Texte remanié de : Ph. D. / Revision of author's thesis (Ph. D.).

Thèse : Lettres : Paris 4 : 1979. / Thèse soutenue sous le titre : "Le Thème de la machine dans le roman français de la 2e moitié du 19e siècle" Bibliogr. p. [401]-407. Index.

Le concert européen est souvent perçu, du moins pour les années 1871 à 1890, comme l’œuvre indéniable du Chancelier allemand Otto von Bismarck et des grands hommes politiques de son temps. La politique dite bismarckienne a effectivement connoté la plupart des interactions entre pays rivaux de l’époque, particulièrement entre la France et l’Allemagne. Son incidence sur la politique française est telle qu’elle en affecte les politiques intérieure et extérieure. Les républicains opportunistes adopteront vis-à-vis de la politique bismarckienne une attitude pragmatique leur permettant, de 1878 à 1885, de recouvrer leur rôle d’antan, ainsi que d’encadrer un fort sentiment nationaliste. S’il est souvent reproché aux opportunistes d’avoir préféré le momentané au planifié, il nous semble que la politique des gouvernements Ferry, Gambetta, Waddington et Freycinet réussit au contraire à tirer habilement son épingle du jeu bismarckien. Familiers du caractère éphémère de ce jeu, les opportunistes ont su y trouver des avantages, assurer à la France le recouvrement d’une position diplomatique de choix et l’acquisition de nouveaux territoires coloniaux, tout en préservant une certaine indépendance face au Chancelier. / The European concert is often perceived, at least from the 1871s to 1890, as the unmistakable work of the German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck and the major politicians of his time. The said Bismarckian policy effectively influenced most of the interactions between opposing parties, particularly between France and Germany. Its bearing on the French policy is such that it affects home and foreign policies. The opportunist republicans will personify this ambiguous reaction to new German giant. A pragmatic attitude allows them, between 1878 and 1885, to recover their former role as well as to guide a strong nationalist feeling. If the opportunists are often blamed for having preferred the short term, the governments of Ferry, Gambetta, Waddington and Freycinet governments managed to handle Bismarckian policy skilfully. Familiar with its ephemeral character, opportunist governments knew how to find advantages, insure that France recover its diplomatic position and acquire new colonial territories while protecting a certain independence vis-à-vis the Iron Chancellor.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Dans notre recherche, le premier volume inclut une composante linguistique comportant une analyse textométrique du corpus afin de compléter la vision d'ensemble dans une optique statistique servant à élargir le regard porté sur le discours de Jules Verne. En nous appuyant sur les possibilités offertes par les nouvelles technologies, nous avons fait un travail détaillé portant sur presque l'intégralité du corpus Verne.Le deuxième volume vise à explorer l'influence de la Franc-maçonnerie dans l'écriture vernienne. À cet égard, nous pouvons dire que depuis quelques années, de nouvelles tendances dans l'interprétation de ses textes viennent ajouter un ingrédient supplémentaire à l'éventail de recettes nous permettant d'interpréter autrement l'écrivain nantais. La critique littéraire pose ses regards sur un Jules Verne différent et dont l'œuvre est influencée par l'ésotérisme, conception bien éloignée de la vision que la tradition lui avait accordée. Nous trouvons capital de signaler qu'une composante philosophique proche de certaines sociétés secrètes imprègne l'œuvre de Verne au point de mériter une étude plus approfondie.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-06-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:30:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cara_at_me_arafcl.pdf: 657024 bytes, checksum: 419fdd8af1b1c1ed602ab09f91ab2354 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Jules Laforgue (1860-1887) a été um grand décadentiste/symboliste français; les caractéristiques de ses oeuvres touchent ces deux importants mouvements littéraires. Le Décadentisme a été antérieur au Symbolisme, avec um trait plus négativiste et pessimiste; le Symbolisme a été composé de deux tendances: la “sérieux-esthétique”, plus connue et étudiée, et la “prosaïque-ironique”. À partir de celle-ci, moins étudiée que celle-là, les recours utilisés sont développés dans les compositions de Laforgue, même si l‟écrivain dépasse les limites des mouvements littéraires, en écrivant des textes différents et originaux. Il a produit des oeuvres poétiques et en prose, qui révèlent des caractéristiques très particulières. Par rapport à la poétique, la critique actuelle a reconnu l‟importance du poète pour la poésie postérieure à lui, inclusivement celle des modernistes brésiliens comme Carlos Dummond de Andrade et Manuel Bandeira. Laforgue a été, de certe façon, suffoqué par ses contemporains Baudelaire, Verlaine, Mallarmé et Rimbaud; mais il est inséré entre les grands noms de la modernité poétique, dû à son importance littéraire. Ses écrits surprenants et ses caractéristiques innovatrices font de lui l‟inspirateur et maître de personnalités comme Ezra Pound et T. S. Eliot. Il est possible de percevoir quelques constantes dans l‟oeuvre de Laforgue: ironie, parodie, la quête pour des formes orales, la création de mots nouveaux et l‟humour. Il est vrai de dire que son oeuvre est riche en recours stylistiques et en vocabulaire; il y a une forte présence intertextuel des mythes, des légendes, des chansons, de citations de textes d‟autres auteurs et de personnages connus, ce qui rend les compositions du poète encore plus complexes. L‟écrivain crée avec maîtrise un langage propre et, à travers ses néologismes... (Résumé complet accès électronique ci-dessous) / Jules Laforgue (1860-1887) foi um grande decadentista/simbolista francês; as características de suas obras tocam esses dois importantes movimentos literários. O Decadentismo foi anterior ao Simbolismo, com teor mais negativista e pessimista; o Simbolismo foi composto de duas vertentes: a sério-estética, mais conhecida e estudada, e a coloquial- irônica. A partir desta, menos abordada do que aquela, desenvolvem-se os recursos utilizados nas composições de Laforgue, apesar de o escritor ultrapassar os limites de movimentos e tendências literárias, produzindo algo novo e original. Escreveu obras poéticas e em prosa, as quais revelam características bastante particulares. Com relação à poética, a crítica atual tem reconhecido a importância do poeta para a poesia subsequente a ele, inclusive a dos modernistas brasileiros como Carlos Drummond de Andrade e Manuel Bandeira. Laforgue foi, de certa forma, sufocado pelos seus contemporâneos Baudelaire, Verlaine, Mallarmé e Rimbaud; todavia está inserido entre os grandes nomes da modernidade poética, devido à sua importância literária. Seus escritos surpreendentes e suas características inovadoras é que fazem dele o inspirador e mestre de personalidades como Ezra Pound e T. S. Eliot. Podem-se perceber algumas constantes na obra de Laforgue: ironia, paródia, a procura por formas orais, a criação de novas palavras e o humor. É fato dizer que sua obra é rica em recursos estilísticos e em vocabulário; há forte presença intertextual de mitos, lendas, cantigas, citações de outros textos, de autores e de personagens conhecidos, o que torna as composições do poeta ainda mais complexas. O escritor cria, com maestria, uma linguagem própria e, através de seus neologismos, da dissonância e da quebra de expectativa, impressiona os leitores e demonstra sua relevância literária. Analisando poemas do livro L’Imitation...

The representation of high-latitude surface processes and quantifying surface-climate feedbacks are some of the most serious shortcomings of present day Arctic land surface modelling. The energy balance of seasonally snow-covered sparse deciduous forests at high latitudes is poorly understood and inaccurately represented within hydrological and climate models. Snow cover plays an important role in wintertime fluxes of energy, water and carbon, controlling the length of the active growing season and hence the overall carbon balance of Arctic ecosystems. Snow cover is non-uniform and spatially variable, as wind redistributes snow from areas of exposed open tundra to sheltered areas within the forest, where a deeper snowpack develops. Low solar zenith angles, coupled with sparse deciduous leafless trees, cast shadows across the snow surface. The spatial distribution of canopy gaps determines the timing of direct radiation which penetrates down through the canopy to the snow surface. The forest canopy also excludes incoming longwave radiation and yet also emits longwave radiation to the snow surface. Consequently the forest canopy plays a key role in the radiation balance of sparse forests. To improve our knowledge of these complex processes, meteorological and field observations were taken in an area of highly heterogeneous birch Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii forest in Abisko, Sweden during the spring of 2008 and 2009. Detailed measurements of short and longwave radiation above and below the canopy, hemispherical photographs, tree temperatures and snow surveys were conducted to quantify the radiation balance of the sparse deciduous forest. An array of below canopy pyranometers found the mean canopy transmissivity to be 74 % in 2008 and 76 % in 2009. Hemispherical photographs taken at the pyranometer locations analysed with Gap Light Analyzer (GLA) showed reasonable agreement with a mean canopy transmissivity of 75 % in 2008 and 74 % in 2009. The canopy transmissivity was found to be independent of the diffuse fraction of radiation as the canopy is very sparse. A series of survey grids and transects were established to scale up from the below canopy pyranometers to the landscape scale. Hemispherical photographs analysed with GLA showed the sparse forest canopy had a mean transmissivity of 78 % and a mean LAI of 0.25, whereas the open tundra had a mean transmissivity of 97 % and a mean LAI of < 0.01. Snow surveys showed the sparse forest snow depth to vary between 0.34 and 0.55 m, whereas the snow depth in the open tundra varied between 0.12 and 0.18 m. Observations of canopy temperatures showed a strong influence of incident shortwave radiation warming the tree branches to temperatures up to 15 °C warmer than ambient air temperature on the south facing sides of the trees, and up to 6 °C on the north facing sides of the trees. To reproduce the observed radiation balance, two canopy models (Homogenous and Clumped) were developed. The Homogeneous canopy model assumes a single tree tile with a uniform sparse canopy. The Clumped canopy model assumes a tree and a grass tile, where the tree tile is permanently in shade from the canopy and the grass tile receives all the incoming radiation. These canopy models identified the need for a parameter that accounts for the spatial and temporal variation of the shaded gaps within the sparse forest. JULES (Joint UK Land Environment Simulator) is the community land surface model used in the UK Hadley Centre GCM suite. Modifications of the land-surface interactions were included in JULES to represent the shaded gaps within the sparse deciduous forest. New parameterisations were developed for the time-varying sunlit fractions of the gap (flit), the sky-view fraction (fv), and the longwave radiation emitted from the canopy (LWtree). These model developments were informed by field observations of the forest canopy and evaluated against the below canopy short and longwave radiation observed data sets. The JULES Shaded gap model output showed a strong positive relationship with the observations of below canopy shortwave and longwave radiation. The JULES Shaded gap model improves the ratio of observed to modelled short and longwave radiation on sunny days compared to the JULES model. The JULES Shaded gap model reduces the time to snow melt by 2 to 4 days compared to the JULES model, making the model output more aligned with in-situ observational data. This shortening of the modelled snow-season directly impacts on the simulated carbon and water balance regionally and has wider relevance at the pan-Arctic scale. When JULES Shaded Gap was evaluated on the global scale, it improved the modelled snowmass across large areas of sparse forest in northern Canada, Scandinavia and Northern Russia with respect to GlobSnow. The performance of the land surface-snow-vegetation interactions of JULES was improved by using the Shaded gap to model the radiation balance of sparse forests in climate-sensitive Arctic regions. Furthermore these observational data can be used to develop and evaluate high latitude land-surface processes and biogeochemical feedbacks in other earth system models.

Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / This research intends to analyze the actions undertaken by the intellectual, homoeopathic and utopian socialist, Benoît Jules Mure (1809-1858), for the dissemination of the Method of Universal Teaching while he was in Brazil, bearing in mind that this Method presupposes equality between human intelligences and which was discovered by the French pedagogue Jean-Joseph Jacotot (1770-1840) in the year 1818 gaining notoriety in several regions of Europe, one can see its circulation also in nineteenth-century Brazil. The time frame used here is justified, therefore, it comprises the period of 1840, the year in which Mure landed in the country, in 1848, the date on which it left, and marks its passage in Brazilian lands. It is worth mentioning that this research is based on the presuppositions of the History of Education, in the perspective of Cultural History. The research uses as sources, non-pedagogical periodicals that circulated in the province of Rio de Janeiro during the period. Especially the Jornal do Commercio of Rio de Janeiro, founded in 1827 and also A Sciencia: Synthetica Magazine of Human Knowledge, a production of Mure himself and his group of adepts with periodical publication from 1847 to 1848. The sources worked here were found in archives online from the National Library of Brazil. It is noteworthy that Benoît Mure acted in different ways in favor of the dissemination of Universal Teaching, from publications about the Method, to its application in the Homeopathic School of Brazil. We hope that this analysis represents an important contribution to the historical knowledge of the Method of Universal Teaching in Brazil, making possible the broadening of the field of Education History, since it is an unexplored subject in Brazilian educational historiography. / Esta pesquisa analisa as ações empreendidas pelo intelectual, médico homeopata e socialista utópico, Benoît Jules Mure (1809-1858), na divulgação do Método do Ensino Universal, enquanto esteve no Brasil, tendo presente que tal Método defende a igualdade entre as inteligências humanas e, que foi descoberto pelo pedagogo francês Jean-Joseph Jacotot (1770-1840) no ano de 1818 ganhando notoriedade em diversas regiões da Europa; percebe-se sua circulação também no Brasil do século XIX, através da atuação do intelectual. O marco temporal aqui utilizado justifica-se, pois, compreende o período de 1840, ano em que Mure desembarcou no país à 1848, data em que foi embora e, marca sua passagem em terras brasileiras. Vale destacar que esta investigação encontra-se alicerçada nos pressupostas da História da Educação, na perspectiva da História Cultural. A pesquisa utiliza como fontes, periódicos não pedagógicos que circularam na província do Rio de Janeiro durante a época. Especialmente o Jornal do Commercio do Rio de Janeiro, fundado em 1827 e, também A Sciencia: Revista Synthetica dos Conhecimentos Humanos, uma produção do próprio Mure e seu grupo de adeptos com publicação periódica de 1847 a 1848. As fontes aqui trabalhadas foram encontradas nos arquivos online da Biblioteca Nacional do Brasil. Destaca-se que Benoît Mure atuou de diferentes formas a favor da divulgação do Ensino Universal, desde publicações sobre o Método, até a sua aplicação na Escola Homeopathica do Brasil. Esperamos que essa análise represente uma contribuição importante quanto ao conhecimento histórico do Método do Ensino Universal no Brasil, possibilitando o alargamento do campo da História da Educação, já que trata-se de um assunto, por enquanto, inexplorado na historiografia educacional brasileira. / São Cristóvão, SE

Cette thèse a pour objectif d’analyser Les enfants du capitaine Grant (1868) et Un capitaine de quinze ans (1878) de Jules Verne à l’aide de la théorie de l’initiation littéraire proposée par Simone Vierne, afin de comprendre les rouages du processus initiatique en fonction du lectorat ciblé. Un chapitre théorique, intitulé Théorie de l’initiation littéraire, propose une définition détaillée du concept d’initiation, autant dans son sens anthropologique que littéraire. Ce chapitre offre aussi une réflexion sur les effets de la violence dans la littérature pour la jeunesse – violence que Jules Verne, comme plusieurs autres auteurs et chercheurs – juge salutaire. Les deux chapitres suivants sont consacrés à l’analyse du contenu initiatique des Enfants du capitaine Grant et d’Un capitaine de quinze ans. Ces romans font pour la première fois l’objet d’une étude comparative approfondie qui s’attache à l’initiation sous ses trois principaux aspects : 1) les personnages, 2) les épreuves initiatiques, 3) la violence et la peur. En effet, ces deux romans à portée initiatique présentent plusieurs ressemblances au niveau des personnages, des univers diégétiques et de l’intrigue, mais on remarque néanmoins qu’Un capitaine de quinze ans, qui présente un novice adolescent, comporte des scènes beaucoup plus effrayantes et violentes que Les enfants du capitaine Grant, roman qui met en scène un héros enfant. Par la violence des épreuves et la variation de certaines données initiatiques, les deux romans s’adressent vraisemblablement à deux publics qui se distingueraient nettement dans l’esprit de Jules Verne : les enfants et les adolescents.

Various interpretations of the Germanic invasions of the early Middle Ages have been advanced. These present to the student of historiography a fertile field for inquiry. In this thesis the interpretations of the Germanic invasions propounded by Jules Michelet (1798-1874) and Gustav Freytag (1816-1875) are examined with a view to establishing the cultural context in which their mutually exclusive versions were formulated, and the extent to which that context lent the interpretations of both writers a perceptible national and aesthetic bias.