Hanbok is the traditional fashion of South Korea, and literally translates to “Korean clothing.” Once worn every day, today hanbok is reserved for special occasions and holidays; however new “modern” versions of the attire are becoming more and more popular for everyday wear. This new iteration of the traditional clothing created a new vernacular of Korean nationalism and “Koreanness” through the incorporation of modern fashion trends and traditional Korean aesthetics. Modern hanbok represents the unique relationship between nationalism, globalization, and fashion, and can be seen as an example of cultural hybridization. Looking at modern hanbok through the lens of Hallyu, or the Korean wave, provides insight into how constructions of Korean nationalism and notions of “Koreanness” are created, maintained, and change over time. In order to examine how modern hanbok operates as a new form of Korean nationalism and “Koreanness,” this thesis explores the hanbok tourism industry and the K-Pop industry in conversation with one another. Together these analyses highlight how globalization and nationalism interact with one another in different ways, and showcases Korea’s efforts to create and maintain a national imaginary while negotiating their growing economic, cultural, and political power in the world.

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With the rise of Hallyu, or the global export of Korean culture also commonly known as ‘The Korean Wave’, South Korea has become a big trendsetter in recent years: whether it be within fashion and K-Beauty skincare or Korean movies and drama series, to Korean popular music, also known under the umbrella term K-pop. What these categories have in common are their strong ties to visual aesthetics and K-pop is known for its very colourful and maximalist design, which is also a key characteristic to why K-pop as a phenomenon has been particularly attractive and has managed to captivate fans all over the world. In the marvelling K-pop universe, the goal is to engage all the senses for a complete and interactive sensory experience, making the visual just as important as the auditory, and this can also be applied to the physical album design. Physical K-pop albums sell better than ever despite the digital streaming services dominating our digital age. A visual analysis was conducted on selected contemporary K-pop albums together with a survey on Swedish K-pop fans, in order to discuss how packaging design of K-pop albums can influence consumer behavior. The study showed that interactive packaging design and extra album inclusions like photocards, photo books, postcards etc. makes the fans more likely to want to collect albums and merchandise, which on its own can be viewed as a collectible item. The packaging design both facilitates and encourages fans to interact with the design not only visually, but also in a tactile way, by engaging in participatory behavior such as filming unboxing videos and posting them on social media, and it can also be associated with identity making, i.e. how they identify themselves as fans in relation to their favorite artists or towards other fans. Lastly, it is interesting to discuss how K-pop design can be heavily influenced by American and Western concepts despite being marketed as a Korean phenomena and innovation; from the visual analysis it could also be concluded that contemporary design trends draw inspiration from Western concepts such as the y2k millennium bug, retro and technology.

韓國的文化工業發展興盛，「韓流」以韓劇的出口為開端，近年來隨著韓國流行音樂 (K-Pop) 不斷向海外擴張，韓流不僅影響亞洲各國，在歐美各國也掀起一股潮流，而社群媒體可說是這股風潮的重要推手。藉著社群媒體，K-Pop觸及了更廣大的聽眾群，歌迷也可藉著社群媒體直接表達對於偶像的喜愛及忠誠。 隨著網路及新科技發展，音樂本身對於消費者將越來越便宜，實體唱片的銷量註定會持續下降；在這情況下，消費者在演唱會以及非音樂性衍生商品的消費，對音樂產業的重要性上升。因此了解願意付費觀賞演唱會以及購買衍生商品的樂迷，對音樂產業日趨重要。 檢視過去對於迷社群的研究，多從社會學及心理學的角度出發，缺乏從商學的角度切入的觀點，本研究旨在瞭解在數位音樂時代，社群媒體以及利用社群媒體串聯的迷社群，對於迷群音樂消費的影響。本研究以韓國偶像團體Super Junior的迷群為研究對象，以深度訪談方式，訪談11位Super Junior迷，了解迷的社群媒體使用習慣，以及社群媒體上的互動跟迷的音樂消費之間的關聯性。 經過深度訪談及資料分析，本研究得出以下三點結論：(1) 透過社群媒體集結的迷群，相較傳統的迷社群，雖然信任關係發展較慢，但社群媒體的人際關係發展與真實生活較貼近，在社群媒體的上的互動，對社群內部成員有較高的影響力；(2) 社群媒體對於迷群而言具有多重的功能：與Super Junior成員直接互動的工具、獲取最新資訊的管道、擴散有時效性訊息的媒介、和其他迷互動的媒介。在音樂消費的過程中，社群媒體除了是消費資訊來源地，也是買家跟賣家的媒合地，迷對於來自於社群內部的消費資訊有較高的信任感，因此雖然社群媒體上的迷群互動不會直接將使用者變成消費者，卻可以促成消費的完成，對於音樂消費有重要影響；(3) 社群媒體在音樂產業中扮演三個角色：音樂消費與擴散的媒介、音樂相關資訊的集中地、促成產業內各角色 (迷、歌手、唱片公司) 之間的交換 (exchange)。 / Korea’s cultural industry has enjoyed rapid growth due to the rise of “Korean wave (hallyu)”, which is led by Korean drama since 1990s. Korean wave has conquered Asia, but now with the rise of K-Pop, Korean wave reaches a wider audience in the West. Social media plays a crucial role for Hallyu’s success in the global level. Social networking media make K-Pop brands easier to reach global audience, and those fans use these media tools to proclaim their devotion and to promote K-Pop to their friends. This research categorizes music products into musical product, including records and live concert, and non-musical associated product, including concert paraphernalia. New digital technologies have transformed the ways of music consumption which results in decline in sales of musical products. However, fans tend to engage with a variety of products related to their interests, and their consumption on live concerts and non-musical associated product is getting important for music industry. Existing research on fan culture mainly comes from sociology or psychology viewpoint. This research discusses fan music consumption from management perspective and tries to explore the role social media plays to influence music consumption. This research uses the most popular K-Pop group, “Super Junior,” as a case. Through interviewing 11 Super Junior fans, this research examines how fans use social media to communicate and interacts with other fans in the fan community. Through in-depth interviews and data analysis, there are three main findings concluded by this research. First, compared to traditional virtual fan community, in terms of virtual fan community, it takes longer to develop the trust relationship on social media. However, the way fans communicate on social media is closer to the real life. As a result, interactions on social media influence members much greatly. Second, social media is a multi-function tool for fans, which allows them to directly communicate with Super Junior members, to quickly receive the latest information from other countries, to quickly spread timeliness information, and to communicate with other fans. Therefore, social media and fan community do contribute to fulfillment of music consumption. Last, social media plays three roles in music industry: the platform of media of music consumption and diffusion, a place where all music-related information are collected, a contributor to exchange between different players (fans, singers, music companies) in the music industry.

В магистерской диссертации исследуется текстовая реализация юнгианских архетипов в песнях популярной корейской группы «BTS». Соответствующие маркеры выделяются в переводных (англо- и русскоязычных) версиях альбома «7» и соотносятся с оригинальными текстами на корейском языке. / This master’s thesis studies the textual implementation of Jungian archetypes in the songs of «BTS», a popular Korean group. The markers of the archetypes are found in the translated (English and Russian) versions of the album «7» and compared to the original texts in Korean.

With the rise of Hallyu, or the global export of Korean culture also commonly known as ‘The Korean Wave’, South Korea has become a big trendsetter in recent years: whether it be within fashion and K-Beauty skincare or Korean movies and drama series, to Korean popular music, also known under the umbrella term K-pop. What these categories have in common are their strong ties to visual aesthetics and K-pop is known for its very colourful and maximalist design, which is also a key characteristic to why K-pop as a phenomenon has been particularly attractive and has managed to captivate fans all over the world. In the marvelling K-pop universe, the goal is to engage all the senses for a complete and interactive sensory experience, making the visual just as important as the auditory, and this can also be applied to the physical album design. Physical K-pop albums sell better than ever despite the digital streaming services dominating our digital age. A visual analysis was conducted on selected contemporary K-pop albums together with a survey on Swedish K-pop fans, in order to discuss how packaging design of K-pop albums can influence consumer behavior. The study showed that interactive packaging design and extra album inclusions like photocards, photo books, postcards etc. makes the fans more likely to want to collect albums and merchandise, which on its own can be viewed as a collectible item. The packaging design both facilitates and encourages fans to interact with the design not only visually, but also in a tactile way, by engaging in participatory behavior such as filming unboxing videos and posting them on social media, and it can also be associated with identity making, i.e. how they identify themselves as fans in relation to their favorite artists or towards other fans. Lastly, it is interesting to discuss how K-pop design can be heavily influenced by American and Western concepts despite being marketed as a Korean phenomena and innovation; from the visual analysis it could also be concluded that contemporary design trends draw inspiration from Western concepts such as the y2k millennium bug, retro and technology.

韓國的連續劇、電影、音樂等流行文化在1990年代開始大量湧入華文地區，先後在臺灣、香港和中國等地釀成一股熱潮，1999年，華文傳媒首次使用「韓流」（Korean Wave，韓語稱한류, Hallyu）一詞來形容這股韓國文化熱。韓流已經成為隨著三星、LG、現代等大型跨國公司的發展而崛起的韓國經濟的代名詞。 韓流為文化全球化的一個典型案例， 它是韓國的國家文化政策的擴散和實踐的一種象徵，藉由促進創新和創意產業的擴張，來增進韓國的全球經濟競爭力。從韓流在世界各地之現象觀察發現，其威力來得突然且全面，具系統規模且有策略，且其文本意識大膽，更挑戰傳統觀念，並具獨特的文化藝術特質，不僅在韓國國內受到企業和影視界關注與支持，韓流所形成的世界風潮，其崛起的因素及所帶來的效應更引發各國政府和學術界的熱烈討論，尤其聚焦於韓流是否為暫時的效應抑或是長期趨勢。 韓流現象在亞洲各國普遍存在，其中以中國大陸、日本、香港、台灣，以及東南亞越南、泰國、馬來西亞、新加坡及菲律賓等國最為明顯，並擴及印度、中東、中亞和俄羅斯各國，甚至在亞洲以外包括美國、拉丁美洲國家、歐洲、澳洲、非洲等地區逐漸發展。韓劇及韓國流行音樂(以下簡稱K-POP)的流行已經成為一種世界性現象，它以獨特的文化藝術魅力成功地實現了跨文化傳播，使吾人不禁想瞭解韓流何以會成功的關鍵因素，如韓國政府如何推動文化政策？如何運用整合行銷傳播策略？本計畫除進一步探究外，擬針對韓國影視文化產品一旦跨越國界，在亞洲及世界各地如何被消費？如何與當地文化產生互動和交融？甚至產生對經濟的影響及反韓流的效應等進行探討。 「韓流」所帶來對亞洲普及文化現象的反思值得我們深思研究，由於文化接近性，韓流在兩岸的擴散及影響最巨，本論文主要研究目的擬就所探討韓流崛起的背景因素，來分析論述「韓流」流行文化對兩岸的影響及韓國政府如何因應反韓流現象，最後總結研析結果，針對以下重點進行分析，第一，韓流形成的成功關鍵因素及其對國際關係的意義為何？第二，韓流所帶動的經濟效益為何？第三，韓流究竟是短期效應或是長期效應的現象？由於韓流已在一些國家產生反韓流的現象，對當地文化與產業究造什麼樣的衝擊等，進而盼能做為我國推動文化創意產業政策之省思與參考。 研究發現，韓國政府推動文化全球化策略，促使韓流席捲全世界，韓國人展現的企圖心令人心生傚尤之心。韓流對於促進國際關係有著深遠的意義，進而構建亞洲文化的認同，更形塑東亞區域化的作用，但審視東亞流行文化實踐中所發生複雜的互動關係，韓國政府如何維繫韓流及降低反韓流所帶來的負面影響，實為韓國政府應努力的重要課題。

Les transformations engendrées par l’avènement des réseaux sociaux et des plateformes d’écoute musicale numériques ont vu naître de nouvelles pratiques de réception musicale. Ce mémoire de maîtrise porte sur l’une d’entre elles, exclusive aux admirateurs de musique populaire coréenne. Plus précisément, il traite d’une activité inédite du nom de mass-streaming, populaire au sein de la communauté d’admirateurs de K-pop (Korean Pop). Cette pratique consiste en l’utilisation de méthodes visant à faire augmenter le plus rapidement possible le nombre de lectures associées à une chanson sur les plateformes d’écoute musicale numériques. L’objectif de ce mémoire est de déterminer la mesure dans laquelle le mass-streaming influe sur l’industrie musicale et les admirateurs qui s’y adonnent. Plusieurs modèles théoriques sont employés afin de formuler une réponse à ce questionnement, notamment ceux des mondes de l’art (Becker 1984), de capital symbolique (Bourdieu 1994) et de capital sous-culturel (Thornton 2013). En guise d’étude de cas, c’est le boyband coréen Beyond The Scene (BTS) et sa communauté de fans qui sont observés. La collecte d’informations a été effectuée en deux phases. La première, qui s’est déroulée entièrement sur Twitter, a consisté en la création d’une collection de tweets sur le sujet du mass-streaming rédigés par des admirateurs. La seconde a été la tenue d’entrevues individuelles semi-dirigées avec des professionnels de l’industrie musicale. Afin de présenter un portrait complet du mass-streaming, une description du contexte historique menant à son avènement est effectuée, de même que la présentation des méthodes employées par les admirateurs ainsi que les causes de l’existence du mass-streaming. Finalement, les différents impacts de la pratique sont envisagés en tant que différents types de capital symbolique (économique, social, culturel, sous-culturel) afin de représenter le plus fidèlement possible les répercussions de cette activité sur les différents partis qui y sont impliqués. / The transformations brought upon by the rise of social networks and music streaming platforms have caused the birth of new ways to consume music. This thesis is about one of them, exclusive to fans of Korean popular music. More precisely, it is about a novel activity called mass-streaming, popular amongst the K-pop (Korean Pop) fan community. This practice consists in the use of specific methods that are geared towards the quickest rise possible in streams associated to a particular song on streaming platforms. The aim of this thesis is to determine the measure in which mass-streaming has an influence on the music industry and the fan community. Different conceptual models are applied in order to formulate an answer to that question, namely those of Monde des Arts (Becker 1984), symbolic capital (Bourdieu 1994) and subcultrual capital (Thornthon 2013). As a case study, it is Korean boyband Beyond The Scene (BTS) and its fan community that are studied. Data collection took place in two distinct phases. The first, which took place entirely on microblogging site Twitter, consisted in the creation of a collection of tweets about mass-streaming. The second was made up of a series of semi-directed interviews with music industry professionals. In order to present a complete picture of what mass-streaming is, a description of the historic context and causes that lead to its emergence is made, as well as the presentation of the methods used by fans. Finally, the different impacts of the studied practice are considered as different types of symbolic capital (economic, social, cultural, subcultural) in order to represent as precisely as possible the potential repercussions of this new practice on all parties involved in its functioning.

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