The research herein presents an analysis of the evolution of José Martí’s racial thought throughout his written work. The principle focus of this investigation is to establish a comprehensive understanding of Martí’s racial ideas and to explain how the author developed the anti-racist principles demonstrated in his final years of life. The thesis proposes that José Martí’s ideas regarding race relations were shaped through a gradual process defined by his experiences of exile. To illustrate this position, I present a chronological mapping of his political and racial ideas, ranging from his early writings as a youth (1869), when he established his anti-colonial position against Spain, stretching forward through the end of his life, when Martí’s staunch position against racism was most visible in the context of his writings (1892-1895) in preparation for the war of Cuban independence. This research also reflects on how the Cuban author’s use of race and racism functioned as a principle node to address and promote change concerning political and social contradictions then present in Cuba, Hispanic America and the United States. To understand the process of the construction of José Martí’s racial position, texts he published during his stay in countries with a large indigenous presence, such as Mexico and Guatemala (1875-1878), are analysed. Additionally, the articles, essays and chronicles written by the author on the subject of race during his fifteen-year stay in the United States (1880-1895) are examined, as racial conflict was a prominent issue in political and national debates of the time. The thesis also focuses on the period of organisation and political activism when Martí presented his model for Cuba as a patria libre, defined by the heightened participation of Blacks and mullatos. My examination also focuses on Martí’s 1891 proposal to adopt mestizaje as a regional identity, taking into account the ideological environment of the late eighteen hundreds, which was dominated by Positivism and Liberalism in Hispanic American governments and by economic expansionism in the United States. This study thus provides an approach to understanding the development of José Martí’s racial thinking over the course of his lifetime, demonstrating how his racial ideas were defined and influenced by national and regional contexts, as well as by dominant ideologies, and proposes that Martí’s views regarding race came about as a result of the author’s intellectual and experiential progression, as opposed to being the result of a lifelong anti-colonial stance.

The political ideologies that Martí envisioned of an America free from the inherited yoke of European ideals were taken by Fidel Castro as an anti-imperialist discourse. Therefore, Marti’s political vision on the power that the United States began to carry out at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century was an excellent strategy to establish the anti-imperialist character of the Cuban revolution. Since 1961, Castro set Martí as the face of his Marxist-Leninist ideology to institute his anti-American philosophy; Castro created a myth of Marti’s persona, and converted him into the bastion of his political ideology. As a result, Castro distorted the revolutionary ideas of Marti’s. Castro proposed his ideas out of context and portrayed the incorrect idea of this great thinker and poet. Martí’s human ethic and love for the independence of Cuba placed Martí as a liberator of revolutionary and progressive ideas of his generation. Martí was not thought as a dictator and never was a man who lacked democratic values. The expressed analytical assimilation of Martí on his sociopolitical and economic juncture that was presented in America and Cuba was used to trace the political anti-imperialist propaganda by the dictatorial regime lead by Castro. This thesis will emphasize the persona of Jose Martí as a revolutionary, visionary and educator of his generation, then it will present the incorrect interpretation of Marti’s ideology by Fidel Castro, as an ideal to embark his revolution. Finally, the differences of his ideas in contrast to the political and social ideology of the Cuban revolution will be explained.

O objetivo desta tese é analisar, em uma perspectiva comparada, como nascem, evoluem e são frustrados três projetos de democratização radical na América Latina nos primórdios do imperialismo. José Martí (1853-1895) em Cuba, Juan B. Justo (1865- 1928) na Argentina e Ricardo Flores Magón (1874-1922) no México, lideram esforços intelectuais e políticos orientados a superar os constrangimentos à integração nacional legados pela origem colonial, que se expressam em um pensamento que fundamenta a atuação dos partidos que dirigiram. Vivendo no contexto de difusão das relações de produção capitalistas no continente, estes projetos constituem esforços pioneiros de subordinar o desenvolvimento capitalista aos desígnios da sociedade nacional. A incidência que tiveram para o desencadeamento dos processos que objetivaram a guerra da independência em Cuba, a reforma política na Argentina e a Revolução Mexicana - atesta a sintonia de suas propostas em relação aos dilemas que enfrentaram. O malogro do ideário democrático que representavam indica a prevalência de constrangimentos estruturais que obstam a consumação da nação na América Latina naquela circunstância. Partindo da premissa de que os autores analisados constituem expoentes do pensamento e da política radical em suas conjunturas, nossa hipótese é que a aproximação entre os três casos sugere as balizas que referenciavam a máxima consciência possível no campo da militância democrática no continente naquele contexto histórico. / This research aims to analyse, on a comparative perspective, the rising, evolution and eventual frustration of three projects of radical democratization in Latin America in the beginnings of imperialism. José Martí (1853-1895) in Cuba, Juan B. Justo (1865-1928) in Argentina and Ricardo Flores Magón (1874-1922) in México, led intelectual and political efforts aiming to ovecome the constraints inherited from the colonial past as a premise to assert national integration. an effort that was expressed in their thoughts, which in turn have shaped the political parties which they led. This purpose has been expressed on their thought, which in turn has shaped the political parties they conducted. Living in the context of difusion of capitalist production relations in the continent, these projects constitute pioneer attempts to subordinate the capitalist development to the design of national society. The fact that their political activity contributed to unleash the processes which they aimed to the War of Independence in Cuba, political reform in Argentina and the Mexican Revolution attests that their proposals were well tuned to the dilemmas they faced. The failure to impose the democratic ideals which they represented points to the prevalence of structural constrains that hinder the consumation of the nation in Latin America on that circumstance. Assuming as a premise that the authors analysed in this work are exponents of radical thought and politics in their conjunctures, our hypothesis is that the approach of the three cases suggest the boundaries that referred the maximum posible consciousness of democratic militancy in the continent in that historical context.

O objetivo desta tese é analisar, em uma perspectiva comparada, como nascem, evoluem e são frustrados três projetos de democratização radical na América Latina nos primórdios do imperialismo. José Martí (1853-1895) em Cuba, Juan B. Justo (1865- 1928) na Argentina e Ricardo Flores Magón (1874-1922) no México, lideram esforços intelectuais e políticos orientados a superar os constrangimentos à integração nacional legados pela origem colonial, que se expressam em um pensamento que fundamenta a atuação dos partidos que dirigiram. Vivendo no contexto de difusão das relações de produção capitalistas no continente, estes projetos constituem esforços pioneiros de subordinar o desenvolvimento capitalista aos desígnios da sociedade nacional. A incidência que tiveram para o desencadeamento dos processos que objetivaram a guerra da independência em Cuba, a reforma política na Argentina e a Revolução Mexicana - atesta a sintonia de suas propostas em relação aos dilemas que enfrentaram. O malogro do ideário democrático que representavam indica a prevalência de constrangimentos estruturais que obstam a consumação da nação na América Latina naquela circunstância. Partindo da premissa de que os autores analisados constituem expoentes do pensamento e da política radical em suas conjunturas, nossa hipótese é que a aproximação entre os três casos sugere as balizas que referenciavam a máxima consciência possível no campo da militância democrática no continente naquele contexto histórico. / This research aims to analyse, on a comparative perspective, the rising, evolution and eventual frustration of three projects of radical democratization in Latin America in the beginnings of imperialism. José Martí (1853-1895) in Cuba, Juan B. Justo (1865-1928) in Argentina and Ricardo Flores Magón (1874-1922) in México, led intelectual and political efforts aiming to ovecome the constraints inherited from the colonial past as a premise to assert national integration. an effort that was expressed in their thoughts, which in turn have shaped the political parties which they led. This purpose has been expressed on their thought, which in turn has shaped the political parties they conducted. Living in the context of difusion of capitalist production relations in the continent, these projects constitute pioneer attempts to subordinate the capitalist development to the design of national society. The fact that their political activity contributed to unleash the processes which they aimed to the War of Independence in Cuba, political reform in Argentina and the Mexican Revolution attests that their proposals were well tuned to the dilemmas they faced. The failure to impose the democratic ideals which they represented points to the prevalence of structural constrains that hinder the consumation of the nation in Latin America on that circumstance. Assuming as a premise that the authors analysed in this work are exponents of radical thought and politics in their conjunctures, our hypothesis is that the approach of the three cases suggest the boundaries that referred the maximum posible consciousness of democratic militancy in the continent in that historical context.

(in English): This work focuses on the novel titled Lucía Jerez which represents the only novel written by Cuban author, heroe and so-called freedom fighter José Martí. The objective of this work was to prove that this short book rightly can be seen as a modernistic novel and even can be considered as the first one in which all of the modernistic tendencies of new aesthetics are present. Using specific examples from the original novel, I tried to show the importance of this book in the context of the history of Spanish-American literature and to demonstrate several elements of the modernistic creation. Firstly I had proceeded from my personal feelings and beliefs which I later completed by opinions of literary critics. In most cases we concided, but of course there were some points in which my view differed in comparision with a general assertion. Despite these discrepancies in the understanding of some aspects of the book, I think José Martí managed to create a unique work. Lucía Jerez contains everything that is according to theories of modernistic work and Martí also achieved to impress Hispanoamerican character to the book. Even though we can find traces of Romanticism, Lucía Jerez is inherently modernistic work because of its critical approach.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T20:04:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A presente dissertação trata da insurgência como princípio educativo da pedagogia latino-americana. Para tanto, recorremos à categoria experiência, proposta por E. P. Thompson, para dialogar com o processo de independência cubana, do final do século XIX, conduzido por José Martí, e com o original movimento indígena de Chiapas, sobretudo os zapatistas, que emergiu no final do século XX. Entendemos princípio educativo como uma exigência que surge, emerge da existência e está relacionada com o movimento da e na transformação dos sujeitos no processo de luta social e política. Para a realização da pesquisa selecionamos alguns documentos, como cartas, comunicados, artigos, discursos e declarações dos zapatistas e de José Martí. Como proposta de metodologia utilizamos a análise e interpretação de seus conteúdos. Além disto, propusemos uma aproximação da História com a Educação dialogando com o vanguardismo martiano, a rebeldia zapatista e a boniteza freireana, compreendendo os espaços dos movimentos sociais como “u / This thesis discusses insurgency as an educational principle in Latin American pedagogy. It does so using the concept of experience proposed by E. P. Thompson and establishes a dialog with the process of Cuba’s independence led by José Martí by the end of the 19th century and with the original indigenous movement in Chiapas, mainly the Zapatists, that emerged at the end of the 20th century. The author understands educational principle as a demand that emerges from existence and is related to the movement of and in the transformation of subjects in the process of social and political struggle. The research is based on a selection of documents, such as letters, communiqués, articles, speeches and declarations by the Zapatists and José Martí. The methodology consists of the analysis and interpretation of their contents. The author also establishes a relation between History and Education through a dialog with Martí’s vanguardism, the Zapatist rebelliousness and the Freirean beauty. She understands the spaces of

El presente estudio examina las concomitancias entre el poemario Versos libres (José Martí, 1878) y la vertiente hipervital o neorromántica de la vanguardia, coincidencias y afinidades que evidencian una rebelión contra la belleza, el orden lógico y la pureza del lenguaje. Se traerán a colación las diversas corrientes literarias que confluyen en los Versos libres, el pensamiento político y filosófico martiano, el colosal momento de cambio y ciertos aspectos que preludian la estética de la vertiente neorromántica de la vanguardia. También, esta investigación indaga sobre ciertas semejanzas que existen entre la veta transcendental y mística de la poesía neorromántica, la posvanguardia y su análoga de los Versos libres. Se estudiará sobre el hilo discursivo que hunde sus raíces en la tradición mística universal y cómo Martí lo esgrime en medio de una era esencialmente positivista. Como es inevitable, se observará la adhesión del sujeto martiano al discurso libertario, humanista y de compromiso social. Para todo lo anterior, tomaremos en consideración el laberinto existencial, político e histórico en que vivió Martí al escribir Versos libres, así como el prolongado período de gestación y la publicación póstuma del libro. También se analizará el desborde de géneros literarios en la expresividad poética del volumen en cuestión. En resumen, realizamos una síntesis nunca antes esbozada de los dos haces primordiales de la poesía de los Versos libres: el hirsuto y el transcendental. En nuestra conceptualización de vanguardismo y posvanguardismo poético hemos tomado como principales (pero no exclusivas) fuentes de referencia los criterios de José Olivio Jiménez, Roberto González Echevarría, Octavio Paz y César Fernández Moreno a fin de establecer una necesaria demarcación entre las dos fases mayores de la modernidad poética en español: la modernista y la contemporánea, en la segunda de las cuales, la crítica literaria ha ubicado el vanguardismo y el posvanguardismo poético.

El objeto de estudio de este trabajo de investigación es la visión de la educación del autor cubano José Martí presente en los escritos de los últimos años de su vida, efectivamente de 1882 a su muerte en 1895. El punto de partida del estudio es la afirmación del crítico uruguayo Ángel Rama (1926-1983) de que la preocupación principal de Martí durante esa época era la incorporación de la modernidad en América Latina. La hipótesis que se intenta probar en este trabajo es que esa mirada hacia la modernidad asume inflexiones particulares aplicadas a la visión educativa del autor. Para una adecuada consideración de tal hipótesis, el trabajo se divide en tres partes. En la primera, se plantean los desafíos, metas y paradojas de la modernidad latinoamericana. En la segunda, se analiza la visión de la educación presentada en los artículos de la prensa de Martí durante dicho período. Y en la última parte, se considera la visión de la educación y de la infancia presentada en La Edad de Oro, la revista infantil que Martí escribió entre julio y octubre de 1889. El objetivo final de esta tesis es detallar la manera en que la preocupación de Martí por la incorporación de la modernidad en América Latina se manifiesta en sus ideas sobre la educación y se extiende también hacia su visión de la historia y de la naturaleza.

abstract: La escritura de José Martí en sus primeros años como escritor y periodista se desenvuelve en una atmósfera política tan dinámica como el entorno cultural al que se expone a su llegada a México desde su experiencia diaspórica en España. Por ello, este estudio propone situar la etapa mexicana de Martí desde marzo de 1875 hasta diciembre de 1875 como un episodio clave en el desarrollo crítico de sus ideas centrales. Por lo tanto, esta investigación radica en el estudio de los elementos que participan en la formulación martiana en torno al concepto de cultura como síntoma de las nuevas sociedades latinoamericanas, mismo que aparece acorde y en intrínseca relación con el concepto de independencia que Martí articula particularmente en "Nuestra América" (1891). Por lo tanto, para los propósitos de esta investigación y partiendo del reconocimiento de la ausencia de un acercamiento crítico a esta etapa de Martí, es necesario observar detenidamente las relaciones entre el ámbito político y social tanto en México como en Cuba para así comprender sus aportes literario-periodísticos. Asimismo, es imprescindible un acercamiento múltiple en distintos niveles que permitan comprender el panorama intelectual y los debates que se formulan durante el siglo XIX en México y en los cuales Martí participa activamente. Dichos elementos en conjunto son fundamentales para comprender la expresión martiana como una de las vías de transmisión tanto de su estética como de sus preocupaciones e intereses modernistas. Se incluye en este análisis la escritura pública de los diarios capitalinos tales como El Partido Liberal y El Federalista, en los que Martí publica de manera prolífica durante los casi dos años de estancia en el país. Asimismo, ha sido pertinente observar su anotaciones privadas pertenecientes a los Cuadernos de Apuntes, los cuales escritos durante los mismos años en México, no fueron destinados originalmente para su publicación. Añadir las anotaciones personales de Martí a este estudio contribuye a enriquecer la perspectiva de este periodo. Como se observa, las formulaciones críticas de Martí conviven con los debates que circulaban en la capital mexicana en relación a los procesos de descolonización e independencia. Por lo tanto, la importancia de reevaluar los elementos que inmortalizan a José Martí no solo como un ícono cubano y figura emblemática transnacional permiten observar sus primigenias acepciones en torno a la identidad hispanoamericana. Asimismo, el aporte académico que añade este estudio reside en la presentación de conflictos y discursos heterogéneos que impactan las definiciones en torno a prensa y literatura de José Martí, una de las mentes más innovadoras y perspicaces del siglo XIX, cuya relevancia literaria continúa siendo pertinente. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Spanish 2018

This thesis project explores the connection between Cuban identity and the twentieth-century Neobaroque. The paper approaches the Neobaroque as a concept that reoriginates or "refracts" culture, implying a relationship between Baroque forms and post-colonial Latin America that creates a transformation of cultural expression. Furthermore, the Neobaroque is seen relating to questions of cultural identity, post-colonialism, transculturation, mestizaje, and Latin American modernity. The Neobaroque's relevancy with Cuba is stipulated in twentieth-century writings of three Cuban authors known as the Cuban triumvirate: José Lezama Lima, Alejo Carpentier, and Severo Sarduy. Similar themes of these writers concerning the Neobaroque's connection with the urban environment of Havana as well as connections to José Martí's writing Nuestra América are highlighted as key components connecting the Neobaroque with Cuban culture. / Graduate / 0336 / 0626 / scruiksh@uvic.ca