This essay investigates Haukioja's (2010) notion of actuality-dependence. This notion is an attempt to explain the rigid behaviour of some kind terms; in particular natural kind terms like “water” and “tiger”. A definition of rigidity for kind terms has to take in account speakers' semantic intentions. This, together with the fact that actuality-dependence can only be applied successfully to a kind term if the members of its extension all share an underlying, non-trivial property, makes the notion of actuality-dependence face the problem of reference failures. A speaker's intention for a certain term to be actuality-dependent might fail, in the sense that the members of the kind picked out by the term in question lack underlying properties of the right sort. Three ways to solve this issue are shown to be unsatisfactory, ultimately leading to the conclusion that actuality-dependence cannot be the semantic feature that single out natural kind terms as semantically special.

Magistro baigiamajame darbe „Elektroninio parašo panaudojimo verslo įmonėse modelio sukūrimas“ išanalizuota el. parašo naudojimo problematika, el. parašo bei el. dokumentų klasifikacinės sistemos bei parengtas el. parašo taikymo versle modelis, kuris patikrintas empiriniu tyrimu. Pirmoje darbo dalyje išanalizuota el. dokumentų raida ir jų klasifikacinės sistemos. Antrajame skyriuje atlikta el. parašo taikymo verslo įmonėse sisteminė analizė: apibrėžiama el. parašo sąvoka, rūšys, el. parašo pritaikymo versle, remiantis komunikacinėmis pusėmis. Trečiojoje darbo dalyje atliktas el. parašo taikymo versle empirinis tyrimas, kuriame ištyrus el. dokumentų specialistų ekspertinę nuomonę, nustatomos el. parašo taikymo problemos, jų sprendimo būdai. Paskutiniame skyriuje – sukurtas el. parašo taikymo versle modelis bei atliktas modelio ekspertinis vertinimas. / In Master thesis ‘The model of Using Digital Signature in Business’ the topic of digital signature, the classification systems of digital signature and digital records was analyzed as well as a model of digital signature usage in business was prepared which was examined by empirical research. In the first part of thesis the development of digital records and their classification systems was analyzed. The second part consists of the systemic analysis of digital signature usage in business: defined the concept of digital signature, it kinds (kinds of digital signature), usage in business based on communicational sides. The third part contains the empirical research of digital signature usage in business which was made by the examination of the digital records professionals’ opinions, the problems of digital signature usage and the ways of their solutions were defined. In the last part – a model of digital signature usage in business was created and the evaluation of it was made.

Cette thèse de doctorat est consacrée à la pensée du philosophe américain Nelson Goodman (1906-1998). Nous y défendons, à l’encontre de la plus grande partie de la critique, une lecture métaphysicienne de son œuvre. Il est démontré que Goodman, dans tous ses travaux, développe une métaphysique technique et méconnue, dont les piliers sont le nominalisme, le pluralisme, le perdurantisme, l’actualisme, et l’universalisme méréologique. Cette lecture permet de réévaluer l’ensemble de la pensée goodmanienne. Elle établit aussi ses liens insoupçonnés avec la métaphysique analytique contemporaine / This PhD dissertation is dedicated to the philosophy of Nelson Goodman (1906-1998). We defend, against most critics, a metaphysical interpretation of Goodman’s works. It will be shown that the latter developed a technical and often overlooked metaphysics, whose pillars are nominalism, pluralism, perdurantism, actualism, and mereological universalism. This reading allows for a critical reevaluation of Goodman’s views. It also brings to light his unexpected links with contemporary analytic metaphysics

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:38:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2328.pdf: 583280 bytes, checksum: 5a4895d0dfceb8f930577135c8b7a4b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-16 / The basis for this thesis is a research conducted at Prodam, a communal preparatory course for entrance exams of Brazilian Universities, in São Carlos-SP, Brazil. The research question in the students point of view, what do they learn at Prodam? , has arisen from the assumption that, at this type of preparatory courses, several kinds of learning processes take place. Therefore, our goal has been to determine, from the students perspective, what sort of learning processes they go through, considering a wide range of aspects. In order to accomplish it, we conducted field observations, registered it in journals and, afterwards, did semi-structured interviews. The methodology has its basis on the qualitative research approach. The theoretical referential is based on Gimeno, Pérez Gómez, Freire, Edwards, Certeau, among other researchers. To analyze the data, we used the thematic analysis, because, through this technique, we could understand the meanings behind the interviews and field observation. The data collected were divided into two major categories, based on the concepts of humanization and secundary socialization, by Gómez. From students and former students statements, we have observed subcategories that show that it is possible to: learn in order to pass the entrance exam , learn from the teachers and learn high school subjects , according to the perspective of learning as a second socialization process. The other subcategories learn from friends , learn from the differences and learning as overcoming , relate to the category of learning as a humanization process. Talking to the students and former students, and considering the observations, we have noticed that the preparatory course is a space of possibilities . These possibilities are related to changes, transformation of lives, connected to the humanization, once they are conditions for survival and enrichment. As we learned that going to this course made it possible for teenagers and adults to get to know new people , make friends , learn from the differences , improve at work , have new dreams , we understood that is was possible to feel the humanization process even in an environment where the acquisition of instruments to pass the entrance exams of universities is the primary objective. We have also been able to detect, from the students testimonies, their questions and analysis about this course being free of charges, the difficulties to learn despite teacher turnover and, finally, their criticism towards public High School education. / A pesquisa, da qual se originou este trabalho, foi realizada no Curso Pré-Vestibular Comunitário Prodam, na cidade de São Carlos SP. A questão de pesquisa na visão dos alunos, quais são as aprendizagens envolvidas no Cursinho Prodam? , partiu do pressuposto de que nos Cursinhos Pré-Vestibulares Populares são desencadeados diversos processos educativos, assim nosso objetivo geral foi conhecer, pela perspectiva dos alunos, as aprendizagens envolvidas neste Curso Pré-Vestibular Popular. Para contemplarmos este objetivo, realizamos observações de campo, registros em diários e posteriormente, entrevistas semi-estruturadas. A metodologia esteve pautada na abordagem qualitativa de pesquisa. O referencial teórico foi seguido com base em Gimeno, Pérez Gómez, Freire, Edwards, Certeau, entre outros pesquisadores. Para análise dos dados recorremos à Análise Temática, pois foi possível, a partir desta técnica, compreender os significados contidos nos dados obtidos através das entrevistas e observações de campo. Os dados coletados foram organizados em duas grandes categorias, com base nos conceitos de humanização e socialização secundária, de Gómez. A partir dos depoimentos dos alunos e ex-alunos surgiram subcategorias que mostram ser possível aprender para o acesso ao ensino superior , aprender com os professores e aprender conteúdos do ensino médio , dentro da perspectiva do aprender enquanto processo de Socialização Secundária. As outras subcategorias, aprender com as amizades , aprender com as diferenças e aprender enquanto superação , relacionaram-se com a categoria do aprender enquanto processo de humanização. Ao dialogarmos com os alunos, ex-alunos, e a partir das observações, percebemos que o Cursinho é um espaço de possibilidades . Estas possibilidades estão relacionadas com a mudança, com a transformação de vidas, ligadas à humanização, ao serem condição de sobrevivência e de enriquecimento. Ao sabermos que freqüentar o cursinho possibilitou aos jovens e adultos conhecer novas pessoas , fazer amizades , aprender com as diferenças , melhorar no trabalho , ter novos sonhos , compreendemos que humanizar-se era possível, mesmo num espaço onde a instrumentalização para realização de vestibulares era primordial. Os depoimentos dos alunos também apontaram para um questionamento sobre a gratuidade do cursinho, as dificuldades de aprender com a rotatividade do corpo docente e, para uma crítica ao Ensino Médio Público.

This master's thesis follows up a theme of budgeting for valuation of public construction contracts. It examines in details how to draw up a budget and optimize it to the concrete public construction contract. The thesis is structured in three fundamental chapters. The opening chapter describes theoretical grounds of public construction contracts from the contractor's point of view. Also basic methods how to draw up a budget are described in the first chapter. The second chapter covers a description of a systematic approach how to draw up a cost effective budget, throughout structural cost saving activities. In the third chapter the systematic approach is put in place on concrete public construction contract. The goal of the thesis is to draw up a competitive budget which won't be rejected from the competition for its exceptionally low price at the same time.

The subject of this diploma thesis is to improve the manufacturing of ISO standard valves using basic Lean manufacturing methods. Focus was at two levels, the macro level dealing with auxiliary processes for the whole manufacturing area and the micro level looking at removal of waste in the processes on one particular production cell.

This master’s thesis deals with analysis and follow-up suggestion of efficiency improvement on the production line in RACIO s.r.o. First part of thesis is dealing with theoretical preparation and understanding lean production. Second part is dealing with analyzing production process and application of methods lean production. According to the production process analysis at the given production line a new solution of the production process has been suggested to increase production efficiency. This solution has been implemented and compared to the production process before, as well as to the production process after increasing the efficiency.

In dieser Dissertation beschäftige ich mich mit der Frage, welchen Anforderungen wissenschaftliche Theorien über Emotionen gerecht werden müssen, damit sie sowohl begrifflich fundiert als auch empirisch fruchtbar sind. Zu diesem Zweck biete ich zunächst eine Analyse der wichtigsten Herausforderungen, mit denen wissenschaftliche Emotionstheorien konfrontiert sind. Anschließend schlage ich einen metatheoretischen Rahmen vor, indem wissenschaftliche Konzepte von Emotionen als Begriffsexplikationen von Alltagsemotionskonzepten konstruiert werden können. Teil I diskutiert die wichtigsten Herausforderungen für Theorien der Emotionen in der Psychologie und den Neurowissenschaften. Die erste Herausforderung ist, dass eine wissenschaftliche Theorie der Emotionen alle und nur die Phänomene unter den Alltagsbegriff „Emotion“ subsumieren sollte, die durch gemeinsame begriffliche Ressourcen erfasst werden können. Die zweite Herausforderung ist, dass jede Emotionskategorie gut koordinierten Gruppen neuronaler, physiologischer und verhaltensbezogener Reaktionsmuster entsprechen sollte. Ich behaupte, dass keine der derzeitigen Theorien der Emotion in Psychologie und Neurowissenschaft dieser Anforderung entspricht. Infolgedessen ist eine neue Theorie der Emotionen erforderlich. Teil II entwickelt den metatheoretisches Bezugssystem für eine Theorie der Emotionen, die den oben genannten Herausforderungen entspricht. Erstens schlage ich eine pluralistische Darstellung der Kategorien oder „scientific kinds“ vor, die induktive Schlussfolgerungen begründen können. Jedes dieser Muster bietet einen Rahmen, um verschiedene Arten von wissenschaftlichen Konzepten zu konstruieren. Ich argumentiere, dass das funktionale Bezugssystem für wissenschaftliche Kategorien oder „scientific kinds“ am besten zur Erläuterung von Emotionskonzepten geeignet ist. Folglich schließe ich mit der Empfehlung, dass Wissenschaftler*Innen funktionalistische Theorien von Emotionen benutzen sollten. / In this dissertation, I address the question of how to construct scientific theories of emotions that are both conceptually sound and empirically fruitful. To do this, I offer an analysis of the main challenges scientific theories of emotions face, and I propose a meta-theoretical framework to construct scientific concepts of emotions as explications of folk emotion concepts. Part I discusses the main challenges theories of emotions in psychology and neuroscience encounter. The first states that a proper scientific theory of emotions must explain all and only the phenomena under the vernacular term ‘emotion’ with a common set of conceptual resources and under an overarching generic concept of emotion. The second demands that each emotion category corresponds to well-coordinated sets of neural, physiological, and behavioral patterns of responses. I argue that none of the best contemporary theories of emotions in psychology and neuroscience overcomes these challenges. As a result, a new theory of emotions is required. In Part II, I develop the meta-theoretical framework to construct a theory of emotions that overcomes the challenges above. First, I propose a pluralistic account of scientific kinds based on different patterns of projection that various disciplines may take to justify inductive inferences. These are essentialist, historical, and social patterns. Each of these patterns provides a framework to construct different types of scientific concepts. I argue that among the frameworks for scientific kinds available, the one that is best suited to explicate emotion concepts is a functional framework. Consequently, I conclude by recommending scientists pursue functionalist theories of emotions over essentialist, historical, or social theories.

The topic of this thesis is the lack of discipline in the teaching process based on the perception of this issue second-degree students. The goal of the theoretical part of the thesis is with support of the professional literature to handle terminology and show what is the definition of the issue of discipline and indiscipline in the classroom of the second degree with an emphasis primarily on the causes of indiscipline, the role of teacher and lack of discipline solutions. The theoretical part contains the definition of discipline and perception. Further, there are characterized terms of school indiscipline, selected causes of lack of discipline and disciplinary means. The paper also emphasized the role of teachers, especially the authority of the teacher, his skills and attributes. There are also briefly described developmental traits of older school age in relation to discipline. The practical part is built on the survey and the use of group interviews with pupils of eighth and ninth grades of primary school. The main aim of the practical part of the thesis is to find out through a questionnaire survey and group interviews, how the pupils of primary schools perceive discipline and indiscipline in the classroom. By the research survey was found that the most common types of indiscipline in the...

As medidas defensivas contra tomadas de controle constituem o núcleo de estudo desta dissertação. São instrumentos jurídicos adotados principalmente por companhias abertas com dispersão acionária, visando à proteção contra uma eventual tentativa de tomada de controle. O assunto é de especial interesse no atual momento do mercado de capitais brasileiro, que vem apresentando significativo desenvolvimento nos últimos anos e propiciando meios para a proliferação no Brasil de companhias abertas com dispersão acionária. O estudo do tema é feito concomitantemente à crescente utilização no Brasil de proteções contra tomadas de controle, inclusive por companhias não dotadas de dispersão acionária. Algumas medidas defensivas são inspiradas na experiência prática de outros países e vêm sendo transplantadas para o Brasil sem a adequada harmonização às características do nosso regime jurídico. Este trabalho analisa os efeitos da utilização de medidas defensivas e, na medida do possível, a admissibilidade da adoção de determinadas defesas no Brasil. São também abordados os balizamentos para a postura da administração de companhias diante de tentativas de tomada de controle. São estudados os padrões de tratamento do tema nos principais modelos existentes na experiência internacional, a fim de fornecer subsídios para a criação de uma identidade brasileira no tratamento das defesas contra tentativas de tomada de controle. / The defensive anti-takeover measures constitute the core area of study in this dissertation. These are legal devices adopted mainly by publicly-held companies with widespread ownership dispersion, aiming at protection against an eventual takeover attempt. The subject is of special interest at the current moment of the Brazilian capital markets, which have shown significant development in the recent years, providing means for the proliferation in Brazil of publicly-held companies with widespread ownership dispersion. The study of the issue is done concomitantly with the increase of utilization in Brazil of anti-takeover protections, including by companies without widespread ownership dispersion. Some defensive measures are inspired by the practical experience of other countries, being transplanted to Brazil without the proper harmonization with the characteristics of our own legal system. This work analyzes the effects of the utilization of defensive measures and, to the extent possible, the admissibility of adoption of certain defenses in Brazil. The boundaries for the behavior of the management of companies under takeover attempts are also approached. The patterns for the treatment of this issue in the main existing models in foreign experience are studied, so as to provide subsidies to the creation of a Brazilian identity in the treatment of the defenses against takeover attempts.