lists (for which there is data) that should be presumed invalid using the five percent criterion for absolute disparity and the fifty percent criterion for Chi-Square.Analysis using both absolute disparity and Chi-Square indicates that many source lists in the State of Georgia are not representative of the population. While absolute disparity invalidates only few source lists, the Chi-Square statistic indicates that the problem is much more widespread.Both absolute disparity and Chi-Square results indicate that age is the most important variable with regard to under-representation. Young persons (18-29) are found to be under-represented more often than any other group regardless of race and/or sex. This is particularly evident when looking at the Chi-square results. While blacks are generally found to be under-represented more often when compared to similar sex and age aggregates for whites, the levels of under-representation of race and sex aggregates remain closely related to age. / Department of Political Science

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:29:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hamilton da Cunha Iribure Junior.pdf: 2483637 bytes, checksum: 88eddb6605c9ae94daf5e58eae24c6f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Procedural law complies with the task of regulating the exercise of judicial functions, a fundamental activity of Democratic State of Law. In the current constitutional order the Jury Court is recognized and upheld both as law and fundamental individual guarantee. It is perceived as a fundamental human right because people's participation in the trials made by the judiciary. It is the fundamental guarantee that the person who has committed an intentional criminal offense against life can only be condemned by the verdict issued by a People's Court. The jury is a province where there is the exercise of citizenship, revealing itself as a democratic right for the individual to be judged by a board of citizens. The Brazilian legal system provides the procedure of the Jury Court divided into stages. This scaling ensures that the formation of the prosecution of the defendant is given in two very different stages: a preliminary investigation and trial of the case. In the first phase, conducted by a judge, it is discussed the admissibility accusatory. In the trial of the case occurs the trial of the defendant by People´s Court. The judicial decision that examines and accepts the accusation against the defendant is called jury indictment, that terminating the preliminary investigation and forward the accused for trial in the Plenary of the Jury. The indictment has always been present in Brazilian history of criminal procedure, from the time of the Ordinations of the Kingdom. In most foreign jurisdictions is clear that there is a procedural institute with similar function that jury indictment exercises in Brazil. This judicial act represents an important mechanism to control the accusatory activity on the jury procedure to ensure that the cause is only being sent to the Jury if it is in strict conformity with the requirements established in law. Should the judge that decides the jury indictment works with extra caution in the grounds of this decision because this stage of the proceedings of the jury is not to examine the right to punish, but only the right to accuse. Therefore, the excess on the motivation of this judicial act can lead to anticipation of a merit´s judgment to an irregular stage of the process. The jury indictment, interlocutory decision in the proceedings of the jury, is the main object of analysis in this work. In establishing the Democratic State of Law, the Constitution of the Republic established in 1988 as one of its grounds human dignity, the rule that guides the interpreter in the applicability of the standards of the legal system. So this work is has the aim of examining the principles and procedures focused on the jury indictment in the light of that constitutional grounds as a way of being assured the due process of law / Ao Direito Processual cumpre a missão de regulamentar o exercício da função jurisdicional, atividade fundamental do Estado Democrático de Direito. Na ordem constitucional vigente o Tribunal do Júri é acolhido e reconhecido simultaneamente como direito e garantia fundamental do indivíduo. É percebido como um direito humano fundamental devido à participação do povo nos julgamentos proferidos pelo Poder Judiciário. É garantia fundamental na medida em que o indivíduo que tenha praticado uma infração penal dolosa contra a vida somente possa ser condenado pelo veredicto emanado por um Conselho de Sentença do Tribunal Popular. O júri é uma província em que se observa o exercício da cidadania, revelando-se na prerrogativa democrática para que o indivíduo seja julgado por um colegiado de cidadãos. O ordenamento jurídico brasileiro prevê o procedimento do júri dividido em fases. Esse escalonamento garante que a formação da acusação do réu se dê em duas etapas bem distintas: a instrução preliminar e o juízo da causa. Na primeira fase, conduzida por um juiz togado, é discutida a admissibilidade acusatória. No juízo da causa ocorre o julgamento do réu pelo Conselho de Sentença. A decisão judicial que analisa e admite a acusação formulada contra o réu é denominada de pronúncia, esta que encerra a instrução preliminar e encaminha o acusado para o julgamento no Plenário do Júri. A pronúncia sempre esteve presente na história do processo penal brasileiro, desde o tempo em que aqui vigoraram as Ordenações do Reino. Em boa parte dos ordenamentos jurídicos estrangeiros é nítida a existência de um instituto processual com função similar a que exerce a pronúncia no Brasil. Esse ato jurisdicional representa um importante mecanismo de controle da atividade acusatória no procedimento do júri ao assegurar que somente seja enviada à fase de plenário a causa que esteja em rigorosa conformidade aos requisitos estabelecidos em lei. Deve o magistrado que prolata a pronúncia cercar-se de redobrada cautela na fundamentação dessa decisão tendo em vista que nessa fase do procedimento do júri não se analisa o direito de punir, mas tão-somente o direito de acusar. Por conseguinte, o excesso na motivação desse ato judicial pode acarretar a antecipação do julgamento do mérito para uma etapa indevida do processo. A pronúncia, decisão interlocutória no procedimento do júri, é o objeto principal de análise no presente trabalho. Ao instituir o Estado Democrático de Direito, a Constituição da República de 1988 estabeleceu como um dos seus fundamentos a dignidade da pessoa humana, preceito este que orienta o intérprete na aplicabilidade das normas constantes no ordenamento jurídico. No talante dessa premissa o vertente trabalho está pavimentado com o intuito maior de analisar os princípios e regras processuais incidentes na pronúncia à luz do citado fundamento constitucional, como forma de se ver assegurado o devido processo legal

Ce travail de recherche s’inscrit dans le domaine de la phonétique clinique et relève plus particulièrement de l’intelligibilité de la parole d’enfants sourds implantés cochléaires et d’enfants normo-entendants. L’intérêt de cette thèse réside dans la comparaison des productions d’enfants sourds implantés cochléaires et d’enfants normo-entendants, appariés en âge chronologique. Nous analysons des paramètres segmentaux et suprasegmentaux en production, tels que les voyelles du français standard et les consonnes fricatives /f, s, ʃ/, l’étude du débit de parole, l’intelligibilité de mots monosyllabiques auprès d’auditeurs naïfs, ou encore l’intelligibilité de la parole semi-spontanée. Nous nous intéressons également à la façon dont les productions des enfants implantés cochléaires sont perçues par un jury d’auditeurs naïfs (n=10 ; moyenne d’âge 37 ans). Le but premier de ce travail est de mettre en avant les différences ou similitudes majeures entre nos deux groupes en fonction de l’âge chronologique des enfants mais également en fonction du recul à l’implant, du suivi rééducatif et du mode de communication. Les enfants sourds porteurs d’un implant cochléaire présentent une qualité de la voix et de la parole comparable à celle d’enfants normo-entendants de même âge chronologique, mais non similaire puisque des différences acoustiques, segmentales et supra-segmentales ont été mises en avant. Il pourrait être intéressant d’étendre cette observation aux enfants implantés précocement. / This research task falls under the field of clinical phonetics and more particularly raises of the intelligibility of the word of deaf children with cochlear implant and normal-hearing children. The interest of this thesis lies in the comparison of the productions of deaf children with cochlear implant and normal-hearing children, paired in chronological age. We analyze segmental and suprasegmental parameters in production, such as the vowels of standard French and the fricative consonants /f, S, ʃ/, the study of the speech rate of word, the comprehensibility of monosyllabic words with naive listeners, or still the comprehensibility of the semi-spontaneous word. We are also interested in the way in which the productions of the established children cochléaires are perceived by a jury of naive listeners (n=10; average age 37 years). The primary purpose of this work is to highlight the major differences or similarities between the two groups based on the chronological age of the children but also on the age back to the cochlear implant, the rehabilitative monitoring and communication mode. Deaf children with cochlear implants present a quality of the voice and word comparable with that of normal-hearing children of the same chronological age, but non similar age since differences acoustic, segmental and suprasegmental were put ahead. It might be interesting to extend this observation to early implanted children.

No description available.

The existence of the oath in the courtroom can be traced back thousands of years throughout history, but the use, meaning, and effect of the oath in law has changed dramatically. The oath as we know it was once a powerful truth-telling instrument that our ancestors used to call upon a higher power. It was the belief of many that the oath itself was not sworn to man or state, but rather directly to a deity. The oath has since then evolved as a result of ever changing beliefs, fueled by increasing tolerance, shaping the oath into more of a tradition, and less of an edict. For centuries, theorists have attempted to determine whether an oath in court is actually effective at accomplishing its goal. The intent of this thesis is to examine the origin of the oath all the way up to the present day. It will be through a comprehensive study of federal law, state law, case law, articles, and publications that we will better understand the oath as a truth-telling instrument that in recent times has lost its effect. From there, it will be possible to better form a solution to a problem that plagues our courtrooms: perjury, or the act of lying under oath. This thesis will seek to establish the best way for our community to actively work towards ensuring the integrity and effectiveness of our judicial system.