This thesis is a study of the ways in which the fear of death, and its natural consequence, the desire for immortality, is manifested in the major characters of three post-Romantic works. In each case, the fear of death is unconscious, and has to "be interpreted from the dreams and illusions of the characters, which may not appear to have any immediate connection with death or immortality. In Madame Bovary, the blind man is the symbolic antithesis of Emma's dreams of finding a means of transcendence within the world itself. He is the embodiment of the horrifying vision of biological process that lies at the heart of her flight from reality. The pharmacist, Homais, is also considered to be attempting to establish a symbolic form of immortality for himself through the glorification of his reputation and his sentimental belief in scientific progress. In Niels Lyhne, the young hero attempts to free himself from the romantic influences of his childhood by proclaiming a new philosophy that is based, on atheism. However, his temperamental attachment to the idea of "infinity", and his inability to accept the physical nature of human beings betray his unconscious desire for a state of being in which he will be invulnerable to the forces of aging and death. In John Gabriel Borkman the three major characters attempt to find a means of denying the inevitability of their approaching deaths. Borkman tries to gain control over the forces of life through the exercise of power and through an identification with rocks and metal that seem to hold the promise of conferring their immutability onto him. Borkman's wife wants her son to devote his life to the glorification of the name of Borkman, that her husband has dishonoured. She hopes that her idealized self-image will live on"in the "monument" that Erhart will "erect" to the family name. Ella Rentheim, her sister, also plans to use Erhart for the establishment of a symbolic form of immortality, by trying to persuade him to adopt her family name after she has died. The method of this thesis could be applied to works from any age of literature, but I have chosen the nineteenth century because of the particular social and intellectual influences that existed in Europe after the Enlightenment'. All the artistic movements of the nineteenth century were conditioned by the legacy of metaphysical uncertainty that the religious skepticism of the Age of Reason had bequeathed to the future. In these three works, the characters devote the same religious fervour to the worldly objects of their desires as, formerly, man had devoted to God. The unconscious hope in all their attempts is that they will discover a means of being delivered from death. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

Graphene-based hybrid materials and transition metal complexes play an important role in the science of materials and catalysis, as well as in other technological fields, as highlighted in the literature. In this doctoral thesis new hybrid nanomaterials based on different transition metal complexes (mono- and multimetallic) anchored on the surface of graphene oxide or graphene oxide modified with organic groups have been developed. This doctoral memory constitutes a "classic" work from the point of view of content structure, which are distributed over seven chapters. In the first chapter, the general considerations and applications of graphene and associated hybrid materials are presented together with a classification of strategies of synthesis and chemical structure of graphene oxides under study. Next, the second chapter addresses the objectives of this research work focused on the study of hybrid nanomaterials based on transition metals and graphene. The third and fourth chapter focuses on the synthesis of delaminated graphene oxide by modifying the conventional Hummers method, which provides the laminar support on which donor oxygen and nitrogen groups are covalently anchored. These groups allow the coordinating or axial immobilization of a chiral Mn (III) -salen complex, to provide hybrid nanocatalysts directed to the enantioselective epoxidation of prochiral alkenes. In the fifth chapter of this specification, the chemical modification of graphene oxide is described by amidation and acylation reactions of the carboxylic groups and by the covalent anchoring of a ruthenium (II) organometallic complex. Hybrid nanomaterials are studied in the catalytic racemization of (S) -1-phenylethanol, and the multifunctional enzyme catalyst (CALB)-Ru-OG in the kinetic resolution of 1- phenylethanol. The sixth chapter focuses on the coordinating immobilization of hexanuclear molybdenum (II) nanoclusters with halogens in graphene oxide to provide nanohybrids that have been investigated in the field of photocatalysis and whose activity has been compared with that obtained under homogeneous conditions. Specifically, photoreduction of H2O to H2 and photooxidation of certain organic substrates has been approached, taking advantage of the photoluminescent properties of the molybdenum (II) clusters and the electronic properties of the graphite materials. The characterization of the molecular complexes and nanomaterials synthesized throughout chapters 3-6 of the present thesis is carried out using chemical and structural analysis techniques and spectroscopic, chromatographic, surface and image techniques. The last chapter, and not the least important, highlights the conclusions obtained in this research. / Los materiales híbridos basados en grafeno y complejos de metales de transición juegan un papel importante en la ciencia de materiales y catálisis, así como en otros campos tecnológicos, según se destaca en la literatura. En esta tesis doctoral se han desarrollado nuevos nanomateriales híbridos basados en complejos metálicos de transición de diferente índole (mono- y multimetálicos) anclados en la superficie del óxido de grafeno u óxido de grafeno modificado con grupos orgánicos. Esta memoria doctoral constituye un trabajo "clásico" desde el punto de vista de estructura de contenidos, los cuales se distribuyen a lo largo de siete capítulos. En el primer capítulo, se exponen las consideraciones generales y aplicaciones de los grafenos y de los materiales híbridos asociados, junto con una clasificación de estrategias de síntesis y estructura química de los óxidos de grafeno objeto de estudio. A continuación, el capítulo segundo aborda los objetivos del presente trabajo de investigación centrados en el estudio de nanomateriales híbridos basados en metales de transición y grafenos. El tercer y cuarto capítulo se centran en la síntesis de óxido de grafeno deslaminado modificando el método de Hummers convencional, que proporciona el soporte laminar sobre el que se anclan covalentemente grupos oxígeno y nitrógeno dadores. Estos grupos permiten la inmovilización coordinativa o axial de un complejo de Mn (III)-salen quiral, para proporcionar nanocatalizadores híbridos dirigidos a la epoxidación enantioselectiva de alquenos proquirales. En el quinto capítulo de esta memoria, se describe la modificación química del óxido de grafeno mediante reacciones de amidación y de acilación de los grupos carboxílicos, y mediante el anclaje covalente de un complejo organometálico de rutenio (II). Los nanomateriales híbridos se estudian en la racemización catalítica del (S)-1-feniletanol, y el catalizador multifuncional enzima (CALB)-Ru-OG en la resolución cinética del 1-feniletanol. El sexto capítulo, se centra en la inmovilización coordinativa de nanoclústeres hexanucleares de haluros de molibdeno (II) en óxido de grafeno, para proporcionar nanohíbridos que se han investigado en el campo de la fotocatálisis y cuya actividad se ha comparado con la obtenida en condiciones homogéneas. Concretamente, se ha abordado la fotorreducción de H2O a H2 y la fotooxidación de determinados sustratos orgánicos, aprovechando las propiedades fotoluminiscentes de los clústeres de molibdeno (II) y las propiedades electrónicas de los materiales grafénicos. La caracterización de los complejos moleculares y de los nanomateriales sintetizados a lo largo de los capítulos 3-6 de la presente tesis se lleva a cabo, mediante técnicas de análisis químico y estructural, espectroscópicas, cromatográficas, de superficie y de imagen El último capítulo y no por ello el menos importante, destaca las conclusiones obtenidas en este trabajo de investigación. / Els materials híbrids basats en grafè i complexos de metalls de transició juguen un paper important en la ciència de materials i catàlisi, així com en altres camps tecnològics, segons es destaca en la literatura. En aquesta tesi doctoral s'han desenvolupat nous nanomaterials híbrids basats en complexos metàl·lics de transició de diferent índole (mono- i multimetálicos) ancorats en la superfície de l'òxid de grafè o òxid de grafè modificat amb grups orgànics. Aquesta memòria doctoral constitueix un treball "clàssic" des del punt de vista d'estructura de continguts, els quals es distribueixen al llarg de set capítols. En el primer capítol, s'exposen les consideracions generals i aplicacions dels grafenos i dels materials híbrids associats, juntament amb una classificació d'estratègies de síntesi i estructura química dels òxids de grafè objecte d'estudi. A continuació, el capítol segon aborda els objectius del present treball d'investigació centrats en l'estudi de nanomaterials híbrids basats en metalls de transició i grafenos. El tercer i quart capítol se centren en la síntesi d'òxid de grafè deslaminat modificant el mètode de Hummers convencional, que proporciona el suport laminar sobre el qual s'ancoren covalentment grups oxigen i nitrogen donadors. Aquests grups permeten la immobilització coordinativa o axial d'un complex de Mn (III) -salen quiral, per proporcionar nanocatalitzadors híbrids dirigits a l'epoxidació enantioselectiva d'alquens proquirals. En el cinquè capítol d'aquesta memòria, es descriu la modificació química de l'òxid de grafè mitjançant reaccions de amidació i de acilació dels grups carboxílics, i mitjançant l'ancoratge covalent d'un complex organometàl·lic de ruteni (II). Els nanomaterials híbrids s'estudien a la racemització catalítica del (S) -1-feniletanol, i el catalitzador multifuncional enzim (CALB)-Ru-OG en la resolució cinètica de l'1-feniletanol. El sisè capítol, es centra en la immobilització coordinativa de nanoclústeres hexanuclears de molibdè (II) amb halògens en òxid de grafè, per proporcionar nanohíbrids que s'han investigat en el camp de la fotocatàlisi i l'activitat s'ha comparat amb l'obtinguda en condicions homogènies. Concretament, s'ha abordat la fotoreducció d'H2O a H2 i la fotooxidació de determinats substrats orgànics, aprofitant les propietats fotoluminiscents dels clústers de molibdè (II) i les propietats electròniques dels materials grafénics. La caracterització dels complexos moleculars i dels nanomaterials sintetitzats al llarg dels capítols 3-6 de la present tesi es du a terme, mitjançant tècniques d'anàlisi química i estructural, espectroscòpiques, cromatogràfiques, de superfície i d'imatge. L'últim capítol i no per això menys important, destaca les conclusions obtingudes en aquest treball de recerca. / Puche Panadero, M. (2017). Nanomateriales híbridos basados en complejos de metales de transición anclados sobre óxido de grafeno. Aplicaciones catalíticas [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/86211

In this essay I perform readings of five influential literary works of the Modern Breakthrough in Nordic literature: Et dukkehjem (1879) by Henrik Ibsen, Niels Lyhne (1880) by Jens Peter Jacobsen, Barndomsvänner (1886) by Karl August Tavaststjerna, Fru Marianne (1887) by Victoria Benedictsson, and Ensam (1903) by August Strindberg. My aim is to identify and analyze discourses of loneliness and community. A central theme, both in this literature and in the contemporary society, is the problematization of gender roles. I find that the literature questions the polarization of gender roles through its depiction of marital relationships. At the same time, alternative communities are often portrayed as more fallible than those of marriage and nuclear family, forming discourses where marriage and nuclear family are prioritized over alternative communities – with a possible exception of national community. This paradoxical existence of modernity highlights the complexity of societal development: societal change requires not only political reforms but also change within subjects. The paradoxicality can be viewed as a manifestation of inner struggles. Finally, I reflect upon the endeavor to obtain entity that I find in these literary works. As connections between nature, culture and kinship, as well as between the past, the present and the future are formulated, issues of power/powerlessness and responsibility are brought into question. I propose further studies on these themes in relation to the emergence of nationalism, racial biology and fascism in 19th and 20th centuries, in order to deepen the understanding of the structure and the conditions of nationalism, racial biology and fascism in this context.

En komparativ analys av dödsskildringar i två moderna romaner, Niels Lyhne skriven av J.P. Jacobsen och Stoner av John Williams. Diskuterar den moderna apokalypsen, utvecklingen från tidigmoderna till senmoderna romaner och Karl Jaspers gränsögonblick.

Les jasmonates de méthyle sont des oxylipines asymétriques impliquées dans les mécanismes de défense, de développement et de régulation des organismes photosynthétiques terrestres ou marins face à des stress biotiques et abiotiques. Parmi les quatre stéréoisomères, seuls l’épi-jasmonate et l’ent-épi-jasmonate de méthyle possèdent de bonnes propriétés organoleptiques mais aussi une forte activité phytohormonale permettant l’élicitation de métabolites secondaires bioactifs. En ciblant spécifiquement une hexokinase mitochondriale régulant le métabolisme des cellules cancéreuses, les jasmonates de méthyle constituent d’excellents candidats pour de nouveaux agents thérapeutiques. Dans la recherche constante de nouvelles molécules thérapeutiques issues du milieu naturel, notre laboratoire s’est donc focalisé sur la synthèse énantiosélective de l’épi-jasmonate et l’ent-épi-jasmonate de méthyle, au départ de diols bicycliques homochiraux monoprotégés dérivant du cyclooct-1,5-diène.Afin d’obtenir ces diols bicycliques énantiopurs, une stratégie innovante a consisté en l’étude de la réaction d’électrocyclisation du méso-époxyde dérivé du cyclooct-1,5-diène assistée par des ligands chiraux métallés diversement fonctionnalisés, les catalyseurs de Jacobsen. En mettant à profit notre savoir-faire sur les désymétrisations enzymatiques, une stratégie parallèle optant pour la résolution énantiosélective de diols homochiraux monocycliques, ou de diols bicycliques C2-symétriques nous a permis d’accéder à des silanyloxyindèn-5-ones chirales, précurseurs clé des cis-jasmonates de méthyle énantiopurs. Enfin, la synthèse racémique de deux jasmonoïdes clé, la (±)--jasmolactone, puis le (±)-épi-jasmonate de méthyle a été validée en 15 étapes à partir du cyclooct-1,5-diène. / Methyl jasmonates are asymmetric oxylipins involved in defensive, developmental and regulative mechanisms of terrestrial and marine photosynthetic organisms in response to biotic and abiotic challenges. Among the four stereoisomers, only methyl epi-jasmonate and ent-epi-jasmonate show good organoleptic properties but also phytohormonal activity allowing the elicitation of bioactive secondary metabolites. Because they specifically target a mitochondrial hexokinase regulating the metabolism of cancer cells, methyl jasmonates have become excellent candidates as new therapeutic agents. With a constant attention on new therapeutic agents derived from the natural environment, our laboratory has focused on the enantioselective synthesis of methyl epi-jasmonate and ent-epi-jasmonate using monoprotected homochiral diols derived from cyclooct-1,5-diene.In order to obtain these chiral bicyclic diols, an innovative strategy has involved the study of the chemo-stereoselective electrocyclization of the cyclooct-1,5-diene-derived meso-epoxide assisted by chiral metallated ligands known as Jacobsen’s catalysts. Taking advantage of our knowledge of enzymatic desymmetrization, a second strategy opting for the enantioselective resolution of monocyclic homochiral diols or C2-symmetric bicyclic diols led access to chiral silanyloxyinden-5-ones, key precursors to chiral methyl cis-jasmonates. Meanwhile, the racemic synthesis of (±)--jasmolactone and methyl (±)-epi-jasmonate was validated in 15 steps starting from cyclooct-1,5-diene.

Widely regarded as one of the most significant composers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Carl Nielsen and his music have come to define the early twentieth-century musical traditions of Denmark. His original songs for voice and piano are often revered as popular folk tunes and contributed to his status as a national icon. My dissertation explores Nielsen's vocal repertoire through a multipart project that includes transcribing and editing eleven of Nielsen's early songs from Op. 4 (1891) and Op. 10 (1894), originally for voice and piano, for flute and piano. I discuss the reception history and context of Nielsen's Songs, the important role of transcription in flute literature, and provide full score transcription of the original works for flute and piano. Many vocal works have been transcribed for flute from the original vocal score, providing variety in programming and attracting diverse audiences to performances. Transcription offers scholars a new view into a work, by determining what elements of the piece are integral to maintain the composer's intentions.