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When people predict recognition performance, they wrongly predict that high frequency words will produce better recognition than low frequency words. To examine whether familiarity was the heuristic behind these inaccurate predictions, participants saw some words prior to study to increase their familiarity. We found that familiarity influences predictions, but word frequency has the greater influence. Research has shown that these inaccurate predictions can be corrected with test experience. Subsequent predictions are more accurate, but it is unclear whether participants learn that low frequency words are always better for memory or that participants had learned that low frequency words are only better for recognition and high frequency words are better for recall. We resolved this issue by giving a forced-choice recognition test after the single-item recognition test to determine what participants learned after the first test, and we found that participants learned that low frequency words facilitate recognition but not recall.

Age differences in metamemory accuracy obtained for episodic memory – new information – compared to semantic memory – general knowledge information were compared in this study. Younger and older adults with no known cognitive impairments viewed pictures of famous faces for semantic memory and nonamous faces for episodic memory. Participants then viewed the faces again and had to provide the name for either semantic or episodic memory. After attempting recall for each face, participants made a Feeling-of-Knowing prediction about future recognition. Finally, each face was presented with the correct answer and three alternative answers. A gamma correlation was used to calculate prediction accuracy. Younger and older adults were equally accurate at predicting their recognition for semantic and episodic memory. The findings demonstrate that using the same materials and a within-subjects design, older adults do not show deficits in metamemory accuracy, even when predicting a type of memory that is typically impaired with age.

No description available.

Instances in which we cannot retrieve information immediately but know that the information might be retrieved later are subjective states that accompany retrieval failure. These are expressed in feeling-of-knowing (FOK) and Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) experiences. In Experiment 1, participants with Parkinson's disease (PD) and older adult controls were given general questions and asked to report when they experienced a TOT state and to give related information about the missing word. The PD group experienced similar levels of TOTs but provided less correct peripheral information related to the target when in a TOT state. In Experiment 2, participants were given a Semantic (general knowledge questions) and an Episodic (word pairs) FOK task. PD patients failed to accurately predict their future memory performance (FOK) in response to both episodic and semantic cues. Results are interpreted in the context of recent frameworks of memory and metacognition.

This thesis investigates the structure of knowing, and it argues that existential trust is an epistemological category. The aim of the dissertation is to develop a view according to which all human activity is seen as an activity of a lived body, and in which the understanding of the structure of such activity is regarded as central for the solution even of epistemological problems. This view is not rooted in any one philosophical tradition, but circles around activity of the lived body. It connects thinkers who in other respects belong to different "isms" in philosophy. Central to the dissertation are Aristotle, Dewey, Merleau-Ponty, Wittgenstein, Ryle, Anscombe, Polanyi, and Grene. Michael Polanyi's concept of tacit knowledge, and connected concepts like attend to, attend from, and subsidiary awareness, are presented. Different kinds of subsidiary awareness, not noted by Polanyi, are distinguished. It is also argued that Polanyi has not seen all the implicatons of his view that instruments can be interiorized and be part of the lived body. Conversely, parts of the normally lived body can be exteriorized. Nor has Polanyi seen that one has subsidiary awareness of oneself as a certain kind ofperson. This fact, in turn, is shown to have implications for the way we constitute ourselves as agents. Since we are engendered agents, we always attend from gender. In the last decade, the concept of trust has definitely entered epistemology. Mostly, it has been in terms of trusting testimony and/or testifier. This thesis wants to deepen that account. There is a more fundamental kind of trust, namely trust in oneself and trust in the world. It is called existential trust, and it is of epistemological importance, too. Existential trust, it is claimed, is necessary in all acts of knowing. Probably, this fact is hard to discover without having recourse to a distinction like that between attending from and attending to. Existential trust is shown in the way we attend from something. Observation and thinking are central epistemological categories, of course, but they should be supplemented by trust. Without trust they cannot perform any epistemological work. Linguistically, 'to know' is a state verb. Superficially, it describes only a state, not an activity. This fact, however, does not contradict the view of knowledge put forward in the dissertation. To know is to have a disposition to perform successfully either some kind of action (= knowing how), or to perform some kind of true assertive speech act (= knowing that). Basically, knowing is an activity. / digitalisering@umu

Sloyd is related to craft knowing, making traditions and materiality. The meaning of knowing in sloyd is vaguely articulated and thereby can be interpreted by teachers in different ways. This study aims at contributing to an articulation of craft knowing within sloyd education. The study was carried out in the form of two learning studies, each one focusing on a specific object of learning. The knowing of sawing straight was studied through phenomenographic analysis of video recordings of students’ work with handsaws in wood. Different ways of knowing this capability have been described. The second study focused on the knowing of interpreting symbols in sloyd objects. Different ways of perceiving this capability have been described through the learning study’s three iterative lesson interventions. The two objects of learning are discussed as pointing out different aspects of craft knowing in sloyd education. Craft knowing has been recognized as embodied thinking and interaction with tools and materials in order to achieve certain intentions (Dormer, 1994; Illum, 2004). It is often described as embedded in our actions (Polanyi, 1966) and manifested in specific actions: as knowing-in-action (Schön, 1983). Furthermore, it is multimodal and derives from practical knowledge traditions where dexterity, visuality and materiality are central modes of communication (Kress & van Leeuwen, 2006). When engaging in sloyd activities one engages in different communal shared craft techniques and strives to obtain and express intended shapes, functions, lines, patterns and affiliations. To be able to say and make something in a ‘right way’ can be understood as a specific literacy (Gee, 2015). Some aspects of craft knowing are presented and discussed in terms of craft literacy: as embodied interactions with materials and tools in specific ways. These descriptions can contribute to our shared understanding of the meaning of craft knowing as well as the meaning of sloyd knowing.

This thesis is about simulations in professional education and what they mean for developing professional knowing. When educating new police officers, using simulations is an integral part of the educational program. A starting point for the studies in this thesis was that not only the scenario but also the preparation and the debriefing, i.e. the situated activities, must be included. Another starting point was that activities and the individuals cannot be studied separately; both have to be included in the analyses. Two simulations, which were part of the Swedish police education program were studied. The approach was explorative and the methods used to collect data were observations, video-observations, interviews and surveys. The unit of analysis focused how students acted in and how they made sense of the simulation activities. The analytical process was influenced by a sociocultural and dialogical framework, in which learning is seen as a social activity. The thesis showed that using simulation in professional education is a complex endeavor in which the social aspects of simulating have to be acknowledged. The analyses showed that the situated activities of the simulation have to be linked to each other in way that enables the participants to; first, produce a situation with authenticity and second, to use previous experiences and coordinate them with new ones from the simulation in order to create good conditions for learning. This means acknowledging that the stance of a simulation needs to be longer than just the actual simulation. How they are embedded in the education program and how gaps in students knowing are to be bridged after the simulation, need to be considered. The main implication of the results is that the use of simulations in professional education require a specific simulation pedagogy. Some foundations of this are outlined and include; the fact that a simulated situation is a hybrid and never a mirror of a professional situation and also includes creating simulation competence among both teachers and students. This includes learning the “gaming rules” of simulating such as how to act in different roles, how to produce authenticity, what is to be included and what is to be ignored in order to make the scenario work. Simulation pedagogy also has to acknowledge that focus needs to be on how to support the participants’ learning and not assume that there is a direct connection between participation and learning. If all of these issues are considered in the design, the potential of simulations for developing professional knowing can be utilized. To conclude, this thesis shows that in the detailed study of scenarios, preparation and follow-up are important and draw attention to aspects that are central for understanding the conditions for learning in simulations.

Published Article / In this article the author analyzes the types of knowledge and learning involved when educationalists study works of art to further their professional development. A theoretical background of experiential learning is presented. An Interdisciplinary Model of Aesthetic Knowing (IMAK) is developed and presented, utilizing the Model of Aesthetic Understanding as Informed Experience of Richard Lachapelle, Deborah Murray and Sandy Neim. Additional kinds of knowledge and learning processes included in the IMAK are discussed. Attending a concert in South Africa by Neil Diamond, the popular singer/songwriter stimulated the author to reflect upon his own metacognitive thinking and learning, both during and after the concert, and on the application of what he learned to the IMAK and in his lecturing room.

”Människan är den enda varelse som i någon intressant och utvecklad mening undervisar sin avkomma” (Säljö, 2015, s. 11). Ur existentiell synvinkel är frågan varför lätt att besvara. Människans överlevnad i samtiden och barnens livschanser och överlevnad i framtiden, ökar genom undervisning. I Sverige har simförmåga och simkunnighet fått ett stort kulturellt värde i såväl primär socialisation (undervisning av familj, släkt och vänner) som sekundär socialisation (läroplansstyrd undervisning i skola). Under de senaste åren har många människor anlänt till Sverige, för att undkomma krig och förföljelse i hemländerna. I skolan visar det sig att många nyanlända barn och ungdomar inte kan simma. I kunskapskraven för åk 6 och åk 9 i ämnet idrott och hälsa står det tydligt “Eleven kan även simma 200 meter varav 50 meter i ryggläge” (Skolverket, 2011, s. 51-54). Detta måste eleven kunna för att minst få betyget E i ämnet idrott och hälsa. En viktig fråga är då vilka erfarenheter av vattenvana och simning som dessa barn och ungdomar bär med sig från sina tidigare hemländer. Forskningsingången i denna studie är att utveckla yrkeskompetensen genom att få förståelse för och kunskap om nyanländas förförståelse av momentet simning och vilka anpassningar som behöver göras för att eleverna ska klara momentets kunskapskrav.I en mixad studiedesign genomfördes inledningsvis en kartläggning av uppfattningar och erfarenheter i simning via en explorativ enkät och därefter uppföljande kvalitativa forskningsintervjuer med nyligen migrerade ungdomar i åldern 12-16 år. Avslutningsvis  genomfördes kvalitativa forskningsintervjuer med sakkunniga vuxna som arbetar i svenska skolor och delar de nyanländas kulturella bakgrund. Kvalitativa data analyserades sedan med kategorisk innehållsanalys. Statistisk data från enkäten triangulerades mot barnen/ungdomarnas och de vuxna informanternas berättelser. Resultaten visar bristande erfarenhet av vattenvana både inom primär- och sekundär socialisation; en uttalad effekt av socioekonomisk status; tradition kombinerat med religiösa drag kan också vara hämmande faktorer för simkunnighet, särskilt utifrån kön. Resultaten är viktiga för lärare som utbildar nyanlända elever i idrott och hälsa för att anpassa lärandesituationer. / "Man is the only creature that in some interesting and developed sense educate their offspring." (Säljö, 2015, p. 11). From an existential point of view, the question why is easy to answer. Human beings´ survival in the present and their offspring's life chances and survival in the future increases by education. In Sweden, the ability to swim and knowledge about swimming have been given a great cultural value both in primary socialization (education by the family, relatives and friends) as well as in secondary socialization (curriculum-driven education in school).In more recent years, many people have migrated to Sweden, to escape war and persecution in their home countries. In school, it becomes evident that many children and adolescents who have recently migrated to Sweden cannot swim. In the learning outcomes for grade 6 and grade 9 in physical education, it states clearly that: "Students can also swim 200 meters with 50 meters in the supine position" (Skolverket, 2011, pp. 51-54). The student must be able to fulfil this requirement in order to at least achieve the grade E in physical education. An important issue is then to understand the kinds of experiences with swimming and more in general their confidence with water that these children and adolescents carry from their countries of origin. The aim of this study is to develop teachers professional skills by gaining knowledge and understanding of young migrants prior understanding of swimming and what adjustments need to be made for students to meet proficiency requirements to fulfil the learning outcomes concerning swimming in the Swedish school system for year 6 and year 9.Undertaken was a mixed design study were initially a explorative survey of perceptions and experiences in swimming and later follow-up qualitative research interviews with newly migrated adolescents, aged 12-16 years. Finally, qualitative research interviews were conducted with expert adults working in Swedish schools and sharing the migrants´ cultural background. Qualitative data was analysed using a categorical content analysis. The statistical data from the survey was triangulated against the adolescent informants´ and the adult informants´ stories. The results show lack of aquatic experience both in primary and secondary socialization; a pronounced effect of socio-economic status; tradition combined with religious traits can also be inhibiting factors for swimming ability, especially by gender. Results are important for teachers educating migrants in physical education and adapting learning situations.