The subject matter of this diploma thesis is linguistic modality in German with focus on certain problems in translating modal verbs structures from German to Czech. In the theoretical part, the concept of modality as well as the differentiation of modal field is elucidated. Besides the usually used classification of subjective and objective modality, a more precise structure is applied, which is that of epistemic and non-epistemic modality. In addition, in the field of non-epistemic modality, two other sub-types are distinguished according to whether a speaker s evaluation is present or not. The practical part methodologically relies on concrete data such as modal verbs used with perfect infinitive or modal verbs in past perfect tense (Plusquamperfekt) and their translations from German to Czech. Based on selected examples, the aim of this thesis is to emphasize the main differences between Czech and German modality and to underline their essential significance to the translation accuracy.

Nuolat brangstantis kuras, mažėjantys gamtiniai energijos šaltinių ištekliai bei didėjanti aplinkos tarša verčia ieškoti alternatyvių energijos šaltinių. Perspektyviu variklinių degalu laikomas bet kuris cheminis energijos šaltinis, kurio panaudojimas tradicinėse ar naujai kuriamose transporto priemonėse pagerina jų ekologiškumą (sumažina deginių toksiškumą, degalų išgaravimą). Darbe yra pateikti etanolio panaudojimo, kaip papildomo degalo dyzeliniame variklyje, eksperimentinių tyrimų rezultatai. Panaudojant matematinį modelį buvo simuliuojami ir vėliau bandymais patikslinti šie ekonominiai ir ekologiniai rodikliai ir jų priklausomybės nuo etanolio kiekio degiajame mišinyje: lyginamosios ir valandinės degalų sąnaudos, dūmingumas, šviesos absorbcijos koeficientas, taip pat ir prie tam tikro etanolio kiekio mišinyje išvystoma galia bei sukimo momentas ir kt. Bandymo metu nustatytas optimaliausias etanolio kiekis degiajame mišinyje, prie kurio variklio dūmingumas, šviesos absorbcijos koeficientas bei kietųjų dalelių kiekis yra minimalus. Darbą sudaro penkios dalys: įvadas, alternatyvių degalų ir etanolio panaudojimas dyzeliniame variklyje apžvalga, eksperimentiniai tyrimai, išvados, literatūros sąrašas. Darbo apimtis – 60 p. teksto be priedų, 37 iliustracija, 14 lentelės. Atskirai pridedami darbo priedai – matematinio simuliavimo metu gauti rezultatai bei parametrų priklausomybės. / All rising in price the fuel, decreasing natural stocks of energy sources and atmospheres increasing pollution forces to search for alternative kinds of fuel. Perspective fuel considers any chemical energy source which use in traditional and projected vehicles improves their ecological parametres (reduces level of emission of toxic products of combustion). In work ethanol application as addition to fuel in diesel engines, ethanol influence, depending on its concentration in a working mix, on ecological and economic indicators is considered, such as smoke issue, factor of absolute absorption of light, power and the twisting moment of the engine, the specific effective and hour expense of fuel, etc. During mathematical modelling and after tests the optimum maintenance of ethanol in a working mix is checked up and established at which issue of a smoke and factor of absolute absorption of light are minimum. Work consists of five parts: introduction, the analysis of application of ethanol and alternative kinds of fuel in the diesel engine, experimental tests, conclusions, the literature list. Work volume - 60 page without additions, 37 illustration, 14 tables. Additions to work - the received results and dependences of parametres are separately given at mathematical feigning. / Всё дорожающие топливо, уменьшающиеся природные запасы источников энергии и увеличивающиеся загрязнение атмосферы заставляет искать альтернативные виды топлива. Перспективным топливом считается любой химический источник энергии, использование которого в традиционных и проектируемых транспортных средствах у��учшает их экологические параметры (уменьшает уровень выброса токсичных продуктов сгорания) В работе рассматривается применение этанола как дополнение к топливу в дизельных двигателях, влияние этанола, в зависимости от его концентрации в рабочей смеси, на экологические и экономические показатели, такие как эмиссия дыма, коэффициент абсолютного светопоглощения, мощность и крутящий момент двигателя, удельный эффективный и часовой расход топлива и т.п. В ходе математического моделирования и позже испытаний проверено и установлено оптимальное содержание этанола в рабочей смеси при котором эмиссия дыма и коэффициент абсолютного светопоглащения минимальны. Работа состоит из пяти частей: введение, анализ применения этанола и альтернативных видов топлива в дизельном двигателе, экспериментные испытания, выводы, список литературы. Объём работы – 60 страниц без добавлений, 37 иллюстраций, 14 таблиц. Отдельно предоставлены добавления к работе – полученные результаты и зависимости параметров при математическом симулировании.

This thesis focuses on the problem of transcendence as it appears in Patočka's most relevant papers covering all periods of his work. The problem, conceived as an act of an individual, is examined in its three structural moments - its How, Whence, and Whereto. As for the How, the thesis discerns two kinds of transcendence: a constant and unconscious one that is mostly a matter of sensual perception, and a deliberate one that consists in reflection and, in Patočka's papers from the 60s on, in practical action as well. The Whence is usually the sphere of calculability and utilitarity, or a state when man is distracted in manipulating things and identifies himself with roles that are connected with this manipulation. In all this, human mortality is in control. The Whereto, in Patočka, is symbolized as World, Universal Life, Idea, Being, Appearing and suchlike. In the experience of transcendence, the thesis discovers an active and a passive aspect that may be stressed more or less in particular descriptions. The same applies to the aspects of affirmation and negation between the act of transcendence itself and its empirical manifestations. The thesis, at last, shows three possible failures of transcendence, as indicated by Patočka. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

As medidas defensivas contra tomadas de controle constituem o núcleo de estudo desta dissertação. São instrumentos jurídicos adotados principalmente por companhias abertas com dispersão acionária, visando à proteção contra uma eventual tentativa de tomada de controle. O assunto é de especial interesse no atual momento do mercado de capitais brasileiro, que vem apresentando significativo desenvolvimento nos últimos anos e propiciando meios para a proliferação no Brasil de companhias abertas com dispersão acionária. O estudo do tema é feito concomitantemente à crescente utilização no Brasil de proteções contra tomadas de controle, inclusive por companhias não dotadas de dispersão acionária. Algumas medidas defensivas são inspiradas na experiência prática de outros países e vêm sendo transplantadas para o Brasil sem a adequada harmonização às características do nosso regime jurídico. Este trabalho analisa os efeitos da utilização de medidas defensivas e, na medida do possível, a admissibilidade da adoção de determinadas defesas no Brasil. São também abordados os balizamentos para a postura da administração de companhias diante de tentativas de tomada de controle. São estudados os padrões de tratamento do tema nos principais modelos existentes na experiência internacional, a fim de fornecer subsídios para a criação de uma identidade brasileira no tratamento das defesas contra tentativas de tomada de controle. / The defensive anti-takeover measures constitute the core area of study in this dissertation. These are legal devices adopted mainly by publicly-held companies with widespread ownership dispersion, aiming at protection against an eventual takeover attempt. The subject is of special interest at the current moment of the Brazilian capital markets, which have shown significant development in the recent years, providing means for the proliferation in Brazil of publicly-held companies with widespread ownership dispersion. The study of the issue is done concomitantly with the increase of utilization in Brazil of anti-takeover protections, including by companies without widespread ownership dispersion. Some defensive measures are inspired by the practical experience of other countries, being transplanted to Brazil without the proper harmonization with the characteristics of our own legal system. This work analyzes the effects of the utilization of defensive measures and, to the extent possible, the admissibility of adoption of certain defenses in Brazil. The boundaries for the behavior of the management of companies under takeover attempts are also approached. The patterns for the treatment of this issue in the main existing models in foreign experience are studied, so as to provide subsidies to the creation of a Brazilian identity in the treatment of the defenses against takeover attempts.

This thesis compares various attributes of the two stock exchanges that are currently in existence in the Czech Republic: the Rm-system Czech Stock Exchange and the Prague Stock Exchange. Detailed comparisons are made between various specifics of membership policies, trading routines, fees and indices at these exchanges and these are then related to the corresponding attributes at two representative foreign exchanges: the London Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange. A principal question to be answered in the thesis is whether having two independent organizers of stock-market trading is beneficial to the investors and overall practical for the market of the size of the Czech Republic. The first, theoretical part of the thesis is focused on historical evolution and characteristics of the stock exchanges. In this part we give a general classification of stock exchanges, discuss in some detail the kinds of traded financial instruments, describe trading participants and elucidate the nitty-gritty of trading systems. The second, practical part of the thesis then examines detailed facts about individual stock exchanges in the order listed in the theoretical part with the emphasis put on the differences between the stock markets under study. Various representative data is collected in tables and/or recorded in charts and graphs. Particular distinctions between the stock exchanges are analyzed and the distinguished aspects are highlighted. The conclusion summarizes obtained results and finally answers, in the mild affirmative, the question whether it is beneficial to have the stock market in the Czech Republic served by two independent stock exchanges.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:33:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Jaime Antonio Stoffel.pdf: 324461 bytes, checksum: 1198667990c660d0c5824b945ba8dad1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-11-05 / The objective of this study is to comparatively analyse the socio-economic performance reached by different kinds of productive organizations of the small family agricultural production in the west of Paraná in order to determine which kinds present bigger or shorter viability to the development of the family agriculture in that region With the development of capitalism in the country there was a growing transformation in that region and a consequently diversity of the kinds of productive organizations with implications for the viability and the socio-economic performance of those kinds of small producers So at least four kinds of productive organizations of the small family agricultural production appeared and developed in the decades of 1970 and 1980 in that region and are still predominant: a) Productive organization with prevailing integrated production; b) Productive organization with prevailing farming diversification; c) Productive organization with production exclusively agricultural; and d) Productive organization with prevailing agricultural production This way in terms of work hypothesis we found out the socio-economic viability of the small family agricultural production is related to its kind of productive organization By studying primary and secondary data it could be concluded that the relationship exists but not in simple kind This study points out that each different kind of productive organization presents different potentialities and obstacles to its viability which is justified by the different combinations of activities performed in the small family production in that region determining bigger or shorter socio-economic performance This way we can?t suggest a single destiny to the small family production in that region since its destiny depends on its own inside production factors available in the small properties especially labor and natural resources and also outside factors which coerce into its behaviour / Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar comparativamente o desempenho sócio-econômico alcançado por diferentes formas de organização produtiva da pequena produção agrícola familiar na Região Oeste do Paraná a fim de determinar quais as formas que apresentam maior ou menor viabilidade para o desenvolvimento da agricultura familiar na Região Com o desenvolvimento do capitalismo no campo houve na Região uma crescente transformação e uma conseqüente diversificação nas formas de organização produtiva com implicações sobre a viabilidade e o desempenho sócio-econômico desta categoria de pequenos produtores Assim pelo menos quatro formas de organização produtiva da pequena produção agrícola familiar surgiram e se desenvolveram a partir das décadas de 1970 e 1980 na Região e predominam até hoje: a) Forma de Organização Produtiva com predomínio da produção integrada; b) Forma de Organização Produtiva com predomínio da diversificação agropecuária; c) Forma de Organização Produtiva com produção exclusivamente agrícola; e d) Forma de Organização Produtiva com predomínio da produção agrícola Nesse sentido em termos de hipótese de trabalho verifica-se que a viabilidade sócio-econômica da pequena produção agrícola familiar está relacionada às suas formas de organização produtiva Constata-se através de uma análise feita com a utilização de dados primários e secundários que esta relação existe mas não de forma simples Ou seja o estudo aponta que cada uma das diferentes formas de organização produtiva analisadas apresentam potencialidades e obstáculos diferenciados à sua viabilidade Isto se explica pelas diferentes combinações de atividades desenvolvidas na pequena produção agrícola familiar na Região que determinam maior ou menor desempenho sócio-econômico Dessa forma não se pode sugerir um único destino para a pequena produção agrícola familiar na Região Mesmo porque este destino depende dos próprios fatores de produção internos disponíveis nas pequenas propriedades principalmente mão-de-obra e recursos naturais bem como dos fatores externos que a coagem em seu comportamento

This document aims on presentation of energy audit of water networks. Its focus is to introduce the method of solving the energy audit of water networks. It characterizes the water networks performance using context and efficiency indicators. It consists of theoretical description of mathematical approach to the problem. It describes different kinds of energies participating in water distribution process and also presents energy indicators which describe energetic efficiency of water networks. Last but not least it shows the possibilities of accomplishment the energy audit of water network on numerical example. Then we can find the assessment of each of indicators and kinds of energies. Context indicators describe topography of water network and efficiency indicators show how efficient in terms of using input energy is the behavior of the water networks. The case application of the approach of solving energy audit of water networks as well as indicators assessment can be found in the last part of the thesis. This thesis brings basic overview of the approach to the solution of energy audit of water networks. May it help the future application of the energy audit of water networks in the Czech Republic.

This thesis focuses on the issue of body decoration, its meaning and function in culture and society. Main interest of this thesis is aimed on jewellery and its field of the visual state. Thesis divides main issue into following points: selection of the main functions of each kind of jewellery, material and technology, world point of view of cultures, main principles of its order, and main thematic fields. At the end of the thesis is briefly sketched changing approach to the genuine author jewellery. Thesis includes examples based on jewellery history accompanied by pictures and drawings. European tradition is stressed throughout all thesis. The thesis aims on the issue of cultural and social background and its influence on visual state of jewellery. The didactical part includes description of the possibilities in the field of pedagogical activity in the field described in the main part of paper.

No description available.

L’objectif de cette thèse est de fournir un cadre théorique pour l’analyse philosophique des pratiques classificatoires en sciences. La classification, définie comme étant un geste épistémique dont l’objectif est de fournir une description du monde par découpage et discrimination, et par mise en relation des catégories ainsi formées, est un point de rencontre naturel entre philosophie et sciences. La tradition des espèces naturelles, considérée en philosophie des sciences comme la principale approche disponible pour l’analyse des pratiques classificatoires, est toutefois lacunaire. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, je démontre les faiblesses de cette approche et le besoin de mobiliser d’autres ressources épistémologiques pour penser la classification. À cet effet, je m’inspire de travaux en philosophie de la mesure s’inscrivant dans un courant de pensée que j’appelle le cohérentisme historique. Ces approches mettent l’accent sur les pratiques inférentielles et sur la charge théorique des observations en plus d’insister sur le dynamisme scientifique et la multitude de facteurs qui l’influencent (principe de respect, impératif de progrès, développements théoriques, nouveaux outils [mathématiques ou matériels], nouvelles données, histoire du champ disciplinaire, structure sociale de la recherche, etc.). Une fois ce cadre d’analyse épistémologique présenté en détail, je le mobilise pour étudier un ensemble de pratiques classificatoires en sciences, soit les pratiques phylogénétiques contemporaines. La phylogénétique est la discipline biologique qui vise à retracer les liens généalogiques qui unissent les êtres vivants. Les gènes et organismes sont ainsi regroupés au sein d’unités taxonomiques qui sont par la suite mises en relation. Ce champ disciplinaire a longtemps été associé de façon intime et exclusive au modèle arborescent, lui-même associé à la théorie de l’évolution par voie de sélection naturelle : les liens phylogénétiques entre organismes sont généralement représentés sous la forme d’un arbre, soit l’Arbre du vivant. Or, les dernières décennies ont vu émerger, au sein de la discipline, un compétiteur : le modèle réticulé. En analysant les différences et similarités qui lient ces deux types de modèles (modèles arborescents et modèles réseaux), je démontre que la transition d’un modèle à l’autre n’influence que superficiellement la pratique puisque la majorité de ses déterminants demeure inchangée. En bref, cette thèse présente un cadre d’analyse philosophique pour appréhender les pratiques classificatoires en sciences. J’importe des principes et des outils issus de travaux de la philosophie de la mesure afin de développer une philosophie de la classification qui comble les lacunes de la tradition des espèces naturelles. En s’ancrant dans ce que j’appelle le cohérentisme historique, cette thèse contribue non seulement à la bonne compréhension des pratiques classificatoires d’un point de vue épistémologique, mais aussi à la bonne compréhension des pratiques phylogénétiques contemporaines et de l’importante transition qui éloigne cette discipline de son modèle classique, soit l’Arbre du vivant. / The main objective of this dissertation is to offer a philosophical framework for the analysis of scientific classificatory practices. Classification, here defined as an epistemic action that describes the world by breaking down phenomena into categories and by establishing relevant relationships between these categories, is a natural bridge between philosophy and science. The tradition of natural kinds, which is currently the main approach in philosophy of science for analysing classificatory practices, has important shortcomings when it comes to epistemologically analyzing scientific classification. In this dissertation, I highlight these weaknesses and the consequent need to develop a novel framework for tackling classificatory practices. To achieve this, I draw on an existing trend in philosophy of measurement, which I coined historical coherentism. This approach is centered on the analysis of inferential practices and stresses the importance of the theoretical charge of observations. It also focuses on the dynamic nature of scientific fields and on the variety of factors that determine scientific progress (principle of respect, imperative of progress, theoretical developments, mathematical and material innovations, new data, the history of a field of research, the social structure of the scientific community, etc.). After the detailed presentation and exploration of this epistemological framework, I use it to tackle a set of scientific classificatory practices, namely contemporary phylogenetic practices. Phylogenetics is the biological discipline that aims to reconstruct the genealogical relationships uniting living beings. Genes and organisms are grouped into operative taxonomic units, and these units are then connected within a system. Since its inception, phylogenetics has been intimately tied to tree-based models, with these tree-based models themselves tied to the theory of evolution by means of natural selection: the phylogenetic system connecting all living organisms takes the form of a tree, the Tree of Life. In the last few decades, however, an alternative type of models has gained more attention and support within the field: network-based models. Using historical coherentism, I analyze the differences and similarities between the two competing types of models (tree-based models and network-based models) and show that the transition from one to the other only superficially changes phylogenetic practices. Indeed, many factors that constrain these practices remain unchanged whether researchers use tree-based or network-based models. In short, this thesis presents a philosophical framework for the analysis of classificatory practices in sciences. I use various principles and tools imported from the philosophy of measurement to develop a philosophy of classification that covers the weaknesses of the tradition of natural kinds. By anchoring my work in historical coherentism, I contribute not only to our understanding of classificatory practices, from an epistemological perspective, but also to a better understanding of contemporary phylogenetic practices and of the significant transition that leads this discipline away from its classical model, the Tree of Life.